Glutathione Conjugation of Alkylating Cytostatic Drugs with a Nitrogen Mustard Group and the Role of Glutathione S-TransferasesClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first page.
†
Present address: Nycomed Imaging, Department of Toxicology, Oslo, Norway.
*
Author for correspondence.
Cited By
This article is cited by 64 publications.
- Antonio Procopio,, Stefano Alcaro,, Sante Cundari,, Antonio De Nino,, Francesco Ortuso,, Paolo Sacchetta,, Alfonso Pennelli, and, Giovanni Sindona. Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of Glutathione-S-Transferase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2005, 48
(19)
, 6084-6089. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm0504609
- Djenet Amel Dehmchi, Fouzia Bouchareb, Malika Berredjem. Recent advances in the synthesis of phosphoramidate derivatives: A comprehensive review and analysis. Synthetic Communications 2024, 6 , 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2024.2391917
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula, Sakina Asgar Vora, Amol G. Dikundwar, Rajesh Sonti. In Vitro
Drug Metabolism Studies Using Human Liver Microsomes. 2023https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108246
- Jasmine Canlas, Alan L. Myers. Interactions of Betel Quid Constituents with Drug Disposition Pathways: An
Overview. Current Drug Metabolism 2023, 24
(2)
, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200224666230228142052
- Alan L. Myers. Metabolism of the areca alkaloids – toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut. Drug Metabolism Reviews 2022, 54
(4)
, 343-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2022.2075010
- Agnieszka Potęga. Glutathione-Mediated Conjugation of Anticancer Drugs: An Overview of Reaction Mechanisms and Biological Significance for Drug Detoxification and Bioactivation. Molecules 2022, 27
(16)
, 5252. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165252
- Xiaodong Sun, Tengjiao Fan, Guohui Sun, Yue Zhou, Yaxin Huang, Na Zhang, Lijiao Zhao, Rugang Zhong, Yongzhen Peng. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose increases the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to BCNU through the regulation of glycolysis, ROS and ERS pathways: In vitro and in vivo validation. Biochemical Pharmacology 2022, 199 , 115029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115029
- Alan L. Myers. VOD/SOS and Alkylating Agents in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Setting: New Insights and Further Questions. Transplantation and Cellular Therapy 2022, 28
(4)
, 179-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2022.03.001
- Khodayar Gholivand, Mohammad Faraghi, Mohammad Vahabirad, Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah, Foroogh Pirastehfar, Samira Narimani, Ali Roohzadeh. Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-Inducing Ability of a Novel Naphthoquinone–Based Phosphoramide: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 89 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4097127
- Xiaodong Sun, Guohui Sun, Yaxin Huang, Yuxing Hao, Xiaoyu Tang, Na Zhang, Lijiao Zhao, Rugang Zhong, Yongzhen Peng. 3-Bromopyruvate regulates the status of glycolysis and BCNU sensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 2020, 177 , 113988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113988
- Subhendu Karmakar, Saptarshi Chatterjee, Kallol Purkait, Arindam Mukherjee. A trans-dichloridoplatinum(II) complex of a monodentate nitrogen mustard: Synthesis, stability and cytotoxicity studies. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 2020, 204 , 110982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110982
- Kana Mizuno, Min Dong, Tsuyoshi Fukuda, Sharat Chandra, Parinda A. Mehta, Scott McConnell, Elias J. Anaissie, Alexander A. Vinks. Population Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Sampling Strategy for Model-Based Precision Dosing of Melphalan in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2018, 57
(5)
, 625-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0581-x
- Alan L. Myers, Jitesh D. Kawedia, Richard E. Champlin, Mark A. Kramer, Yago Nieto, Romi Ghose, Borje S. Andersson. Clarifying busulfan metabolism and drug interactions to support new therapeutic drug monitoring strategies: a comprehensive review. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 2017, 13
