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Generalized One-Pot Strategy Enabling Different Surface Functionalizations of Carbon Nanodots to Produce Dual Emissions in Alcohol–Water Binary Systems

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† The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Qufu Normal University, Jingxuan Road 57, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
‡ Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, Jingxuan Road 57, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
§ Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23 Xinning Road, Xining 810001, China
*E-mail: [email protected] (F.Q.).
*E-mail: [email protected] (J.Y.).
Cite this: J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 31, 17979–17987
Publication Date (Web):July 22, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05786
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Fluorescent dual-emission carbon nanodots (DECNDs), which contained two different emitters, the blue emitters (λex = 315 nm, λem = 386 nm) and the yellow emitters (λex = 365 nm, λem = 530 nm), were first and simply synthesized by one-step hydrothermal treatment using ascorbic acid (AA) as a carbon source in alcohol–water binary systems. The two emitters could be easily separated through extraction with chloroform. A series of experiments demonstrated that the alcohol–water binary systems played a vital role in synthesis of DECNDs, and the dual emissions were ascribed to two types of carbon nanodots due to the different modified ligands on their surfaces, such as ascorbic acid capped on the blue emitters and alcohol molecules capped on the yellow emitters. By taking advantage of the unique dual-emission characteristic, some new applications were developed. For instance, on the basis of the independent responses of dual emissions to low pH values, the DECNDs could be used as a reliable and accurate pH sensor in acid medium, and both intensity of a single emission and intensity ratios of dual emissions could be employed to construct calibrations for pH measurement. Besides, the obtained DECNDs also exhibited excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity, suggesting great potential for biomedical applications.

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05786.

  • Fluorescence emission spectra of DECNDs with different excitation wavelengths from 310 to 380 nm; TEM images, UV–vis absorption, fluorescence spectra, and FT-IR spectra of the DECNDs synthesized in other alcohol–water binary systems; UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of CNDs synthesized in pure water and pure ethylene glycol as the only reaction medium; TEM images of CNDs synthesized in ethylene glycol–water binary systems with different ethylene glycol volume fractions; the influence of alcohol volume fractions on the diameters of CNDs, carbon contents, and oxygen contents on the surface of CNDs; XPS spectra and C 1s and O 1s spectra of CNDs synthesized in ethylene glycol–water binary systems with different ethylene glycol volume fractions; fluorescence spectra, the variation of fluorescence intensities, and the color changes of DECNDs synthesized in other alcohol–water binary systems with different alcohol volume fractions; reaction temperature-dependent and heating time-dependent fluorescence spectra of blue emitters and yellow emitters; UV–vis absorption and FT-IR spectra of the separated blue and yellow emitters; the concentration-dependent fluorescence intensities and the stabilities of DECNDs; the influence of AA amount on the dual-emission properties; photograph of blue emitters before and after extraction with chloroform under 365 nm UV light; fluorescence spectra of blue emitters before extraction, the upper- and lower-layer solution after extraction with chloroform; fluorescence intensity variations of DECNDs at different pH values adjusted by adding HCl or NaOH (pH 0.5–12); the ratiometric pH calibration plot of the fluorescence intensity ratio (I386/I530) in the pH range from 1.99 to 3.79; viability of HeLa cells after 24 h incubation with DECNDs (PDF).

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