logo
CONTENT TYPES

Figure 1Loading Img

Surface Modification To Reduce Nonspecific Binding of Quantum Dots in Live Cell Assays

View Author Information
Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B, 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822
Cite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 2005, 16, 6, 1488–1494
Publication Date (Web):November 1, 2005
https://doi.org/10.1021/bc0502006
Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society
Article Views
4357
Altmetric
-
Citations
LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

Read OnlinePDF (227 KB)
Supporting Info (2)»

Abstract

Nonspecific binding is a frequently encountered problem with fluorescent labeling of tissue cultures when labeled with quantum dots. In these studies various cell lines were examined for nonspecific binding. Evidence suggests that nonspecific binding is related to cell type and may be significantly reduced by functionalizing quantum dots with poly(ethylene glycol) ligands (PEG). The length of PEG required to give a significant reduction in nonspecific binding may be as short as 12−14 ethylene glycol units.

 Department of Chemistry.

§

 These authors contributed equally to this work.

 Department of Pharmacology.

*

 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:  [email protected] Phone:  615-322-2633. Fax: 615-343-1234.

Supporting Information Available

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Experimental details. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

Terms & Conditions

Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Cited By


This article is cited by 208 publications.

  1. Floriana Burgio, Deborah Piffaretti, Felix Schmidt, Uwe Pieles, Michael Reinert, Marie-Françoise Ritz, Sina Saxer. Tuning the Surface Chemistry of Gold Nanoparticles to Specifically Image Glioblastoma Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2020, 3 (3) , 2447-2454. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02551
  2. Zhiyuan Han, Suresh Sarkar, Andrew M. Smith. Zwitterion and Oligo(ethylene glycol) Synergy Minimizes Nonspecific Binding of Compact Quantum Dots. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (3) , 3227-3241. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08658
  3. Yuying Zhang, Xin-Ping Wang, Sven Perner, Agnes Bankfalvi, and Sebastian Schlücker . Effect of Antigen Retrieval Methods on Nonspecific Binding of Antibody–Metal Nanoparticle Conjugates on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Analytical Chemistry 2018, 90 (1) , 760-768. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03144
  4. Evmorfia Psarra, Ulla König, Martin Müller, Eva Bittrich, Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn, Petra B. Welzel, Manfred Stamm, and Petra Uhlmann . In Situ Monitoring of Linear RGD-Peptide Bioconjugation with Nanoscale Polymer Brushes. ACS Omega 2017, 2 (3) , 946-958. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00450
  5. Niko Hildebrandt, Christopher M. Spillmann, W. Russ Algar, Thomas Pons, Michael H. Stewart, Eunkeu Oh, Kimihiro Susumu, Sebastian A. Díaz, James B. Delehanty, and Igor L. Medintz . Energy Transfer with Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates: A Versatile Platform for Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Other Developing Applications. Chemical Reviews 2017, 117 (2) , 536-711. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00030
  6. Brad A. Kairdolf, Ximei Qian, and Shuming Nie . Bioconjugated Nanoparticles for Biosensing, in Vivo Imaging, and Medical Diagnostics. Analytical Chemistry 2017, 89 (2) , 1015-1031. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04873
  7. Elena S. Speranskaya, Chantal Sevrin, Sarah De Saeger, Zeger Hens, Irina Yu. Goryacheva, and Christian Grandfils . Synthesis of Hydrophilic CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots with Different Polymeric Shells and Study of Their Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8 (12) , 7613-7622. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11258
  8. Qinfeng Xu, Yihong Zhang, Bo Tang, and Chun-yang Zhang . Multicolor Quantum Dot-Based Chemical Nose for Rapid and Array-Free Differentiation of Multiple Proteins. Analytical Chemistry 2016, 88 (4) , 2051-2058. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03109
