5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Exerts Negative Effects on Gastric Mucosal Epithelial Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Tight Junction DisruptionClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Yanting QiuYanting QiuCollege of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaMore by Yanting Qiu
- Xiaorong LinXiaorong LinCollege of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaMore by Xiaorong Lin
- Zhongzheng ChenZhongzheng ChenCollege of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaMore by Zhongzheng Chen
- Bin LiBin LiCollege of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaMore by Bin Li
- Yuanyuan Zhang*Yuanyuan Zhang*Email: [email protected]. Phone: +86 20 85282019.College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaMore by Yuanyuan Zhang
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a processing byproduct present in foods that are consumed daily by humans, and the diet is the principal route for human exposure to it. However, its adverse effects on gastric epithelial cells are not fully understood. Based on the half inhibitory concentration value, concentrations of HMF of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mM were selected for this study. After 5-HMF treatment for 24 h, the number of living cells decreased to 89.61 ± 0.48, 77.30 ± 0.57, 58.75 ± 0.36, and 19.61 ± 0.40% of the control, respectively. Apoptosis activated through both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways was confirmed to be the primary mode of HMF-induced cell death. Further analysis revealed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in GES-1 cells increased 1.7–6.5 fold after exposure to 5-HMF. Moreover, the inhibition of ROS by N-acetylcysteine blocked HMF-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation suppression, indicating that oxidative stress was important in HMF-induced apoptosis. Besides, after 5-HMF treatment, the gene expressions of occludin and ZO-1 were reduced by 1.1–3.4 fold and 2.0–9.4 fold, respectively. The cell surface morphology and tight junction-related protein expression analysis also revealed the destructive effect of 5-HMF on tight junction integrity. Our research highlights a potential mechanism of HMF-induced toxicity in GES-1 cells and provides additional information on the health risks of 5-HMF exposure to the human gastric epithelium.
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