Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect
ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Adsorption Kinetics Dictate Monolayer Self-Assembly for Both Lipid-In and Lipid-Out Approaches to Droplet Interface Bilayer Formation

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Langmuir 2015, 31, 47, 12883-12893
    Article

    Adsorption Kinetics Dictate Monolayer Self-Assembly for Both Lipid-In and Lipid-Out Approaches to Droplet Interface Bilayer Formation
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    View Author Information
    † Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
    ‡ Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
    § Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected] (S.A.S.).
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    Langmuir

    Cite this: Langmuir 2015, 31, 47, 12883–12893
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02293
    Published November 10, 2015
    Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    The droplet interface bilayer (DIB)—a method to assemble planar lipid bilayer membranes between lipid-coated aqueous droplets—has gained popularity among researchers in many fields. Well-packed lipid monolayer on aqueous droplet–oil interfaces is a prerequisite for successfully assembling DIBs. Such monolayers can be achieved by two different techniques: “lipid-in”, in which phospholipids in the form of liposomes are placed in water, and “lipid-out”, in which phospholipids are placed in oil as inverse micelles. While both approaches are capable of monolayer assembly needed for bilayer formation, droplet pairs assembled with these two techniques require significantly different incubation periods and exhibit different success rates for bilayer formation. In this study, we combine experimental interfacial tension measurements with molecular dynamics simulations of phospholipids (DPhPC and DOPC) assembled from water and oil origins to understand the differences in kinetics of monolayer formation. With the results from simulations and by using a simplified model to analyze dynamic interfacial tensions, we conclude that, at high lipid concentrations common to DIBs, monolayer formation is simple adsorption controlled for lipid-in technique, whereas it is predominantly adsorption-barrier controlled for the lipid-out technique due to the interaction of interface-bound lipids with lipid structures in the subsurface. The adsorption barrier established in lipid-out technique leads to a prolonged incubation time and lower bilayer formation success rate, proving a good correlation between interfacial tension measurements and bilayer formation. We also clarify that advective flow expedites monolayer formation and improves bilayer formation success rate by disrupting lipid structures, rather than enhancing diffusion, in the subsurface and at the interface for lipid-out technique. Additionally, electrical properties of DIBs formed with varying lipid placement and type are characterized.

    Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02293.

    • Lipid-in solution preparation; lipid-out solution preparation; interfacial tension measurement; Figure S1, IFT data; DIB formation and contact angle measurement; electrical characterization of lipid bilayers; Figure S2, current-voltage curves; calculation of bilayer tension and adhesion energy for DIB; specific capacitance measurements; Figure S3, specific capacitance measurement procedure; MD simulation method; Figure S4, molecular dynamics system setup; Table S1, measured physical properties of DIBs; dynamic light scattering measurements of liposomes and inverse micelles; Figure S5, DLS measurements; additional IFT data for lipid-in and lipid-out conditions; Figure S6, interfacial tension versus time; interfacial tension measurement analysis; Figure S7, DPhPC-in surface pressure data and calculated fit; validity of model; Figure S8, comparison of experimental surface pressure and back-calculated surface pressure; limitations of model; Table S2, qualitative determination of suitable minimum lipid concentration; DOPC self-assembly free energy curves; Figure S9, free energy curves; and additional references (PDF)

    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 59 publications.