(9)
, 901-923. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2017.1360277
- Alfredo Santovito, Marta Delsoglio, Eleonora Manitta, Giulia Picco, Giulia Meschiati, Michela Chiarizio, Claudio Gendusa, Piero Cervella. Association of
GSTT1
null,
XPD
751 CC and
XPC
939 CC genotypes with increased levels of genomic damage among hospital pathologists. Biomarkers 2017, 22
(6)
, 557-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2017.1322147
- Salah Mohamed El Sayed, Hussam Baghdadi, Mohammed Zolaly, Hamdi H. Almaramhy, Mongi Ayat, Jagadish G. Donki. The promising anticancer drug 3-bromopyruvate is metabolized through glutathione conjugation which affects chemoresistance and clinical practice: An evidence-based view. Medical Hypotheses 2017, 100 , 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.014
- M Ansari, P Huezo-Diaz, M A Rezgui, S Marktel, M Duval, H Bittencourt, B Cappelli, M Krajinovic. Influence of glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics and outcome of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in thalassemia pediatric patients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2016, 51
(3)
, 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2015.321
- S. Munichandra Reddy, D. Subba Rao, H. Sudhamani, P. Gnana Kumari, C. Naga Raju. New Phosphoramidate Derivatives of 5-Nitroquinolin-8-ol: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Evaluation of Biological Activity. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 2015, 190
(11)
, 2005-2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2015.1054484
- A R Minchom, K Saksornchai, J Bhosle, R Gunapala, M Puglisi, S K Lu, K Nimako, J Coward, K C Yu, P Bordi, S Popat, M E R O'Brien. An unblinded, randomised phase II study of platinum-based chemotherapy with vitamin B
12
and folic acid supplementation in the treatment of lung cancer with plasma homocysteine blood levels as a biomarker of severe neutropenic toxicity. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2014, 1
(1)
, e000061. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000061
- J. Löhr, Stephan Haas, Jens Kröger, Helmut Friess, Raimund Höft, Peter Goretzki, Christian Peschel, Markus Schweigert, Brian Salmons, Walter Gunzburg. Encapsulated Cells Expressing a Chemotherapeutic Activating Enzyme Allow the Targeting of Subtoxic Chemotherapy and Are Safe and Efficacious: Data from Two Clinical Trials in Pancreatic Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2014, 6
(3)
, 447-466. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics6030447
- Deepika Shukla, Alka Dinesh Kale, Seema Hallikerimath, Venkatakanthaiah Yerramalla, Vivekanandhan Subbiah, Shashwat Mishra. Association between GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and survival in oral cancer patients. Biomedical Papers 2013, 157
(4)
, 304-310. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2013.028
- Swetha Inturi, Neera Tewari-Singh, Anil K. Jain, Srirupa Roy, Carl W. White, Rajesh Agarwal. Absence of a p53 allele delays nitrogen mustard-induced early apoptosis and inflammation of murine skin. Toxicology 2013, 311
(3)
, 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.013
- , Jennifer D. Brooks, Sharon N. Teraoka, Leslie Bernstein, Lene Mellemkjær, Kathleen E. Malone, Charles F. Lynch, Robert W. Haile, Patrick Concannon, Anne S. Reiner, David J. Duggan, Katherine Schiermeyer, Jonine L. Bernstein, Jane C. Figueiredo. Common variants in genes coding for chemotherapy metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets: a case–control study of contralateral breast cancer risk in the WECARE Study. Cancer Causes & Control 2013, 24
(8)
, 1605-1614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0237-6
- Jing Ru, Jie Du, Dong-Dong Qin, Bao-Mei Huang, Zhong-Hua Xue, Xi-Bin Zhou, Xiao-Quan Lu. An electrochemical glutathione biosensor: Ubiquinone as a transducer. Talanta 2013, 110 , 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.038
- Chang Chen, Chuanhong Wu, Xinhua Lu, Zhiyong Yan, Jian Gao, Hui Zhao, Shaojing Li. Coniferyl Ferulate, a Strong Inhibitor of Glutathione S-Transferase Isolated from Radix
Angelicae sinensis
, Reverses Multidrug Resistance and Downregulates P-Glycoprotein. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 2013 , 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/639083
