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Bacterial Adhesion Is Affected by the Thickness and Stiffness of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels

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    Research Article

    Bacterial Adhesion Is Affected by the Thickness and Stiffness of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels
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    † Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
    ‡ Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9265, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 3, 2275–2281
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b12145
    Published December 28, 2017
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    Abstract

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    Despite lacking visual, auditory, and olfactory perception, bacteria sense and attach to surfaces. Many factors, including the chemistry, topography, and mechanical properties of a surface, are known to alter bacterial attachment, and in this study, using a library of nine protein-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels immobilized on glass slides, we demonstrate that the thickness or amount of polymer concentration also matters. Hydrated atomic force microscopy and rheological measurements corroborated that thin (15 μm), medium (40 μm), and thick (150 μm) PEG hydrogels possessed Young’s moduli in three distinct regimes, soft (20 kPa), intermediate (300 kPa), and stiff (1000 kPa). The attachment of two diverse bacteria, flagellated Gram-negative Escherichia coli and nonmotile Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was assessed after a 24 h incubation on the nine PEG hydrogels. On the thickest PEG hydrogels (150 μm), E. coli and S. aureus attachment increased with increasing hydrogel stiffness. However, when the hydrogel’s thickness was reduced to 15 μm, a substantially greater adhesion of E. coli and S. aureus was observed. Twelve times fewer S. aureus and eight times fewer E. coli adhered to thin-soft hydrogels than to thick-soft hydrogels. Although a full mechanism to explain this behavior is beyond the scope of this article, we suggest that because the Young’s moduli of thin-soft and thick-soft hydrogels were statistically equivalent, potentially, the very stiff underlying glass slide was causing the thin-soft hydrogels to feel stiffer to the bacteria. These findings suggest a key takeaway design rule; to optimize fouling-resistance, hydrogel coatings should be thick and soft.

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    • Figure S1 provides AFM topographical images of dried hydrogels; Figure S2 provides AFM topographical images of hydrated hydrogels; Table S1 provides average surface roughness values for the hydrated PEG hydrogels; Table S2 provides properties of PEG hydrogels; Figure S3 provides representative micrographs of S. aureus adhesion to hydrogels; Figure S4 provides representative micrographs of E. coli adhesion to hydrogels (PDF)

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    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 3, 2275–2281
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