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Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Polyurethane Mattresses under Variable Environmental Conditions

  • Kira Oz
    Kira Oz
    Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
    More by Kira Oz
  • , 
  • Bareket Merav
    Bareket Merav
    Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
    More by Bareket Merav
  • , 
  • Sabach Sara
    Sabach Sara
    Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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  • , and 
  • Dubowski Yael*
    Dubowski Yael
    Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
    *E-mail: [email protected]
    More by Dubowski Yael
    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0298
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 15, 9171–9180
Publication Date (Web):July 10, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01557
Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Sleeping microenvironment (SME), is characterized by higher temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration. Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in SME is important considering the long duration people spend there with high proximity between their respiration inlets and potential emission sources, such as bedding material. This study concentrates on the influence of SME conditions on VOC emissions from polyurethane mattresses, and provides first approximation for inhalation exposure during sleep, based on measured emissions. Eight types of polyurethane mattresses were tested in a parallel continues-flow chamber system, to compare between VOC emission under different temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentrations. Contribution of mattress covers to emission fluxes was also examined. Eighteen VOCs were quantified with fluxes ranging from 10–4 to 10–1 mg/(h·m–2). Under sleeping conditions VOC emissions increased significantly. Elevated heat seems to be the major contributor to the enhanced emissions, compared to elevated relative humidity and CO2 concentration. Exposure levels estimated for sleeping child/infant indicate that SME can be a significant contributor to VOC exposure, yielding concerning exposure levels for few compounds. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates the strong dependency of sleeping person exposure on air exchange rate between his breathing zone and bedroom air (λBZ).

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01557.

    • (Table S1) Method detection limits and calibration ranges for VOC analytes; (Table S2) air concentrations in breezing zone calculated based on eq 6 and according to concentration ratios reported by Laverage et al., 2013: [C]BZ = [C]R × 1.5 or 30; available chronic noncancer references concentrations (RfCs) are shown for comparison; (Table S3) all physical parameters used for calculating [C]BZ and inhalation doses; (Table S4) calculated air concentration in a well-mixed isolated room (V = 30 m3) after 28 days, based on measured surface specific emission rates and mattress area; EU-LCI, NIK, and CLI emission recommendation values shown for comparison; (Figure S1) emission flux averages (and their standard deviations) of different VOCs, emitted from the tested mattresses under elevated temperature; ES-2 experiments (36 °C, <5% RH, <0.5 ppm of CO2); (Figure S2) emission fluxes averages (and their standard deviations) of different VOCs, emitted from the tested mattresses under elevated CO2 and humidity; ES-2 experiments (20 °C, ∼90% RH, ∼1000 ppm of CO2); (Figure S3) emission flux averages (and their standard deviations) of different VOCs, emitted from the tested mattresses under control conditions; ES-1 experiments (20 °C, <5% RH, <0.5 ppm of CO2); (Figure S4) emission flux averages (and their standard deviations) of different VOCs, emitted from the tested mattresses with their cover under SME conditions; ES-3 experiments (36 °C, ∼90% RH, ∼1000 ppm of CO2) (PDF)

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