  9. Oleg Kovtun, Dhananjay Sakrikar, Ian D. Tomlinson, Jerry C. Chang, Xochitl Arzeta-Ferrer, Randy D. Blakely, and Sandra J. Rosenthal . Single-Quantum-Dot Tracking Reveals Altered Membrane Dynamics of an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-Disorder-Derived Dopamine Transporter Coding Variant. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2015, 6 (4) , 526-534. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn500202c
  10. Kimihiro Susumu, Eunkeu Oh, James B. Delehanty, Fabien Pinaud, Kelly Boeneman Gemmill, Scott Walper, Joyce Breger, Maria J. Schroeder, Michael H. Stewart, Vaibhav Jain, Craig M. Whitaker, Alan L. Huston, and Igor L. Medintz . A New Family of Pyridine-Appended Multidentate Polymers As Hydrophilic Surface Ligands for Preparing Stable Biocompatible Quantum Dots. Chemistry of Materials 2014, 26 (18) , 5327-5344. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm502386f
  11. Elena S. Speranskaya, Natalia V. Beloglazova, Sofie Abé, Tangi Aubert, Philippe F. Smet, Dirk Poelman, Irina Y. Goryacheva, Sarah De Saeger, and Zeger Hens . Hydrophilic, Bright CuInS2 Quantum Dots as Cd-Free Fluorescent Labels in Quantitative Immunoassay. Langmuir 2014, 30 (25) , 7567-7575. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501268b
  12. Jerry C. Chang and Sandra J. Rosenthal . A Bright Light to Reveal Mobility: Single Quantum Dot Tracking Reveals Membrane Dynamics and Cellular Mechanisms. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2013, 4 (17) , 2858-2866. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz401071g
  13. Hélène A. Gussin, Ian D. Tomlinson, Dingcai Cao, Haohua Qian, Sandra J. Rosenthal, and David R. Pepperberg . Quantum Dot Conjugates of GABA and Muscimol: Binding to α1β2γ2 and ρ1 GABAA Receptors. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2013, 4 (3) , 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn300144v
  14. Bingbo Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Fengjun Liu, Yingsheng Cheng, and Donglu Shi . Effective Reduction of Nonspecific Binding by Surface Engineering of Quantum Dots with Bovine Serum Albumin for Cell-Targeted Imaging. Langmuir 2012, 28 (48) , 16605-16613. https://doi.org/10.1021/la302758g
  15. Jerry C. Chang and Sandra J. Rosenthal . Visualization of Lipid Raft Membrane Compartmentalization in Living RN46A Neuronal Cells Using Single Quantum Dot Tracking. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2012, 3 (10) , 737-743. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn3000845
  16. Jianbo Liu, Xiaohai Yang, Kemin Wang, Xiaoxiao He, Qing Wang, Jin Huang, and Yan Liu . Aggregation Control of Quantum Dots through Ion-Mediated Hydrogen Bonding Shielding. ACS Nano 2012, 6 (6) , 4973-4983. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300517k
  17. Daniel A. East, Daniel P. Mulvihill, Michael Todd, and Ian J. Bruce . QD-Antibody Conjugates via Carbodiimide-Mediated Coupling: A Detailed Study of the Variables Involved and a Possible New Mechanism for the Coupling Reaction under Basic Aqueous Conditions. Langmuir 2011, 27 (22) , 13888-13896. https://doi.org/10.1021/la203273p
  18. Jerry C. Chang, Ian D. Tomlinson, Michael R. Warnement, Hideki Iwamoto, Louis J. DeFelice, Randy D. Blakely, and Sandra J. Rosenthal . A Fluorescence Displacement Assay for Antidepressant Drug Discovery Based on Ligand-Conjugated Quantum Dots. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133 (44) , 17528-17531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204301g
  19. Youngseon Choi, Keumhyun Kim, Sukmin Hong, Hichul Kim, Yong-Jun Kwon, and Rita Song . Intracellular Protein Target Detection by Quantum Dots Optimized for Live Cell Imaging. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2011, 22 (8) , 1576-1586. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc200126k
  20. Oleg Kovtun, Ian D. Tomlinson, Dhananjay S. Sakrikar, Jerry C. Chang, Randy D. Blakely, and Sandra J. Rosenthal . Visualization of the Cocaine-Sensitive Dopamine Transporter with Ligand-Conjugated Quantum Dots. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2011, 2 (7) , 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn200032r
  21. Hélène A. Gussin, Ian D. Tomlinson, Niraj J. Muni, Deborah M. Little, Haohua Qian, Sandra J. Rosenthal and David R. Pepperberg . GABAC Receptor Binding of Quantum-Dot Conjugates of Variable Ligand Valency. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2010, 21 (8) , 1455-1464. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc100050s
  22. Allison M. Dennis, David C. Sotto, Bing C. Mei, Igor L. Medintz, Hedi Mattoussi and Gang Bao . Surface Ligand Effects on Metal-Affinity Coordination to Quantum Dots: Implications for Nanoprobe Self-Assembly. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2010, 21 (7) , 1160-1170. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc900500m