    1. Jamie Gudyka, Jasmin Ceja-Vega, Michael Krmic, Riley Porteus, Sunghee Lee. The Role of Lipid Intrinsic Curvature in the Droplet Interface Bilayer. Langmuir 2024, 40 (22) , 11428-11435. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00270
    2. Farzin Mashali, Colin M. Basham, Xufeng Xu, Camilla Servidio, Paulo H. Jacob Silva, Francesco Stellacci, Stephen A. Sarles. Simultaneous Electrophysiology and Imaging Reveal Changes in Lipid Membrane Thickness and Tension upon Uptake of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles. Langmuir 2023, 39 (42) , 15031-15045. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01973
    3. Chiho Kataoka-Hamai, Kohsaku Kawakami. Hydrocarbon Penetration into Phospholipid Monolayers Formed at Hydrocarbon–Water Interfaces. Langmuir 2022, 38 (12) , 3720-3728. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03269
    4. Colin M. Basham, Uvinduni I. Premadasa, Ying-Zhong Ma, Francesco Stellacci, Benjamin Doughty, Stephen A. Sarles. Nanoparticle-Induced Disorder at Complex Liquid–Liquid Interfaces: Effects of Curvature and Compositional Synergy on Functional Surfaces. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (9) , 14285-14294. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c02663
    5. Jessica G. Bermudez, Alexander Deiters, Matthew C. Good. Patterning Microtubule Network Organization Reshapes Cell-Like Compartments. ACS Synthetic Biology 2021, 10 (6) , 1338-1350. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00575
    6. Simon Bachler, Marion Ort, Stefanie D. Krämer, Petra S. Dittrich. Permeation Studies across Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes in Microdroplet Arrays. Analytical Chemistry 2021, 93 (12) , 5137-5144. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04939
    7. Michelle M. Makhoul-Mansour, Eric C. Freeman. Droplet-Based Membranous Soft Materials. Langmuir 2021, 37 (11) , 3231-3247. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03289
    8. Chiho Kataoka-Hamai, Kohsaku Kawakami. Determination of the Coverage of Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers Formed at Silicone Oil–Water Interfaces by Vesicle Fusion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2020, 124 (39) , 8719-8727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06310
    9. Azhad U. Chowdhury, Graham J. Taylor, Vera Bocharova, Robert L. Sacci, Yingdong Luo, William T. McClintic, Ying-Zhong Ma, Stephen A. Sarles, Kunlun Hong, C. Patrick Collier, Benjamin Doughty. Insight into the Mechanisms Driving the Self-Assembly of Functional Interfaces: Moving from Lipids to Charged Amphiphilic Oligomers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2020, 142 (1) , 290-299. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b10536
    10. Maria Tsemperouli, Esther Amstad, Naomi Sakai, Stefan Matile, Kaori Sugihara. Black Lipid Membranes: Challenges in Simultaneous Quantitative Characterization by Electrophysiology and Fluorescence Microscopy. Langmuir 2019, 35 (26) , 8748-8757. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00673
    11. Tatiana Trantidou, Mark S. Friddin, Kin B. Gan, Luyao Han, Guido Bolognesi, Nicholas J. Brooks, Oscar Ces. Mask-Free Laser Lithography for Rapid and Low-Cost Microfluidic Device Fabrication. Analytical Chemistry 2018, 90 (23) , 13915-13921. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03169
    12. Michelle Makhoul-Mansour, Wujun Zhao, Nicole Gay, Colleen O’Connor, Joseph S. Najem, Leidong Mao, and Eric C. Freeman . Ferrofluid-Based Droplet Interface Bilayer Networks. Langmuir 2017, 33 (45) , 13000-13007. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03055
    13. Jacqueline S. J. Tan, Liping Zhang, Freda C. H. Lim, and Daniel W. Cheong . Interfacial Properties and Monolayer Collapse of Alkyl Benzenesulfonate Surfactant Monolayers at the Decane–Water Interface from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Langmuir 2017, 33 (18) , 4461-4476. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00171
    14. Michael Martin, Timothy Dubbs, and J. R. Fried . Planar Bilayer Measurements of Alamethicin and Gramicidin Reconstituted in Biomimetic Block Copolymers. Langmuir 2017, 33 (5) , 1171-1179. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03309
    15. Ji Huang, Yuval Elani, Mark S. Friddin. A handheld laser-cut device for the size-controlled assembly and electrical characterisation of lipid bilayers. Sensors & Diagnostics 2024, 379 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00076E
