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Uptake of Pharmaceuticals Influences Plant Development and Affects Nutrient and Hormone Homeostases

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† CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, 5064
‡ CSIRO Agriculture, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, 5064
*Phone: +61 8 83038515; e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 20, 12509–12518
Publication Date (Web):September 29, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03468
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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The detection of a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the soil environment has led to a number of publications demonstrating uptake by crops, however very few studies have explored the potential for impacts on plant development as a result of API uptake. This study investigated the effect of carbamazepine and verapamil (0.005–10 mg/kg) on a range of plant responses in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). Uptake increased in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum leaf concentrations of 821.9 and 2.2 mg/kg for carbamazepine and verapamil, respectively. Increased carbamazepine uptake by zucchini resulted in a decrease in above (<60%) and below (<30%) ground biomass compared to the controls (p < 0.05). At soil concentrations >4 mg/kg the mature leaves suffered from burnt edges and white spots as well as a reduction in photosynthetic pigments but no such effects were seen for verapamil. For both APIs, further investigations revealed significant differences in the concentrations of selected plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and jasmonates), and in the nutrient composition of the leaves in comparison to the controls (p < 0.05). This is some of the first research to demonstrate that the exposure of plants to APIs is likely to cause impacts on plant development with unknown implications.

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  • Properties of the APIs, confirmation of starting carbamazepine and verapamil residues, pharmaceutical extraction and analysis methods, and detailed methods of chlorophyll and nutrient analysis (PDF)

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