Band-Gap Deformation Potential and Elasticity Limit of Semiconductor Free-Standing Nanorods Characterized in Situ by Scanning Electron Microscope–Cathodoluminescence Nanospectroscopy
- Kentaro Watanabe ,
- Takahiro Nagata ,
- Yutaka Wakayama ,
- Takashi Sekiguchi ,
- Róbert Erdélyi , and
- János Volk
Abstract
Modern field-effect transistors or laser diodes take advantages of band-edge structures engineered by large uniaxial strain εzz, available up to an elasticity limit at a rate of band-gap deformation potential azz (= dEg/dεzz). However, contrary to aP values under hydrostatic pressure, there is no quantitative consensus on azz values under uniaxial tensile, compressive, and bending stress. This makes band-edge engineering inefficient. Here we propose SEM–cathodoluminescence nanospectroscopy under in situ nanomanipulation (Nanoprobe-CL). An apex of a c-axis-oriented free-standing ZnO nanorod (NR) is deflected by point-loading of bending stress, where local uniaxial strain (εcc = r/R) and its gradient across a NR (dεcc/dr = R–1) are controlled by a NR local curvature (R–1). The NR elasticity limit is evaluated sequentially (εcc = 0.04) from SEM observation of a NR bending deformation cycle. An electron beam is focused on several spots crossing a bent NR, and at each spot the local Eg is evaluated from near-band-edge CL emission energy. Uniaxial acc (= dEg/dεcc) is evaluated at regulated surface depth, and the impact of R–1 on observed acc is investigated. The acc converges with −1.7 eV to the R–1 = 0 limit, whereas it quenches with increasing R–1, which is attributed to free-exciton drift under transversal band-gap gradient. Surface-sensitive CL measurements suggest that a discrepancy from bulk acc = −4 eV may originate from strain relaxation at the side surface under uniaxial stress. The nanoprobe-CL technique reveals an Eg(εij) response to specific strain tensor εij (i, j = x, y, z) and strain-gradient effects on a minority carrier population, enabling simulations and strain-dependent measurements of nanodevices with various structures.
Cited By
This article is cited by 19 publications.
- Tomojit Chowdhury, Erick C. Sadler, Thomas J. Kempa. Progress and Prospects in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Research Beyond 2D. Chemical Reviews 2020, 120 (22) , 12563-12591. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00505
- Chang-Hsun Huang, Anahita Pakzad, Wei-I Lee, Yi-Chia Chou. Structure and Strain Relaxation of GaN Nanorods Grown on Homoepitaxial Surface via Controlling Irregular Mask. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2019, 123 (5) , 3172-3179. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10254
- Lunjie Zeng, Christoph Gammer, Burak Ozdol, Thomas Nordqvist, Jesper Nygård, Peter Krogstrup, Andrew M. Minor, Wolfgang Jäger, Eva Olsson. Correlation between Electrical Transport and Nanoscale Strain in InAs/In0.6Ga0.4As Core–Shell Nanowires. Nano Letters 2018, 18 (8) , 4949-4956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01782
- Madathumpady Abubaker Habeeb Muhammed, Marlene Lamers, Verena Baumann, Priyanka Dey, Adam J. Blanch, Iryna Polishchuk, Xiang-Tian Kong, Davide Levy, Alexander S. Urban, Alexander O. Govorov, Boaz Pokroy, Jessica Rodríguez-Fernández, Jochen Feldmann. Strong Quantum Confinement Effects and Chiral Excitons in Bio-Inspired ZnO–Amino Acid Cocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2018, 122 (11) , 6348-6356. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01567
- Nikolay Petkov, János Volk, Róbert Erdélyi, István Endre Lukács, Takahiro Nagata, Chris Sturm, and M. Grundmann . Contacting ZnO Individual Crystal Facets by Direct Write Lithography. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8 (36) , 23891-23898. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05687
