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Refractive Index-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation

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    Refractive Index-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation
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    • Alireza Fali
      Alireza Fali
      Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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    • Samuel T. White
      Samuel T. White
      Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
      More by Samuel T. White
    • Thomas G. Folland
      Thomas G. Folland
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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    • Mingze He
      Mingze He
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
      More by Mingze He
    • Neda A. Aghamiri
      Neda A. Aghamiri
      Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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    • Song Liu
      Song Liu
      Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 United States
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-3335
    • James H. Edgar
      James H. Edgar
      Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 United States
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    • Joshua D. Caldwell
      Joshua D. Caldwell
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
      Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0374-2168
    • Richard F. Haglund
      Richard F. Haglund
      Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
      Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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    • Yohannes Abate*
      Yohannes Abate
      Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
      *E-mail: [email protected]
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-1766
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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 11, 7725–7734
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651
    Published October 25, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are generated when infrared photons couple to polar optic phonons in anisotropic media, confining long-wavelength light to nanoscale volumes. However, to realize the full potential of HPhPs for infrared optics, it is crucial to understand propagation and loss mechanisms on substrates suitable for applications from waveguiding to infrared sensing. We employ scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and nano-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in concert with analytical and numerical calculations, to elucidate HPhP characteristics as a function of the complex substrate dielectric function. We consider propagation on suspended, dielectric and metallic substrates to demonstrate that the thickness-normalized wavevector can be reduced by a factor of 25 simply by changing the substrate from dielectric to metallic behavior. Moreover, by incorporating the imaginary contribution to the dielectric function in lossy materials, the wavevector can be dynamically controlled by small local variations in loss or carrier density. Counterintuitively, higher-order HPhP modes are shown to exhibit the same change in the polariton wavevector as the fundamental mode, despite the drastic differences in the evanescent ranges of these polaritons. However, because polariton refraction is dictated by the fractional change in the wavevector, this still results in significant differences in polariton refraction and reduced sensitivity to substrate-induced losses for the higher-order HPhPs. Such effects may therefore be used to spatially separate hyperbolic modes of different orders and for index-based sensing schemes. Our results advance our understanding of fundamental hyperbolic polariton excitations and their potential for on-chip photonics and planar metasurface optics.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651.

    • Substrate-dependent of polaritons in hBN flake draped over Si substrate and VO2 crystal, dispersion of HPhP of hBN on silver and silicon, error in calculations, FOM dependence on substrate, standard deviation of dielectric function, kd substrate and frequency dependence, and HPhP vs SPhP sensing analysis (PDF)

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    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 11, 7725–7734
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651
    Published October 25, 2019
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