- Gul Shahzada Khan, Afzal Shah, Zia-ur-Rehman, David Barker. Chemistry of DNA minor groove binding agents. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2012, 115 , 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.07.003
- A. Romero, M. Martín, B. Oliva, J. de la Torre, V. Furio, M. de la Hoya, J.A. García-Sáenz, A. Moreno, J.M. Román, E. Diaz-Rubio, T. Caldés. Glutathione S-transferase P1 c.313A > G polymorphism could be useful in the prediction of doxorubicin response in breast cancer patients. Annals of Oncology 2012, 23
(7)
, 1750-1756. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr483
- Anna González-Neira. Pharmacogenetics of Chemotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2012, 13
(6)
, 677-690. https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs.12.44
- Stefan Weigt, Nicole Huebler, Ruben Strecker, Thomas Braunbeck, Thomas H. Broschard. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model for testing proteratogens. Toxicology 2011, 281
(1-3)
, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.01.004
- Toyin Adeyemi Ogunrinu, Harald Sontheimer. Hypoxia Increases the Dependence of Glioma Cells on Glutathione. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285
(48)
, 37716-37724. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.161190
- Andrea Sau, Francesca Pellizzari Tregno, Francesco Valentino, Giorgio Federici, Anna Maria Caccuri. Glutathione transferases and development of new principles to overcome drug resistance. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2010, 500
(2)
, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.012
- Alan L Myers, Hazem E Hassan, Insong J Lee, Natalie D Eddington. Repeated administration of oxycodone modifies the gene expression of several drug metabolising enzymes in the hepatic tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats, including glutathione
S
-transferase A-5 (rGSTA5) and CYP3A2†. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2010, 62
(2)
, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.62.02.0006
- Zhi-Wei Wang, Can-Cheng Guo, Wen-Zhong Xie, Chao-Zhou Liu, Chun-Guang Xiao, Ze Tan. Novel phosphoramidates with porphine and nitrogenous drug: One-pot synthesis and orientation to cancer cells. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2010, 45
(3)
, 890-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.027
- Yongchuan Gu, Graham J. Atwell, William R. Wilson. Metabolism and Excretion of the Novel Bioreductive Prodrug PR-104 in Mice, Rats, Dogs, and Humans. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2010, 38
(3)
, 498-508. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.109.030973
- Sébastien Madonna, Christophe Béclin, Younes Laras, Vincent Moret, Aline Marcowycz, Delphine Lamoral-Theys, Jacques Dubois, Magali Barthelemy-Requin, Gaëlle Lenglet, Sabine Depauw, Thierry Cresteil, Geneviève Aubert, Valérie Monnier, Robert Kiss, Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier, Jean-Louis Kraus. Structure–activity relationships and mechanism of action of antitumor bis 8-hydroxyquinoline substituted benzylamines. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2010, 45
(2)
, 623-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.006
- A V Khrunin, A Moisseev, V Gorbunova, S Limborska. Genetic polymorphisms and the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 2010, 10
(1)
, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2009.45
- Susan Kadlubar, Fred F. Kadlubar. Enzymatic Basis of Phase I and Phase II Drug Metabolism. 2010, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0840-7_1
- Bernard Testa, Stefanie D. Krämer. The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism – An Introduction. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2008, 5
(11)
, 2171-2336. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200890199
- M.T. Voso, E. Fabiani, F. D'Alo', F. Guidi, A. Di Ruscio, S. Sica, L. Pagano, M. Greco, S. Hohaus, G. Leone. Increased risk of acute myeloid leukaemia due to polymorphisms in detoxification and DNA repair enzymes. Annals of Oncology 2007, 18
(9)
, 1523-1528. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm191