  23. Michael H. Stewart, Kimihiro Susumu, Bing C. Mei, Igor L. Medintz, James B. Delehanty, Juan B. Blanco-Canosa, Philip E. Dawson and Hedi Mattoussi. Multidentate Poly(ethylene glycol) Ligands Provide Colloidal Stability to Semiconductor and Metallic Nanocrystals in Extreme Conditions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010, 132 (28) , 9804-9813. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja102898d
  24. SK Basiruddin, Arindam Saha, Narayan Pradhan and Nikhil R. Jana. Advances in Coating Chemistry in Deriving Soluble Functional Nanoparticle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2010, 114 (25) , 11009-11017. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp100844d
  25. Ming-Xi Zhang, Bi-Hai Huang, Xiao-Yu Sun and Dai-Wen Pang. Clickable Gold Nanoparticles as the Building Block of Nanobioprobes. Langmuir 2010, 26 (12) , 10171-10176. https://doi.org/10.1021/la100315u
  26. Samuel Clarke, Fabien Pinaud, Oliver Beutel, Changjiang You, Jacob Piehler and Maxime Dahan . Covalent Monofunctionalization of Peptide-Coated Quantum Dots for Single-Molecule Assays. Nano Letters 2010, 10 (6) , 2147-2154. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl100825n
  27. Lu Liu, Xuhong Guo, Yan Li and Xinhua Zhong. Bifunctional Multidentate Ligand Modified Highly Stable Water-Soluble Quantum Dots. Inorganic Chemistry 2010, 49 (8) , 3768-3775. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic902469d
  28. Shawn J. Tan, Nikhil R. Jana, Shujun Gao, Pranab K. Patra and Jackie Y. Ying. Surface-Ligand-Dependent Cellular Interaction, Subcellular Localization, and Cytotoxicity of Polymer-Coated Quantum Dots. Chemistry of Materials 2010, 22 (7) , 2239-2247. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm902989f
  29. Arindam Saha, SK Basiruddin, Narayan Pradhan and Nikhil R. Jana. Ligand Exchange Approach in Deriving Magnetic−Fluorescent and Magnetic−Plasmonic Hybrid Nanoparticle. Langmuir 2010, 26 (6) , 4351-4356. https://doi.org/10.1021/la903428r
  30. Wenhao Liu, Andrew B. Greytak, Jungmin Lee, Cliff R. Wong, Jongnam Park, Lisa F. Marshall, Wen Jiang, Peter N. Curtin, Alice Y. Ting, Daniel G. Nocera, Dai Fukumura, Rakesh K. Jain and Moungi G. Bawendi . Compact Biocompatible Quantum Dots via RAFT-Mediated Synthesis of Imidazole-Based Random Copolymer Ligand. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010, 132 (2) , 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja908137d
  31. John-Christopher Boyer, Marie-Pascale Manseau, Jill I. Murray and Frank C. J. M. van Veggel. Surface Modification of Upconverting NaYF4 Nanoparticles with PEG−Phosphate Ligands for NIR (800 nm) Biolabeling within the Biological Window. Langmuir 2010, 26 (2) , 1157-1164. https://doi.org/10.1021/la902260j
  32. Arindam Saha, SK Basiruddin, Rupa Sarkar, Narayan Pradhan and Nikhil R. Jana. Functionalized Plasmonic−Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Imaging and Detection. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009, 113 (43) , 18492-18498. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp904791h
  33. Chenjie Xu, Zhenglong Yuan, Nathan Kohler, Jaemin Kim, Maureen A. Chung and Shouheng Sun . FePt Nanoparticles as an Fe Reservoir for Controlled Fe Release and Tumor Inhibition. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131 (42) , 15346-15351. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja905938a
  34. Vladimir V. Breus, Colin D. Heyes, Kyrylo Tron and G. Ulrich Nienhaus . Zwitterionic Biocompatible Quantum Dots for Wide pH Stability and Weak Nonspecific Binding to Cells. ACS Nano 2009, 3 (9) , 2573-2580. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900600w
  35. Yifeng Wei, Nikhil R. Jana, Shawn J. Tan and Jackie Y. Ying. Surface Coating Directed Cellular Delivery of TAT-Functionalized Quantum Dots. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2009, 20 (9) , 1752-1758. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc8003777
  36. Emily J. McLaurin, Andrew B. Greytak, Moungi G. Bawendi and Daniel G. Nocera. Two-Photon Absorbing Nanocrystal Sensors for Ratiometric Detection of Oxygen. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131 (36) , 12994-13001. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja902712b
