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Fabrication of Porous Carbon/TiO2 Composites through Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation and Use As an Anode for Na-Ion Batteries

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 23, 21011-21018
    Research Article

    Fabrication of Porous Carbon/TiO2 Composites through Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation and Use As an Anode for Na-Ion Batteries
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    † †Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 23, 21011–21018
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/am5058037
    Published November 14, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Polymerization-induced phase separation of nanoparticle-filled solution is demonstrated as a simple approach to control the structure of porous composites. These composites are subsequently demonstrated as the active component for sodium ion battery anode. To synthesize the composites, we dissolved/dispersed titanium oxide (anatase) nanoparticles (for sodium insertion) and poly(hydroxybutyl methacrylate) (PHBMA, porogen) in furfuryl alcohol (carbon precursor) containing a photoacid generator (PAG). UV exposure converts the PAG to a strong acid that catalyzes the furfuryl alcohol polymerization. This polymerization simultaneously decreases the miscibility of the PHBMA and reduces the mobility in the mixture to kinetically trap the phase separation. Carbonization of this polymer composite yields a porous nanocomposite. This nanocomposite exhibits nearly 3-fold greater gravimetric capacity in Na-ion batteries than the same titanium oxide nanoparticles that have been coated with carbon. This improved performance is attributed to the morphology as the carbon content in the composite is five times that of the coated nanoparticles. The porous composite materials exhibit stable cyclic performance. Moreover, the battery performance using materials from this polymerization-induced phase separation method is reproducible (capacity within 10% batch-to-batch). This simple fabrication methodology may be extendable to other systems and provides a facile route to generate reproducible hierarchical porous morphology that can be beneficial in energy storage applications.

    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    FTIR spectra of the nanoparticles, TEM images of PFA-coated TiO2, TGA curves for carbon content, XPS analysis of the composites, and coin cell characterization. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    This article is cited by 76 publications.

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    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 23, 21011–21018
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/am5058037
    Published November 14, 2014
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