- Antonella Testa, Manuela Giachelia, Selena Palma, Massimo Appolloni, Luca Padua, Giovanna Tranfo, Mariangela Spagnoli, Donatella Tirindelli, Renata Cozzi. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents induces a high level of chromosome damage. Lack of an effect of GST polymorphisms. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2007, 223
(1)
, 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.05.006
- B. Testa. Principles of Drug Metabolism 2: Hydrolysis and Conjugation Reactions. 2007, 133-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-045044-X/00120-6
- Richard F. Branda, Cheryl Powden, Elice M. Brooks, Zafer Yildirim, Shelly J. Naud, John J. McCormack. Vitamin E but not St. John’s wort mitigates leukopenia caused by cancer chemotherapy in rats. Translational Research 2006, 148
(6)
, 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2006.05.007
- Ji-Yeob Choi, Susan A Nowell, Javier G Blanco, Christine B Ambrosone. The Role of Genetic Variability in Drug Metabolism Pathways in Breast Cancer Prognosis. Pharmacogenomics 2006, 7
(4)
, 613-624. https://doi.org/10.2217/14622416.7.4.613
- S Samel, M Keese, A Lux, R Jesnowski, R Prosst, R Saller, M Hafner, J Sturm, S Post, M Löhr. Peritoneal cancer treatment with CYP2B1 transfected, microencapsulated cells and ifosfamide. Cancer Gene Therapy 2006, 13
(1)
, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700849
- Camilla Österlund, Bo Lilliehöök, Barbro Ekstrand-Hammarström, Thomas Sandström, Anders Bucht. The nitrogen mustard melphalan activates mitogen-activated phosphorylated kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2005, 25
(4)
, 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1070
- Jingping Xie, Keith Shults, Leanne Flye, Fen Jiang, David R. Head, Robert C. Briggs. Overexpression of GSTA2 protects against cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the DNA inter‐strand crosslinking nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2005, 95
(2)
, 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.20440
- Brian F. Coles, Fred F. Kadlubar. Human Alpha Class Glutathione S‐Transferases: Genetic Polymorphism, Expression, and Susceptibility to Disease. 2005, 9-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(05)01002-5
- Richard F. Branda, Shelly J. Naud, Elice M. Brooks, Zhuan Chen, Hyman Muss. Effect of vitamin B12, folate, and dietary supplements on breast carcinoma chemotherapy–induced mucositis and neutropenia. Cancer 2004, 101
(5)
, 1058-1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20484
- Alok Srivastava, Balasubramanian Poonkuzhali, Ramachandran V. Shaji, Biju George, Vikram Mathews, Mammen Chandy, Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy. Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism: a risk factor for hepatic venoocclusive disease in bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2004, 104
(5)
, 1574-1577. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-11-3778
- Marie‐Hélène David‐Cordonnier, William Laine, Alexandra Joubert, Christelle Tardy, Jean‐François Goossens, Mostafa Kouach, Gilbert Briand, Huong Doan Thi Mai, Sylvie Michel, Francois Tillequin, Michel Koch, Stéphane Leonce, Alain Pierre, Christian Bailly. Covalent binding to glutathione of the DNA‐alkylating antitumor agent, S23906‐1. European Journal of Biochemistry 2003, 270
(13)
, 2848-2859. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03663.x
- Carol Sweeney, Christine B. Ambrosone, Lija Joseph, Angie Stone, Laura F. Hutchins, Fred F. Kadlubar, Brian F. Coles. Association between a glutathione
S
‐transferase A1 promoter polymorphism and survival after breast cancer treatment. International Journal of Cancer 2003, 103
(6)
, 810-814. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10896
- Brian F. Coles, Fred F. Kadlubar. Detoxification of electrophilic compounds by glutathione S‐transferase catalysis: Determinants of individual response to chemical carcinogens and chemotherapeutic drugs?. BioFactors 2003, 17
(1-4)
, 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520170112
- Jens-Christian Kröger, Stefan Benz, Anne Hoffmeyer, Zoltan Bago, Helga Bergmeister, Walter H. Günzburg, Peter Karle, Günter Klöppel, Udo Losert, Petra Müller, Horst Nizze, Robert Obermaier, Alexander Probst, Matthias Renner, Robert Saller, Brian Salmons, Ilse Schwendenwein, Kerstin von Rombs, Reiko Wiessner, Thomas Wagner, Karlheinz Hauenstein, Matthias Löhr. Intra-arterial instillation of microencapsulated, ifosfamide-activating cells in the pig pancreas for chemotherapeutic targeting. Pancreatology 2003, 3
