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    Oil and Gas Produced Water Reuse: Opportunities, Treatment Needs, and Challenges
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    • Carolyn M. Cooper
      Carolyn M. Cooper
      Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705, United States
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-6555
    • James McCall
      James McCall
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-054X
    • Sean C. Stokes
      Sean C. Stokes
      Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-3739
    • Cameron McKay
      Cameron McKay
      Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705, United States
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    • Matthew J. Bentley
      Matthew J. Bentley
      Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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    • James S. Rosenblum
      James S. Rosenblum
      Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Tamzin A. Blewett
      Tamzin A. Blewett
      Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6834-1571
    • Zhe Huang
      Zhe Huang
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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      Ariel Miara
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Michael Talmadge
      Michael Talmadge
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Anna Evans
      Anna Evans
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
      Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Kurban A. Sitterley
      Kurban A. Sitterley
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-3298
    • Parthiv Kurup
      Parthiv Kurup
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Jennifer R. Stokes-Draut
      Jennifer R. Stokes-Draut
      Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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    • Jordan Macknick
      Jordan Macknick
      The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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    • Thomas Borch
      Thomas Borch
      Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-1613
    • Tzahi Y. Cath*
      Tzahi Y. Cath
      Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
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      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0669-4117
    • Lynn E. Katz*
      Lynn E. Katz
      Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
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    ACS ES&T Engineering

    Cite this: ACS EST Engg. 2022, 2, 3, 347–366
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.1c00248
    Published December 13, 2021
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    Abstract

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    Advances in water treatment technologies paired with potential restrictions on oil and gas (O&G) produced water disposal could incentivize the beneficial reuse of treated produced water in the O&G industry. However, the remote nature of O&G operations limits the applicability of many of these solutions, which may be spatially inefficient, require operator supervision, or are ill-suited for the complex nature of produced water. Furthermore, the responsible, sustainable reuse of produced water as an alternative water source requires standardized analytical techniques for characterizing and determining the toxicity of treated produced water and improving our understanding of the fate and transport of various constituents. In the past decade, we made little progress in economically treating produced water for beneficial reuse outside of oilfield operations; the sole major breakthrough has been in the development of salt-tolerant fracturing chemicals that allow for reuse of produced water for fracking operations. Guided research should assist in the development of fit-for-purpose solutions to maximize the reuse of treated produced water. This is exemplified by the case studies presented here that detail currently operating treatment facilities for reclamation and reuse of produced water.

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    Cite this: ACS EST Engg. 2022, 2, 3, 347–366
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.1c00248
    Published December 13, 2021
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