    16. Joshua J. Maraj, Kevin P.T. Haughn, Daniel J. Inman, Stephen A. Sarles. Sensory Adaptation in Biomolecular Memristors Improves Reservoir Computing Performance. Advanced Intelligent Systems 2023, 5 (8) https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300049
    17. Joyce El-Beyrouthy, Michelle Makhoul-Mansour, Jesse Gulle, Eric Freeman. Morphogenesis-inspired two-dimensional electrowetting in droplet networks. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2023, 18 (3) , 036007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/acc779
    18. Michelle M. Makhoul-Mansour, Joyce B. El-Beyrouthy, Leidong Mao, Eric C. Freeman. Enhancing membrane-based soft materials with magnetic reconfiguration events. Scientific Reports 2022, 12 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05501-7
    19. Subhadeep Koner, Joseph Tawfik, Farzin Mashali, Kristen B. Kennison, William T. McClintic, Frederick A. Heberle, Yu-Ming Tu, Manish Kumar, Stephen A. Sarles. Homogeneous hybrid droplet interface bilayers assembled from binary mixtures of DPhPC phospholipids and PB-b-PEO diblock copolymers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2022, 1864 (10) , 183997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183997
    20. Elanna B. Stephenson, Jaime L. Korner, Katherine S. Elvira. Challenges and opportunities in achieving the full potential of droplet interface bilayers. Nature Chemistry 2022, 14 (8) , 862-870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-022-00989-y
    21. Elanna B. Stephenson, Ricardo García Ramírez, Sean Farley, Katherine Adolph-Hammond, Gihyun Lee, John M. Frostad, Katherine S. Elvira. Investigating the effect of phospholipids on droplet formation and surface property evolution in microfluidic devices for droplet interface bilayer (DIB) formation. Biomicrofluidics 2022, 16 (4) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0096193
    22. Y. Huang, G.G. Fuller, V. Chandran Suja. Physicochemical characteristics of droplet interface bilayers. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2022, 304 , 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102666
    23. Yaoqi Huang, Vineeth Chandran Suja, Layaa Amirthalingam, Gerald G. Fuller. Influence of salt on the formation and separation of droplet interface bilayers. Physics of Fluids 2022, 34 (6) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0096591
    24. Robert Strutt, Felix Sheffield, Nathan E. Barlow, Anthony J. Flemming, John D. Harling, Robert V. Law, Nicholas J. Brooks, Laura M. C. Barter, Oscar Ces. UV-DIB: label-free permeability determination using droplet interface bilayers. Lab on a Chip 2022, 22 (5) , 972-985. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1LC01155C
    25. Jaime L. Korner, Katherine S. Elvira. The role of temperature in the formation of human–mimetic artificial cell membranes using droplet interface bilayers (DIBs). Soft Matter 2021, 17 (39) , 8891-8901. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM00668A
    26. Juan Hu, Wesley G. Cochrane, Alexander X. Jones, Donna G. Blackmond, Brian M. Paegel. Chiral lipid bilayers are enantioselectively permeable. Nature Chemistry 2021, 13 (8) , 786-791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-021-00708-z
    27. Elanna B. Stephenson, Katherine S. Elvira. Biomimetic artificial cells to model the effect of membrane asymmetry on chemoresistance. Chemical Communications 2021, 57 (53) , 6534-6537. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC02043A
    28. Michelle M Makhoul-Mansour, Elio J Challita, Adarsh Chaurasia, Donald J Leo, Sergei Sukharev, Eric C Freeman. A skin-inspired soft material with directional mechanosensation. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2021, 16 (4) , 046014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/abf746
    29. Robert Strutt, James W. Hindley, Jordan Gregg, Paula J. Booth, John D. Harling, Robert V. Law, Mark S. Friddin, Oscar Ces. Activating mechanosensitive channels embedded in droplet interface bilayers using membrane asymmetry. Chemical Science 2021, 12 (6) , 2138-2145. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC03889J
    30. Y. Huang, V. Chandran Suja, J. Tajuelo, G. G. Fuller. Surface energy and separation mechanics of droplet interface phospholipid bilayers. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2021, 18 (175) https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0860
