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Global Control of Stacking-Order Phase Transition by Doping and Electric Field in Few-Layer Graphene

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    Global Control of Stacking-Order Phase Transition by Doping and Electric Field in Few-Layer Graphene
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    • Hongyuan Li
      Hongyuan Li
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Hongyuan Li
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-5592
    • M. Iqbal Bakti Utama
      M. Iqbal Bakti Utama
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by M. Iqbal Bakti Utama
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4454-8348
    • Sheng Wang
      Sheng Wang
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Sheng Wang
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-478X
    • Wenyu Zhao
      Wenyu Zhao
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Wenyu Zhao
    • Sihan Zhao
      Sihan Zhao
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Sihan Zhao
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-734X
    • Xiao Xiao
      Xiao Xiao
      Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
      More by Xiao Xiao
    • Yue Jiang
      Yue Jiang
      Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
      More by Yue Jiang
    • Lili Jiang
      Lili Jiang
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Lili Jiang
    • Takashi Taniguchi
      Takashi Taniguchi
      National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
      More by Takashi Taniguchi
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-3105
    • Kenji Watanabe
      Kenji Watanabe
      National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-8119
    • Alexander Weber-Bargioni
      Alexander Weber-Bargioni
      Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Alexander Weber-Bargioni
    • Alex Zettl
      Alex Zettl
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Alex Zettl
    • Feng Wang*
      Feng Wang
      Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 5, 3106–3112
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05092
    Published April 14, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The layer stacking order has profound effects on the physical properties of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. For example, graphene multilayers can have distinct electronic band structures and exhibit completely different behaviors depending on the stacking order. Fascinating physical phenomena, such as correlated insulators, superconductors, and ferromagnetism, can also emerge with a periodic variation of the layer stacking order, which is known as the moiré superlattice in van der Waals materials. In this work, we realize the global phase transition between different graphene layer stacking orders and elucidate its microscopic origin. We experimentally determine the energy difference between different stacking orders with the accuracy of μeV/atom. We reveal that both the carrier doping and the electric field can drive the layer-stacking phase transition through different mechanisms: carrier doping can change the energy difference because of a non-negligible work function difference between different stacking orders; the electric field, on the other hand, induces a band-gap opening in ABC-stacked graphene and hence changes the energy difference. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the electrically driven stacking-order phase transition in few-layer graphene and demonstrate a reversible and noninvasive method to globally control the stacking order.

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society

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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 5, 3106–3112
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05092
    Published April 14, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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