  37. Rebecca L. Orndorff and Sandra J. Rosenthal . Neurotoxin Quantum Dot Conjugates Detect Endogenous Targets Expressed in Live Cancer Cells. Nano Letters 2009, 9 (7) , 2589-2599. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl900789e
  38. Sheng-Mei Wu, Zhi-Ling Zhang, Xiao-Dan Wang, Ming-Xi Zhang, Jun Peng, Zhi-Xiong Xie and Dai-Wen Pang . Quantum Dot−Ferrichrome Bioprobes for Recognition of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009, 113 (21) , 9169-9174. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp901221h
  39. Emma E. Lees, Tich-Lam Nguyen, Andrew H. A. Clayton and Paul Mulvaney . The Preparation of Colloidally Stable, Water-Soluble, Biocompatible, Semiconductor Nanocrystals with a Small Hydrodynamic Diameter. ACS Nano 2009, 3 (5) , 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900144n
  40. T. Jean Daou, Liang Li, Peter Reiss, Véronique Josserand and Isabelle Texier. Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol) Length on the in Vivo Behavior of Coated Quantum Dots. Langmuir 2009, 25 (5) , 3040-3044. https://doi.org/10.1021/la8035083
  41. Cheng-An J. Lin, Ting-Ya Yang, Chih-Hsien Lee, Sherry H. Huang, Ralph A. Sperling, Marco Zanella, Jimmy K. Li, Ji-Lin Shen, Hsueh-Hsiao Wang, Hung-I Yeh, Wolfgang J. Parak and Walter H. Chang . Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioconjugation of Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters toward Biological Labeling Applications. ACS Nano 2009, 3 (2) , 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn800632j
  42. Michal Babič, Daniel Horák, Pavla Jendelová, Kateřina Glogarová, Vít Herynek, Miroslava Trchová, Katarína Likavčanová, Petr Lesný, Emil Pollert, Milan Hájek and Eva Syková . Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-Coated Maghemite Nanoparticles for Stem Cell Labeling. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2009, 20 (2) , 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc800373x
  43. Jung Jin Park, Silvia H. De Paoli Lacerda, Scott K. Stanley, Brandon M. Vogel, Sangcheol Kim, Jack F. Douglas, Dharmaraj Raghavan and Alamgir Karim . Langmuir Adsorption Study of the Interaction of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots with Model Substrates: Influence of Substrate Surface Chemistry and pH. Langmuir 2009, 25 (1) , 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1021/la802324c
  44. He Hu, Mengxiao Yu, Fuyou Li, Zhigang Chen, Xia Gao, Liqin Xiong and Chunhui Huang. Facile Epoxidation Strategy for Producing Amphiphilic Up-Converting Rare-Earth Nanophosphors as Biological Labels. Chemistry of Materials 2008, 20 (22) , 7003-7009. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm801215t
  45. Maria Jose Ruedas-Rama and Elizabeth A. H. Hall. Azamacrocycle Activated Quantum Dot for Zinc Ion Detection. Analytical Chemistry 2008, 80 (21) , 8260-8268. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801396y
  46. Kevin C. Weng, Charles O. Noble, Brigitte Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, Fanqing F. Chen, Daryl C. Drummond, Dmitri B. Kirpotin, Donghui Wang, Yun K. Hom, Byron Hann and John W. Park. Targeted Tumor Cell Internalization and Imaging of Multifunctional Quantum Dot-Conjugated Immunoliposomes in Vitro and in Vivo. Nano Letters 2008, 8 (9) , 2851-2857. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl801488u
  47. Michael R. Warnement, Ian D. Tomlinson, Jerry C. Chang, Michael A. Schreuder, Courtney M. Luckabaugh and Sandra J. Rosenthal. Controlling the Reactivity of Ampiphilic Quantum Dots in Biological Assays through Hydrophobic Assembly of Custom PEG Derivatives. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2008, 19 (7) , 1404-1413. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc800104n
  48. Brad A. Kairdolf,, Michael C. Mancini,, Andrew M. Smith, and, Shuming Nie. Minimizing Nonspecific Cellular Binding of Quantum Dots with Hydroxyl-Derivatized Surface Coatings. Analytical Chemistry 2008, 80 (8) , 3029-3034. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac800068q
  49. Rebecca L. Orndorff, Michael R. Warnement, John N. Mason, Randy D. Blakely and Sandra J. Rosenthal . Quantum Dot Ex Vivo Labeling of Neuromuscular Synapses. Nano Letters 2008, 8 (3) , 780-785. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072460x
  50. Samuel J. Clarke, C. A. Hollmann, Faisal A. Aldaye and Jay L. Nadeau . Effect of Ligand Density on the Spectral, Physical, and Biological Characteristics of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2008, 19 (2) , 562-568. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc700404v
