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Hydroprinted Electronics: Ultrathin Stretchable Ag–In–Ga E-Skin for Bioelectronics and Human–Machine Interaction

Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 45, 38760–38768
Publication Date (Web):October 19, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13257
Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
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Supporting Info (6)»
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Abstract

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We introduce a soft ultrathin and stretchable electronic skin with surface-mounted components that can be transferred and wrapped around any three-dimensional (3D) surface or self-adhere to the human skin. The ∼5 μm thick circuit is fabricated by printing the pattern over a temporary tattoo paper using a desktop laser printer, which is then coated with a silver ink and eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) liquid metal alloy. The resulting “Ag–In–Ga” traces are highly conductive and maintain low electrical resistivity as the circuit is stretched to conform to nondevelopable 3D surfaces. We also address integration of surface-mounted microelectronic chips by introducing a novel z-axis conductive interface composed of magnetically aligned EGaIn-coated Ag–Ni microparticles embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This “zPVA conductive glue” allows for robust electrical contacts with microchips that have pins with dimensions as small as 300 μm. If printed on the temporary tattoo transfer paper, the populated circuit can be attached to a 3D surface using hydrographic transfer. Both printing and interfacing processes can be performed at the room temperature. We demonstrate examples of applications, including an electronic tattoo over the human epidermis for electromyography signal acquisition, an interactive circuit with touch buttons, and light-emitting diodes transferred over the 3D printed shell of a robotic prosthetic hand, and a proximity measurement skin transferred over a 3D surface.

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Supporting Information

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13257.

  • SEM images of the cross section of the TTP, schematics of interfacing zPVA, flex-PCB and rigid PCB, functional thin-film circuits with LEDs floating over water, schematics of the setup used for zPVA film z-axis resistance measurement, schematics of steps for transferring the circuits over an object (PDF)

  • Fabrication and hydroprinting of Ag–In–Ga ultrathin circuits (AVI)

  • Application of hydroprinted electronics for the EMG tattoo over the body and control of prosthetic hand (AVI)

  • Application of the hydroprinted circuit over a 3D printed piece with nondevelopable surfaces (AVI)

  • Ag–In–Ga circuits water resistance (AVI)

  • Transfer of a circuit populated with SMD chips (AVI)

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Cited By

This article is cited by 27 publications.