(1)
, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1159/000069147
- Richard F. Branda, Zhuan Chen, Elice M. Brooks, Shelly J. Naud, Thomas D. Trainer, John J. McCormack. Diet modulates the toxicity of cancer chemotherapy in rats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 2002, 140
(5)
, 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2002.128648
- Brian F Coles, Guanping Chen, Fred.F Kadlubar, Anna Radominska-Pandya. Interindividual variation and organ-specific patterns of glutathione S-transferase alpha, mu, and pi expression in gastrointestinal tract mucosa of normal individuals. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2002, 403
(2)
, 270-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00226-6
- J.-Matthias Löhr, Robert Saller, Brian Salmons, Walter H Günzburg. [35] Microencapsulation of genetically engineered cells for cancer therapy. 2002, 603-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(02)46080-6
- Barbara Oesch-Bartlomowicz, Bernd Richter, Roger Becker, Stephan Vogel, Palghat R. Padma, Jan-Georg Hengstler, Franz Oesch. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of CYP2B1 as a functional switch for cyclophosphamide activation and its hormonal controlin vitro andin vivo. International Journal of Cancer 2001, 94
(5)
, 733-742. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1517
- Brian F. Coles, Fabrice Morel, Claudine Rauch, Wolfgang W. Huber, Mihi Yang, Candee H. Teitel, Bridgett Green, Nicholas P. Lang, Fred F. Kadlubar. Effect of polymorphism in the human glutathione S-transferase A1 promoter on hepatic GSTA1 and GSTA2 expression. Pharmacogenetics 2001, 11
(8)
, 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200111000-00004
- Peter J van Bladeren. Glutathione conjugation as a bioactivation reaction. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2000, 129
(1-2)
, 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2797(00)00214-3
- Ray Bakhtiar. In vitro exposure of human hemoglobin to the antineoplastic drug thiotepa. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2000, 14
(6)
, 534-537. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(20000331)14:6<534::AID-RCM894>3.0.CO;2-P
- PETRA MÜLLER, RALF JESNOWSKI, PETER KARLE, REGINA RENZ, ROBERT SALLER, HARTMUT STEIN, KATRIN PÜSCHEL, KERSTIN von ROMBS, HORST NIZZE, STEFAN LIEBE, THOMAS WAGNER, WALTER H. GÜNZBURG, BRIAN SALMONS, MATTHIAS LÖHR. Injection of Encapsulated Cells Producing an Ifosfamide‐Activating Cytochrome P450 for Targeted Chemotherapy to Pancreatic Tumors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999, 880
(1)
, 337-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09537.x
- JENS C. KRÖGER, HELGA BERGMEISTER, ANNE HOFFMEYER, MANFRED CEIJNA, PETER KARLE, ROBERT SALLER, ILSE SCHWENDENWEIN, KERSTIN von ROMBS, STEFAN LIEBE, WALTER H. GÜNZBURG, BRIAN SALMONS, KARLHEINZ HAUENSTEIN, UDO LOSERT, MATTHIAS LÖHR. Intraarterial Instillation of Microencapsulated Cells in the Pancreatic Arteries in Pig. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999, 880
(1)
, 374-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09541.x
- Hall. The role of glutathione in the regulation of apoptosis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1999, 29
(3)
, 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00447.x
- Detlev Latz, Tobias Schulze, Christian Manegold, Peter Schraube, Michael Flentje, Klaus J Weber. Combined effects of ionizing radiation and 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide in vitro. Radiotherapy and Oncology 1998, 46
(3)
, 279-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8140(97)00194-1
- Peter Karle, Petra Müller, Renate Renz, Ralf Jesnowski, Robert Saller, Kerstin von Rombs, Horst Nizze, Stefan Liebe, Walter H. Günzburg, Brian Salmons, Matthias Löhr. Intratumoral Injection of Encapsulated Cells Producing an Oxazaphosphorine Activating Cytochrome P450 for Targeted Chemotherapy. 1998, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5357-1_16
Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.
Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.
The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.