    31. Heather E. Findlay, Nicola J. Harris, Paula J. Booth. Integrating Membrane Transporter Proteins into Droplet Interface Bilayers. 2021, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1468-6_2
    32. Simon Bachler, Dominik Haidas, Marion Ort, Todd A. Duncombe, Petra S. Dittrich. Microfluidic platform enables tailored translocation and reaction cascades in nanoliter droplet networks. Communications Biology 2020, 3 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01489-w
    33. Shea Foley, Elizabeth Miller, Samuel Braziel, Sunghee Lee. Molecular organization in mixed SOPC and SDPC model membranes: Water permeability studies of polyunsaturated lipid bilayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2020, 1862 (9) , 183365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183365
    34. Justin Rofeh, Luke Theogarajan. Instantaneous tension measurements in droplet interface bilayers using an inexpensive, integrated pendant drop camera. Soft Matter 2020, 16 (18) , 4484-4493. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SM00418A
    35. Woochul Song, Himanshu Joshi, Ratul Chowdhury, Joseph S. Najem, Yue-xiao Shen, Chao Lang, Codey B. Henderson, Yu-Ming Tu, Megan Farell, Megan E. Pitz, Costas D. Maranas, Paul S. Cremer, Robert J. Hickey, Stephen A. Sarles, Jun-li Hou, Aleksei Aksimentiev, Manish Kumar. Artificial water channels enable fast and selective water permeation through water-wire networks. Nature Nanotechnology 2020, 15 (1) , 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0586-8
    36. Joyce El-Beyrouthy, Michelle M. Makhoul-Mansour, Graham Taylor, Stephen A. Sarles, Eric C. Freeman. A new approach for investigating the response of lipid membranes to electrocompression by coupling droplet mechanics and membrane biophysics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2019, 16 (161) , 20190652. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0652
    37. Michelle M. Makhoul-Mansour, Joyce B. El-Beyrouthy, Hope L. Mumme, Eric C. Freeman. Photopolymerized microdomains in both lipid leaflets establish diffusive transport pathways across biomimetic membranes. Soft Matter 2019, 15 (43) , 8718-8727. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM01658A
    38. Subhadeep Koner, Joseph S. Najem, Md Sakib Hasan, Stephen A. Sarles. Memristive plasticity in artificial electrical synapses via geometrically reconfigurable, gramicidin-doped biomembranes. Nanoscale 2019, 11 (40) , 18640-18652. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR07288H
    39. James W. Hindley, Daniela G. Zheleva, Yuval Elani, Kalypso Charalambous, Laura M. C. Barter, Paula J. Booth, Charlotte L. Bevan, Robert V. Law, Oscar Ces. Building a synthetic mechanosensitive signaling pathway in compartmentalized artificial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116 (34) , 16711-16716. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903500116
    40. Paul Heo, Sathish Ramakrishnan, Jeff Coleman, James E. Rothman, Jean‐Baptiste Fleury, Frederic Pincet. Highly Reproducible Physiological Asymmetric Membrane with Freely Diffusing Embedded Proteins in a 3D‐Printed Microfluidic Setup. Small 2019, 15 (21) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900725
    41. Maxwell Allen-Benton, Heather E Findlay, Paula J Booth. Probing membrane protein properties using droplet interface bilayers. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2019, 244 (8) , 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370219847939
    42. Masayuki Iwamoto, Shigetoshi Oiki. In bulla functional channel expression systems that mimic bacterial synthetic membranes. 2019, 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.011
    43. Kazuhiro Urakubo, Masayuki Iwamoto, Shigetoshi Oiki. Drop-in-well chamber for droplet interface bilayer with built-in electrodes. 2019, 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.012
    44. Swadha Jaiswal, Richa Singh, Kislay Singh, Sana Fatma, Bhim Bali Prasad. Enantioselective analysis of D- and l- Serine on a layer-by-layer imprinted electrochemical sensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2019, 124-125 , 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.090
    45. Guido Bolognesi. Manipulation of biomimetic soft interfaces by optical and microfluidic methods. 2019, 69-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abl.2019.02.002
