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Antimicrobial Amino-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Eliminating Multidrug-Resistant Species in Dual-Modality Photodynamic Therapy and Bioimaging under Two-Photon Excitation
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    Antimicrobial Amino-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Eliminating Multidrug-Resistant Species in Dual-Modality Photodynamic Therapy and Bioimaging under Two-Photon Excitation
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    • Wen-Shuo Kuo
      Wen-Shuo Kuo
      Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044 Jiangsu, China
      Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China
      More by Wen-Shuo Kuo
    • Yu-Ting Shao
      Yu-Ting Shao
      Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
      More by Yu-Ting Shao
    • Keng-Shiang Huang
      Keng-Shiang Huang
      The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan (R.O.C)
    • Ting-Mao Chou*
      Ting-Mao Chou
      Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
      *E-mail: [email protected] (T.-M. Chou).
    • Chih-Hui Yang
      Chih-Hui Yang
      Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan (R.O.C)
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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 17, 14438–14446
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01429
    Published April 5, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    Developing a nanomaterial, for use in highly efficient dual-modality two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT) involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and for use as a two-photon imaging contrast probe, is currently desirable. Here, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doped with nitrogen and functionalized with an amino group (amino-N-GQDs) serving as a photosensitizer in PDT had the superior ability to generate ROS as compared to unmodified GQDs. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) species were completely eliminated at an ultralow energy (239.36 nJ pixel–1) through only 12 s two-photon excitation (TPE) in the near-infrared region (800 nm). Furthermore, the amino-N-GQDs had an absorption wavelength of approximately 800 nm, quantum yield of 0.33, strong luminescence, an absolute cross section of approximately 54 356 Göeppert–Mayer units, a lifetime of 1.09 ns, a ratio of the radiative to nonradiative decay rates of approximately 0.49, and high two-photon stability under TPE. These favorable properties enabled the amino-N-GQDs to act as a two-photon contrast probe for tracking and localizing analytes through in-depth two-photon imaging in a three-dimensional biological environment and concurrently easily eliminating MDR species through PDT.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01429.

    • Laser resolution; characterizations of amino-N-GQDs and GQDs; bacterial and cell viabilities; stability in physiological environment; quantified viability and the amount of generated ROS after photoexcitation; cell viability after TPE; logarithmic plot of TPL intensity; TPE action cross section; lifetime data; TEM images; uptake assay; UV–vis spectra for absorbance of antibody; molecular weights of GQD and amino-N-GQD; and materials and experiments (PDF)

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