- Fumitaro Ishikawa, Yoshihiko Akamatsu, Kentaro Watanabe, Fumihiko Uesugi, Shunsuke Asahina, Uwe Jahn, and Satoshi Shimomura . Metamorphic GaAs/GaAsBi Heterostructured Nanowires. Nano Letters 2015, 15 (11) , 7265-7272. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02316
- Dang Duc Dung, Man Minh Hue, Luong Huu Bac. Growth and magnetic properties of new lead-free (1 − x)Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3 + xBi(Ti1/2Co1/2)O3 solid solution materials. Applied Physics A 2020, 126 (7) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03718-9
- Sven H. Zottnick, Jens R. Sorg, Klaus Müller‐Buschbaum, Claude Fouassier. Luminescence. 2019,,, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0114.pub2
- . Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. 2011,,https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119951438
- Atsuki Tomeda, Takafumi Ishibe, Tatsuhiko Taniguchi, Ryo Okuhata, Kentaro Watanabe, Yoshiaki Nakamura. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of Ga-doped ZnO film by controlling crystal quality for transparent thermoelectric films. Thin Solid Films 2018, 666 , 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2018.09.045
- A. Bouvet-Marchand, A. Graillot, J. Volk, R. Dauksevicius, C. Sturm, M. Grundmann, E. Saoutieff, A. Viana, B. Christian, V. Lebedev, J. Radó, I. E. Lukács, Q. Khánh N., D. Grosso, C. Loubat. Design of UV-crosslinked polymeric thin layers for encapsulation of piezoelectric ZnO nanowires for pressure-based fingerprint sensors. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2018, 6 (3) , 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC04153E
- Lukasz Kuna, John Mangeri, Pu-Xian Gao, Serge Nakhmanson. Stress-Induced Shift of Band Gap in ZnO Nanowires from Finite-Element Modeling. Physical Review Applied 2017, 8 (3) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.034031
- N C Vega, O Marin, E Tosi, G Grinblat, E Mosquera, M S Moreno, M Tirado, D Comedi. The shell effect on the room temperature photoluminescence from ZnO/MgO core/shell nanowires: exciton–phonon coupling and strain. Nanotechnology 2017, 28 (27) , 275702. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa7454
- Kentaro Watanabe, Tatsuhiko Taniguchi, Shunya Sakane, Shunsuke Aoki, Takeyuki Suzuki, Takeshi Fujita, Yoshiaki Nakamura. Thermoelectric properties of epitaxial β-FeSi 2 thin films grown on Si(111) substrates with various film qualities. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2017, 56 (5S1) , 05DC04. https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.56.05DC04
- C. Sturm, M. Wille, J. Lenzner, S. Khujanov, M. Grundmann. Non-linear optical deformation potentials in uniaxially strained ZnO microwires. Applied Physics Letters 2017, 110 (6) , 062103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975677
- Bin Wei, Yuan Ji, Raynald Gauvin, Ze Zhang, Jin Zou, Xiaodong Han. Strain Gradient Modulated Exciton Evolution and Emission in ZnO Fibers. Scientific Reports 2017, 7 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40658
- Zhiqiang Tang, Xing Li, Gongtao Wu, Song Gao, Qing Chen, Lianmao Peng, Xianlong Wei. Whole-journey nanomaterial research in an electron microscope: from material synthesis, composition characterization, property measurements to device construction and tests. Nanotechnology 2016, 27 (48) , 485710. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/48/485710
- Máté Takács, Dániel Zámbó, András Deák, Andrea Edit Pap, Csaba Dücső. WO 3 nano-rods sensitized with noble metal nano-particles for H 2 S sensing in the ppb range. Materials Research Bulletin 2016, 84 , 480-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.08.045
- Kentaro Watanabe, Takahiro Nagata, Seungjun Oh, Yutaka Wakayama, Takashi Sekiguchi, János Volk, Yoshiaki Nakamura. Arbitrary cross-section SEM-cathodoluminescence imaging of growth sectors and local carrier concentrations within micro-sampled semiconductor nanorods. Nature Communications 2016, 7 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10609