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Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping

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† ‡ ∥ †Department of Physics, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 11, 5936–5940
Publication Date (Web):October 26, 2012
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303358p
Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Nonlinear optical microscopy, based on femtosecond laser spectral reshaping, characterized and imaged graphene samples made from different methods, both on slides and in a biological environment. This technique clearly discriminates between graphene flakes with different numbers of layers and reveals the distinct nonlinear optical properties of reduced graphene oxide as compared to mechanically exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. The nonlinearity makes it applicable to scattering samples (such as tissue) as opposed to previous methods, such as transmission. This was demonstrated by high-resolution imaging of breast cancer cells incubated with graphene flakes.

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