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The Greater Reactivity of Estradiol-3,4-quinone vs Estradiol-2,3-quinone with DNA in the Formation of Depurinating Adducts:  Implications for Tumor-Initiating Activity

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Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805
Cite this: Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2006, 19, 1, 164–172
Publication Date (Web):December 15, 2005
https://doi.org/10.1021/tx050229y
Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Strong evidence supports the idea that specific metabolites of estrogens, mainly catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, can react with DNA to become endogenous initiators of breast, prostate, and other human cancers. Oxidation of the catechol estrogen metabolites 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) and 2-OHE2 leads to the quinones, estradiol-3,4-quinone (E2-3,4-Q) and estradiol-2,3-quinone (E2-2,3-Q), respectively. The reaction of E2-3,4-Q with DNA affords predominantly the depurinating adducts 4-OHE2-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE2-1-N7Gua, whereas the reaction of E2-2,3-Q with DNA yields the newly synthesized depurinating adduct 2-OHE2-6-N3Ade. The N3Ade adducts are lost from DNA by rapid depurination, while the N7Gua adduct is lost from DNA with a half-life of ∼3 h at 37 °C. To compare the relative reactivity of E2-3,4-Q and E2-2,3-Q, the compounds were reacted individually with DNA for 0.5−20 h at 37 °C, as well as in mixtures (3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 5:95) for 10 h at 37 °C. Depurinating and stable adducts were analyzed. In similar experiments, the relative reactivity of 4-OHE2 and 2-OHE2 with DNA was determined after activation by lactoperoxidase, tyrosinase, prostaglandin H synthase (PHS), or 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes. Starting with the quinones, the levels of depurinating adducts formed from E2-3,4-Q were much higher than that of the depurinating adduct from E2-2,3-Q. Similar results were obtained with lactoperoxidase or tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of 4-OHE2 and 2-OHE2, whereas with activation by PHS or microsomes, a relatively higher amount of the depurinating adduct from E2-2,3-Q was detected. These results demonstrate that the E2-3,4-Q is much more reactive with DNA than E2-2,3-Q. The relative reactivities of E2-3,4-Q and E2-2,3-Q to form depurinating adducts correlate with the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and cell-transforming activity of their precursors, the catechol estrogens 4-OHE2 and 2-OHE2. This is essential information for understanding the cancer risk posed by oxidation of the two catechol estrogens.

    *

     To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel:  402-559-7237. Fax:  402-559-8068. E-mail:  [email protected].

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