  1. Xue-Feng Zhao, Cheng-Zhou Hang, Xiao-Hong Wen, Meng-Yang Liu, Hao Zhang, Fan Yang, Ru-Guang Ma, Jia-Cheng Wang, David Wei Zhang, Hong-Liang Lu. Ultrahigh-Sensitive Finlike Double-Sided E-Skin for Force Direction Detection. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (12) , 14136-14144. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23110
  2. Riikka Mikkonen, Paula Puistola, Ilari Jönkkäri, Matti Mäntysalo. Inkjet Printable Polydimethylsiloxane for All-Inkjet-Printed Multilayered Soft Electrical Applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (10) , 11990-11997. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19632
  3. Cristina Leal, Pedro Alhais Lopes, Arménio Serra, Jorge F. J. Coelho, Aníbal T. de Almeida, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Untethered Disposable Health Monitoring Electronic Patches with an Integrated Ag2O–Zn Battery, a AgInGa Current Collector, and Hydrogel Electrodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (3) , 3407-3414. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18462
  4. Sulbin Park, Byeong-Gwang Shin, Seongwan Jang, Kyeongwoon Chung. Three-Dimensional Self-Healable Touch Sensing Artificial Skin Device. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (3) , 3953-3960. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19272
  5. Epsita Kar, Navonil Bose, Biplab Dutta, Nillohit Mukherjee, Sampad Mukherjee. Ultraviolet- and Microwave-Protecting, Self-Cleaning e-Skin for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Tactile Mechanosensing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2019, 11 (19) , 17501-17512. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06452
  6. José Alberto, Cristina Leal, Cláudio Fernandes, Pedro A. Lopes, Hugo Paisana, Aníbal T. de Almeida, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Fully Untethered Battery-free Biomonitoring Electronic Tattoo with Wireless Energy Harvesting. Scientific Reports 2020, 10 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62097-6
  7. Hao Wu, Yu Tian, Haibo Luo, Hui Zhu, Yongqing Duan, YongAn Huang. Fabrication Techniques for Curved Electronics on Arbitrary Surfaces. Advanced Materials Technologies 2020, 2019 , 2000093. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000093
  8. Ali Zolfagharian, Akif Kaynak, Mahdi Bodaghi, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Saleh Gharaie, Saeid Nahavandi. Control-Based 4D Printing: Adaptive 4D-Printed Systems. Applied Sciences 2020, 10 (9) , 3020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093020
  9. Ju Seung Lee, Seung Ji Kang, Joo Hwan Shin, Yiel Jae Shin, Byunghoon Lee, Ja‐Myeong Koo, Tae‐il Kim. Nanoscale‐Dewetting‐Based Direct Interconnection of Microelectronics for a Deterministic Assembly of Transfer Printing. Advanced Materials 2020, 24 , 1908422. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908422
  10. Hyo‐Ryoung Lim, Hee Seok Kim, Raza Qazi, Young‐Tae Kwon, Jae‐Woong Jeong, Woon‐Hong Yeo. Advanced Soft Materials, Sensor Integrations, and Applications of Wearable Flexible Hybrid Electronics in Healthcare, Energy, and Environment. Advanced Materials 2020, 32 (15) , 1901924. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901924
  11. Lifei Zhu, Ben Wang, Stephan Handschuh‐Wang, Xuechang Zhou. Liquid Metal–Based Soft Microfluidics. Small 2020, 16 (9) , 1903841. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201903841
  12. Ali Zolfagharian, Akif Kaynak, Abbas Kouzani. Closed-loop 4D-printed soft robots. Materials & Design 2020, 188 , 108411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108411
  13. Xiaoxuan Wu, Hui Liao, Di Ma, Mingyuan Chao, Yonggang Wang, Xiaolong Jia, Pengbo Wan, Liqun Zhang. A wearable, self-adhesive, long-lastingly moist and healable epidermal sensor assembled from conductive MXene nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2020, 8 (5) , 1788-1795. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC05575D
  14. Chi Cuong Vu, Jooyong Kim. Simultaneous Sensing of Touch and Pressure by Using Highly Elastic e-Fabrics. Applied Sciences 2020, 10 (3) , 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030989
  15. Sungjun Lee, Jiyong Yoon, Daewoong Lee, Duhwan Seong, Sangkyu Lee, Minsu Jang, Junho Choi, Ki Jun Yu, Jinseok Kim, Sangyoup Lee, Donghee Son. Wireless Epidermal Electromyogram Sensing System. Electronics 2020, 9 (2) , 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020269
  16. Mohammad H Malakooti, Michael Rainer Bockstaller, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, Carmel Majidi. Liquid Metal Nanocomposites. Nanoscale Advances 2020, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00148A
  17. Rui Guo, Bixiao Cui, Xiaojing Zhao, Minghui Duan, Xuyang Sun, Ruiqi Zhao, Lei Sheng, Jing Liu, Jie Lu. Cu–EGaIn enabled stretchable e-skin for interactive electronics and CT assistant localization. Materials Horizons 2020, 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MH02066G
  18. Chuanlai Ren, Gaokuo Zhong, Qun Xiao, Congbing Tan, Ming Feng, Xiangli Zhong, Feng An, Jinbin Wang, Mengfei Zi, Mingkai Tang, Yong Tang, Tingting Jia, Jiangyu Li. Highly Robust Flexible Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistors Operable at High Temperature with Low‐Power Consumption. Advanced Functional Materials 2020, 30 (1) , 1906131. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906131
  19. Ezgi Pinar Yalcintas, Kadri Bugra Ozutemiz, Toygun Cetinkaya, Livio Dalloro, Carmel Majidi, O. Burak Ozdoganlar. Soft Electronics Manufacturing Using Microcontact Printing. Advanced Functional Materials 2019, 29 (51) , 1906551. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906551
  20. Daniel Félix Fernandes, Carmel Majidi, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Digitally printed stretchable electronics: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2019, 7 (45) , 14035-14068. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC04246F
  21. Simone Maragliulo, Pedro Filipe Alhais Lopes, Luis Bica Osorio, Anibal T. De Almeida, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Foot Gesture Recognition Through Dual Channel Wearable EMG System. IEEE Sensors Journal 2019, 19 (22) , 10187-10197. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2931715
  22. Kirthika Senthil Kumar, Po-Yen Chen, Hongliang Ren. A Review of Printable Flexible and Stretchable Tactile Sensors. Research 2019, 2019 , 1-32. https://doi.org/10.34133/2019/3018568
  23. Jie-an Li, Zhong Ma, Hui-ting Wang, Xing-xun Gao, Zhou Zhou, Ruo-wen Tao, Li-jia Pan, Yi Shi. Skin‐Inspired Electronics and Its Applications in Advanced Intelligent Systems. Advanced Intelligent Systems 2019, 1 (6) , 1900063. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900063
  24. Pedro Alhais Lopes, Davide Vaz Gomes, Daniel Green Marques, Pedro Faia, Joana Góis, Tatiana F. Patrício, Jorge Coelho, Arménio Serra, Aníbal T. de Almeida, Carmel Majidi, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Soft Bioelectronic Stickers: Selection and Evaluation of Skin‐Interfacing Electrodes. Advanced Healthcare Materials 2019, 8 (15) , 1900234. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201900234
  25. Rui Guo, Xuyang Sun, Siyuan Yao, Minghui Duan, Hongzhang Wang, Jing Liu, Zhongshan Deng. Semi‐Liquid‐Metal‐(Ni‐EGaIn)‐Based Ultraconformable Electronic Tattoo. Advanced Materials Technologies 2019, 4 (8) , 1900183. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900183
  26. Jinho Yoon, Taek Lee, Jeong-Woo Choi. Development of Bioelectronic Devices Using Bionanohybrid Materials for Biocomputation System. Micromachines 2019, 10 (5) , 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10050347
  27. Daniel Green Marques, Pedro Alhais Lopes, Anibal T. de Almeida, Carmel Majidi, Mahmoud Tavakoli. Reliable interfaces for EGaIn multi-layer stretchable circuits and microelectronics. Lab on a Chip 2019, 19 (5) , 897-906. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8LC01093E

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