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Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests

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Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, and School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Research Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
§ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, People’s Republic of China
*Telephone/Fax: +86-10-8233-8552. E-mail: [email protected]
*Telephone/Fax: +86-10-8262-1396. E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 20, 12080–12086
Publication Date (Web):September 21, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02661
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Polystyrene (PS) is generally considered to be durable and resistant to biodegradation. Mealworms (the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus) from different sources chew and eat Styrofoam, a common PS product. The Styrofoam was efficiently degraded in the larval gut within a retention time of less than 24 h. Fed with Styrofoam as the sole diet, the larvae lived as well as those fed with a normal diet (bran) over a period of 1 month. The analysis of fecula egested from Styrofoam-feeding larvae, using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared (TG–FTIR) spectroscopy, substantiated that cleavage/depolymerization of long-chain PS molecules and the formation of depolymerized metabolites occurred in the larval gut. Within a 16 day test period, 47.7% of the ingested Styrofoam carbon was converted into CO2 and the residue (ca. 49.2%) was egested as fecula with a limited fraction incorporated into biomass (ca. 0.5%). Tests with α 13C- or β 13C-labeled PS confirmed that the 13C-labeled PS was mineralized to 13CO2 and incorporated into lipids. The discovery of the rapid biodegradation of PS in the larval gut reveals a new fate for plastic waste in the environment.

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02661.

  • Styrofoam-eating mealworms from three different sources (Figure S1), procedures and calculations used to estimate the carbon balance of Styrofoam loss, fecula residues, CO2, and biomass in batch Styrofoam-feeding trials (Figure S2), procedures for 13C stable carbon isotope tracer experiments (Figure S3), TGA–FTIR thermograms (Figure S4), impact of the feeding condition on the biomass dry weight of mealworms after the 16 day test period (Figure S5), and characterization of Styrofoam feedstock (Table S1) (PDF)

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