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Cross-Linked Fluorescent Supramolecular Nanoparticles as Finite Tattoo Pigments with Controllable Intradermal Retention Times

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    Cross-Linked Fluorescent Supramolecular Nanoparticles as Finite Tattoo Pigments with Controllable Intradermal Retention Times
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    † Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
    ‡ Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
    § Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-9061, United States
    ⊥ Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    ∥ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
    Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]
    *E-mail: [email protected]
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2017, 11, 1, 153–162
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b06200
    Published November 30, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Tattooing has been utilized by the medical community for precisely demarcating anatomic landmarks. This practice is especially important for identifying biopsy sites of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) due to the long interval (i.e., up to 3 months) between the initial diagnostic biopsy and surgical treatment. Commercially available tattoo pigments possess several issues, which include causing poor cosmesis, being mistaken for a melanocytic lesion, requiring additional removal procedures when no longer desired, and potentially inducing inflammatory responses. The ideal tattoo pigment for labeling of skin biopsy sites for NMSC requires (i) invisibility under ambient light, (ii) fluorescence under a selective light source, (iii) a finite intradermal retention time (ca. 3 months), and (iv) biocompatibility. Herein, we introduce cross-linked fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles (c-FSNPs) as a “finite tattoo” pigment, with optimized photophysical properties and intradermal retention time to achieve successful in vivo finite tattooing. Fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles encapsulate a fluorescent conjugated polymer, poly[5-methoxy-2-(3-sulfopropoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MPS-PPV), into a core via a supramolecular synthetic approach. FSNPs which possess fluorescent properties superior to those of the free MPS-PPV are obtained through a combinatorial screening process. Covalent cross-linking of FSNPs results in micrometer-sized c-FSNPs, which exhibit a size-dependent intradermal retention. The 1456 nm sized c-FSNPs display an ideal intradermal retention time (ca. 3 months) for NMSC lesion labeling, as observed in an in vivo tattoo study. In addition, the c-FSNPs induce undetectable inflammatory responses after tattooing. We believe that the c-FSNPs can serve as a “finite tattoo” pigment to label potential malignant NMSC lesions.

    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06200.

    • Preparation of FSNPs with various sizes by changing the Ad-PAMAM/CD-PEI ratio (w/w), absorption spectra of FSNPs with various Ad-PAMAM/CD-PEI ratios (w/w), tattooing with commercially available tattoo dyes, pathological study of commercially available tattoo dyes (PDF)

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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2017, 11, 1, 153–162
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b06200
    Published November 30, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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