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    Fluorescent Imaging of Single Nanoparticles and Viruses on a Smart Phone
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    † ‡ § †Electrical Engineering Department, ‡Bioengineering Department, §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), ∥Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California 90095, United States
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10, 9147–9155
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4037706
    Published September 9, 2013
    Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Optical imaging of nanoscale objects, whether it is based on scattering or fluorescence, is a challenging task due to reduced detection signal-to-noise ratio and contrast at subwavelength dimensions. Here, we report a field-portable fluorescence microscopy platform installed on a smart phone for imaging of individual nanoparticles as well as viruses using a lightweight and compact opto-mechanical attachment to the existing camera module of the cell phone. This hand-held fluorescent imaging device utilizes (i) a compact 450 nm laser diode that creates oblique excitation on the sample plane with an incidence angle of ∼75°, (ii) a long-pass thin-film interference filter to reject the scattered excitation light, (iii) an external lens creating 2× optical magnification, and (iv) a translation stage for focus adjustment. We tested the imaging performance of this smart-phone-enabled microscopy platform by detecting isolated 100 nm fluorescent particles as well as individual human cytomegaloviruses that are fluorescently labeled. The size of each detected nano-object on the cell phone platform was validated using scanning electron microscopy images of the same samples. This field-portable fluorescence microscopy attachment to the cell phone, weighing only ∼186 g, could be used for specific and sensitive imaging of subwavelength objects including various bacteria and viruses and, therefore, could provide a valuable platform for the practice of nanotechnology in field settings and for conducting viral load measurements and other biomedical tests even in remote and resource-limited environments.

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    Spectrum of long-pass filter, spectrum and 2D intensity profile of laser diode, cell-phone-based fluorescence images of different sized PS beads and experimental validation of fluorescent staining/labeling of HCMVs. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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