    46. Nathan E. Barlow, Halim Kusumaatmaja, Ali Salehi-Reyhani, Nick Brooks, Laura M. C. Barter, Anthony J. Flemming, Oscar Ces. Measuring bilayer surface energy and curvature in asymmetric droplet interface bilayers. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2018, 15 (148) , 20180610. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0610
    47. Maie A. Elfaramawy, Satoshi Fujii, Atsuko Uyeda, Toshihisa Osaki, Shoji Takeuchi, Yasuhiko Kato, Hajime Watanabe, Tomoaki Matsuura. Quantitative analysis of cell-free synthesized membrane proteins at the stabilized droplet interface bilayer. Chemical Communications 2018, 54 (86) , 12226-12229. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC06804F
    48. Benjamin Guiselin, Jack O. Law, Buddhapriya Chakrabarti, Halim Kusumaatmaja. Dynamic Morphologies and Stability of Droplet Interface Bilayers. Physical Review Letters 2018, 120 (23) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.238001
    49. Elio J. Challita, Michelle M. Makhoul-Mansour, Eric C. Freeman. Reconfiguring droplet interface bilayer networks through sacrificial membranes. Biomicrofluidics 2018, 12 (3) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5023386
    50. Kan Shoji, Ryuji Kawano. Microfluidic Formation of Double-Stacked Planar Bilayer Lipid Membranes by Controlling the Water-Oil Interface. Micromachines 2018, 9 (5) , 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9050253
    51. Guru A. Venkatesan, Graham J. Taylor, Colin M. Basham, Nathan G. Brady, C. Patrick Collier, Stephen A. Sarles. Evaporation-induced monolayer compression improves droplet interface bilayer formation using unsaturated lipids. Biomicrofluidics 2018, 12 (2) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016523
    52. Sudip Suklabaidya, P. Debnath, B. Dey, D. Bhattacharjee, Syed Arshad Hussain. Interaction of an antibiotic – Norfloxacin with lipid membrane. Materials Today: Proceedings 2018, 5 (1) , 2373-2380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.244
    53. Shigetoshi Oiki, Masayuki Iwamoto. Lipid Bilayers Manipulated through Monolayer Technologies for Studies of Channel-Membrane Interplay. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018, 41 (3) , 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b17-00708
    54. Kadla R. Rosholm, Matthew A. B. Baker, Pietro Ridone, Yoshitaka Nakayama, Paul R. Rohde, Luis G. Cuello, Lawrence K. Lee, Boris Martinac. Activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel MscL by mechanical stimulation of supported Droplet-Hydrogel bilayers. Scientific Reports 2017, 7 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45180
    55. Joseph S. Najem, Eric C. Freeman, Anthony Yasmann, Sergei Sukharev, Donald J. Leo. Mechanics of Droplet Interface Bilayer “Unzipping” Defines the Bandwidth for the Mechanotransduction Response of Reconstituted MscL. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2017, 4 (3) https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201600805
    56. Michael J. Booth, Vanessa Restrepo Schild, Florence G. Downs, Hagan Bayley. Functional aqueous droplet networks. Molecular BioSystems 2017, 13 (9) , 1658-1691. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MB00192D
    57. Guru A. Venkatesan, Stephen A. Sarles. Droplet immobilization within a polymeric organogel improves lipid bilayer durability and portability. Lab on a Chip 2016, 16 (11) , 2116-2125. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC00391E
    58. Nathan E. Barlow, Guido Bolognesi, Anthony J. Flemming, Nicholas J. Brooks, Laura M. C. Barter, Oscar Ces. Multiplexed droplet Interface bilayer formation. Lab on a Chip 2016, 16 (24) , 4653-4657. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC01011C
    59. Nima Tamaddoni, Graham Taylor, Trevor Hepburn, S. Michael Kilbey, Stephen A. Sarles. Reversible, voltage-activated formation of biomimetic membranes between triblock copolymer-coated aqueous droplets in good solvents. Soft Matter 2016, 12 (23) , 5096-5109. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SM00400H
    Download PDF
    Go to Langmuir
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Langmuir

    Cite this: Langmuir 2015, 31, 47, 12883–12893
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02293
    Published November 10, 2015
    Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2211

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    59
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.