Confining Iron Oxide Nanocubes inside Submicrometric Cavities as a Key Strategy To Preserve Magnetic Heat Losses in an Intracellular EnvironmentClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Mikhail V. ZyuzinMikhail V. ZyuzinIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyFaculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 191023 St. Petersburg, RussiaMore by Mikhail V. Zyuzin
- Marco CassaniMarco CassaniIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Chimica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, ItalyMore by Marco Cassani
- Markus J. BarthelMarkus J. BarthelIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyMore by Markus J. Barthel
- Helena GavilanHelena GavilanIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyMore by Helena Gavilan
- Niccolò SilvestriNiccolò SilvestriIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Chimica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, ItalyMore by Niccolò Silvestri
- Alberto EscuderoAlberto EscuderoLeibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyDepartamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Universidad de Sevilla−CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, SpainMore by Alberto Escudero
- Alice ScarpelliniAlice ScarpelliniIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyMore by Alice Scarpellini
- Federica LucchesiFederica LucchesiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Informatica,B ioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Via all’Opera Pia, 13, 16145 Genova, ItalyMore by Federica Lucchesi
- Francisco J. TeranFrancisco J. TeraniMdea Nanociencia, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainNanobiotecnología (iMdea-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, SpainMore by Francisco J. Teran
- Wolfgang J. Parak*Wolfgang J. Parak*E-mail for W.J.P.: [email protected]Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and CHyN, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, GermanyMore by Wolfgang J. Parak
- Teresa Pellegrino*Teresa Pellegrino*E-mail for T.P.: teresa.pellegrino@iitIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, ItalyMore by Teresa Pellegrino
Abstract
The design of magnetic nanostructures whose magnetic heating efficiency remains unaffected at the tumor site is a fundamental requirement to further advance magnetic hyperthermia in the clinic. This work demonstrates that the confinement of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) into a sub-micrometer cavity is a key strategy to enable a certain degree of nanoparticle motion and minimize aggregation effects, consequently preserving the magnetic heat loss of iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs) under different conditions, including intracellular environments. We fabricated magnetic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte sub-micrometer capsules using three different approaches, and we studied their heating efficiency as obtained in aqueous dispersions and after internalization by tumor cells. First, IONCs were added to the hollow cavities of LbL submicrocapsules, allowing the IONCs to move to a certain extent in the capsule cavities. Second, IONCs were coencapsulated into solid calcium carbonate cores coated with LbL polymer shells. Third, IONCs were incorporated within the polymer layers of the LbL capsule walls. In aqueous solution, higher specific absorption rate (SAR) values were related to those of free IONCs, while lower SAR values were recorded for capsule/core assemblies. However, after uptake by cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 cells), the SAR values of the free IONCs were significantly lower than those observed for capsule/core assemblies, especially after prolonged incubation periods (24 and 48 h). These results show that IONCs packed into submicrocavities preserve the magnetic losses, as the SAR values remained almost invariable. Conversely, free IONCs without the protective capsule shell agglomerated and their magnetic losses were strongly reduced. Indeed, IONC-loaded capsules and free IONCs reside inside endosomal and lysosomal compartments after cellular uptake and show strongly reduced magnetic losses due to the immobilization and aggregation in centrosymmetrical structures in the intracellular vesicles. The confinement of IONCs into sub-micrometer cavities is a key strategy to provide a sustained and predictable heating dose inside biological matrices.
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