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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Indoor Air and Dust from Homes and Various Microenvironments in China: Implications for Human Exposure

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    Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Indoor Air and Dust from Homes and Various Microenvironments in China: Implications for Human Exposure
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    • Yiming Yao
      Yiming Yao
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      More by Yiming Yao
    • Yangyang Zhao
      Yangyang Zhao
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      More by Yangyang Zhao
    • Hongwen Sun*
      Hongwen Sun
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      *Phone: 86-22-23509241; e-mail: [email protected]
      More by Hongwen Sun
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1948-5047
    • Shuai Chang
      Shuai Chang
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      More by Shuai Chang
    • Lingyan Zhu
      Lingyan Zhu
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      More by Lingyan Zhu
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-9318-7940
    • Alfredo C. Alder
      Alfredo C. Alder
      MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
      Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
      More by Alfredo C. Alder
    • Kurunthachalam Kannan
      Kurunthachalam Kannan
      Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of E nvironmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
      More by Kurunthachalam Kannan
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-7456
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 5, 3156–3166
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04971
    Published February 8, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    A newly developed solid-phase extraction cartridge composed of mixed sorbents was optimized for collection of both neutral and ionizable per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor air. Eighty-one indoor air samples and 29 indoor dust samples were collected from rooms of homes and hotels, textile shops, and cinemas in Tianjin, China. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were the predominant PFASs found in air (250–82 300 pg/m3) and hotel dust (24.8–678 ng/g). Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters were found at lower levels of nd–125 pg/m3 in air and 0.32–183 ng/g in dust. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were dominant ionizable PFASs in air samples (121–20 600 pg/m3) with C4–C7 PFCAs contributing to 54% ± 17% of the profiles, suggesting an ongoing shift to short-chain PFASs. Long-chain PFCAs (C > 7) were strongly correlated and the intermediate metabolite of FTOHs, fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids, occurred in all the air samples at concentrations up to 413 pg/m3, suggesting the transformation of precursors such as FTOHs in indoor environment. Daily intake of ∑PFASs via air inhalation and dust ingestion was estimated at 1.04–14.1 ng/kg bw/d and 0.10–8.17 ng/kg bw/d, respectively, demonstrating that inhalation of air with fine suspended particles was a more important direct exposure pathway than dust ingestion for PFASs to adults.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 5, 3156–3166
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