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Whey Protein Delays Gastric Emptying and Suppresses Plasma Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Compared to Casein, Gluten, and Fish Protein

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    Whey Protein Delays Gastric Emptying and Suppresses Plasma Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Compared to Casein, Gluten, and Fish Protein
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    † Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
    § Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
    *(J.S.) Phone: (+45) 35 33 10 89, fax: (+45) 35 33 24 83, e-mail: [email protected]
    *(L.O.D.) Phone: (+45) 35 33 25 01, fax: (+45) 35 33 24 83, e-mail: [email protected]
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    Journal of Proteome Research

    Cite this: J. Proteome Res. 2014, 13, 5, 2396–2408
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/pr401214w
    Published April 8, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Whey protein has been demonstrated to improve fasting lipid and insulin response in overweight and obese individuals. To establish new hypotheses for this effect and to investigate the impact of stomach emptying, we compared plasma profiles after intake of whey isolate (WI), casein, gluten (GLU), and cod (COD). Obese, nondiabetic subjects were included in the randomized, blinded, crossover meal study. Subjects ingested a high fat meal containing one of the four protein sources. Plasma samples were collected at five time points and metabolites analyzed using LC-Q-TOF-MS. In contrast to previous studies, the WI meal caused a decreased rate of gastric emptying compared to the other test meals. The WI meal also caused elevated levels of a number of amino acids, possibly stimulating insulin release leading to reduced plasma glucose. The WI meal also caused decreased levels of a number of fatty acids, while the GLU meal caused elevated levels of a number of unidentified hydroxy fatty acids and dicarboxylic fatty acids. Also reported are a number of markers of fish intake unique to the COD meal.

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    Markers of animal protein intake (Text S1). Plasma features significantly different between meals (Table S1). Features found in urine being significantly different between meals (Table S2). Coefficient of variation of labeled internal standards calculated from all plasma samples (Table S3). Coefficient of variation of labeled internal standards calculated from all urine samples (Table S4). Coefficient of variation of compounds in metabolomics standard mix analyzed repeatedly during analysis of plasma samples (Table S5). Coefficient of variation of compounds in metabolomics standard mix analyzed repeatedly during analysis of urine samples (Table S6). Kinetic profiles for significant plasma features in positive mode (Figure S1). Kinetic profiles for significant plasma features in negative mode (Figure S2). Kinetic profiles for significant urine features in positive mode (Figure S3). Kinetic profiles for significant urine features in negative mode (Figure S4). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: J. Proteome Res. 2014, 13, 5, 2396–2408
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/pr401214w
    Published April 8, 2014
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