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    Treatment and Resource Recovery

    MXene Composite Membranes with Enhanced Ion Transport and Regulated Ion Selectivity
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    • Xin Tong
      Xin Tong
      School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      More by Xin Tong
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-7683
    • Su Liu
      Su Liu
      School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      More by Su Liu
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-5638
    • Yangying Zhao
      Yangying Zhao
      School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      More by Yangying Zhao
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-4845
    • Lei Huang
      Lei Huang
      School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
      More by Lei Huang
    • John Crittenden
      John Crittenden
      School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      More by John Crittenden
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-7208
    • Yongsheng Chen*
      Yongsheng Chen
      School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      *Email: [email protected]. Tel: +1 404 894 3089.
      More by Yongsheng Chen
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-2302
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 12, 8964–8974
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01765
    Published June 1, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Two-dimensional (2D) material-based membranes are promising candidates for various separation applications. However, the further enhancement of membrane ion conductance is difficult, and the regulation of membrane ion selectivity remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the facile fabrication of MXene composite membranes by incorporating spacing agents that contain SO3H groups into the MXene interlayers. The synthesized membrane shows enhanced ion conductance and ion selectivity. Subsequently, the membranes are utilized for salinity gradient power (SGP) generation and lithium-ion (Li+) recovery. The membrane containing poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as the spacing agent shows a much higher power density for SGP generation as compared to the pristine MXene membrane. Using artificial seawater and river water, the power density reaches 1.57 W/m2 with a testing area of 0.24 mm2. Also, the same membrane shows Li+/Na+ and Li+/K+ selectivities of 2.5 and 3.2, respectively. The incorporation of PSS increases both the size and charge density of the nanochannels inside the membrane, which is beneficial for ion conduction. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the binding energy between Li+ and the SO3H group is lower than other alkali ion metals, and this might be one major reason why the membrane possesses high Li+ selectivity. This study demonstrates that incorporating spacing agents into the 2D material matrix is a viable strategy to enhance the performance of the 2D material-based membranes. The results from this study can inspire new membrane designs for emerging applications including energy harvesting and monovalent ion recovery.

    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c01765.

    • Estimation of surface charge density, determination of the membrane ion permeation rate, estimation of ionic mobility in the bulk solution, measurement of power density, binary ion permeation test, chemical structures of spacing agents, TEM images of MXene nanosheets, FTIR spectra of membranes, XPS spectra of MXene, photographs of MXene suspensions, UV–vis absorption spectra of MXene suspensions, XPS spectra of MXene–PSS, ζ-potentials of MXene-LS and MXene-MB, SEM images of the PVDF membrane, surface SEM images of membranes, cross-sectional SEM images of membranes, XRD patterns of membranes, current–voltage curves of MXene and MXene–PSS membranes, Li+ conductance values as a function of temperature for MXene and MXene–PSS membranes, schematic illustration of the equivalent circuit of the salinity gradient power generation system, ion permeation rate values of the MXene–PSS membrane as a function of crystal radius for different cations, ion permeation rate values of MXene-LS and MXene-MB membranes as a function of hydrated radius for different cations, power density of the MXene–PSS membrane using different working solutions, and relationship between the testing area and peak power density for 2D material-based nanofluidic membranes (PDF)

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 12, 8964–8974
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01765
    Published June 1, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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