  51. Wenhao Liu,, Mark Howarth,, Andrew B. Greytak,, Yi Zheng,, Daniel G. Nocera,, Alice Y. Ting, and, Moungi G. Bawendi. Compact Biocompatible Quantum Dots Functionalized for Cellular Imaging. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130 (4) , 1274-1284. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076069p
  52. Wenhao Liu,, Hak Soo Choi,, John P. Zimmer,, Eiichi Tanaka,, John V. Frangioni, and, Moungi Bawendi. Compact Cysteine-Coated CdSe(ZnCdS) Quantum Dots for in Vivo Applications. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129 (47) , 14530-14531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja073790m
  53. Ashwath Jayagopal,, Patricia K. Russ, and, Frederick R. Haselton. Surface Engineering of Quantum Dots for In Vivo Vascular Imaging. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2007, 18 (5) , 1424-1433. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc070020r
  54. Vasudevanpillai Biju,, Damodaran Muraleedharan,, Ken-ichi Nakayama,, Yasuo Shinohara,, Tamitake Itoh,, Yoshinobu Baba, and, Mitsuru Ishikawa. Quantum dot-Insect Neuropeptide Conjugates for Fluorescence Imaging, Transfection, and Nucleus Targeting of Living Cells. Langmuir 2007, 23 (20) , 10254-10261. https://doi.org/10.1021/la7012705
  55. Dusica Maysinger,, Maik Behrendt,, Mélanie Lalancette-Hébert, and, Jasna Kriz. Real-Time Imaging of Astrocyte Response to Quantum Dots:  In Vivo Screening Model System for Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles. Nano Letters 2007, 7 (8) , 2513-2520. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071611t
  56. Christian Schulz-Drost,, Vito Sgobba, and, Dirk M. Guldi. Zero- versus One-Dimensional Water-Soluble CdTe NanocrystalsSynthesis and Photophysical Characterization. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111 (27) , 9694-9703. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp070639q
  57. Jessica P. Ryman-Rasmussen,, Jim E. Riviere, and, Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere. Variables Influencing Interactions of Untargeted Quantum Dot Nanoparticles with Skin Cells and Identification of Biochemical Modulators. Nano Letters 2007, 7 (5) , 1344-1348. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl070375j
  58. Benjamin David Sullivan,, Dietrich A. Dehlinger,, Sanja Zlatanovic,, Sadik A. Esener, and, Michael J. Heller. Low-Frequency Electrophoretic Actuation of Nanoscale Optoentropic Transduction Mechanisms. Nano Letters 2007, 7 (4) , 950-955. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl063014x
  59. Jason S. Kim,, C. Alexander Valencia,, Rihe Liu, and, Wenbin Lin. Highly-Efficient Purification of Native Polyhistidine-Tagged Proteins by Multivalent NTA-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2007, 18 (2) , 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc060195l
  60. William W. Yu,, Emmanuel Chang,, Joshua C. Falkner,, Junyan Zhang,, Ali M. Al-Somali,, Christie M. Sayes,, Judah Johns,, Rebekah Drezek, and, Vicki L. Colvin. Forming Biocompatible and Nonaggregated Nanocrystals in Water Using Amphiphilic Polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129 (10) , 2871-2879. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja067184n
  61. Chunfu Zhang,, Björn Wängler,, Bernd Morgenstern,, Hanswalter Zentgraf,, Michael Eisenhut,, Harald Untenecker,, Ralf Krüger,, Ralf Huss,, Christian Seliger,, Wolfhard Semmler, and, Fabian Kiessling. Silica- and Alkoxysilane-Coated Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles:  A Promising Tool To Label Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Langmuir 2007, 23 (3) , 1427-1434. https://doi.org/10.1021/la061879k
  62. Hélène A. Gussin,, Ian D. Tomlinson,, Deborah M. Little,, Michael R. Warnement,, Haohua Qian,, Sandra J. Rosenthal, and, David R. Pepperberg. Binding of Muscimol-Conjugated Quantum Dots to GABAC Receptors. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2006, 128 (49) , 15701-15713. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja064324k
  63. James B. Delehanty,, Igor L. Medintz,, Thomas Pons,, Florence M. Brunel,, Philip E. Dawson, and, Hedi Mattoussi. Self-Assembled Quantum Dot−Peptide Bioconjugates for Selective Intracellular Delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2006, 17 (4) , 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc060044i
  64. Wen Su, Hao Wu, Huimin Xu, Yang Zhang, Yunchao Li, Xiaohong Li, Louzhen Fan. Carbon dots: a booming material for biomedical applications. Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2020, 4 (3) , 821-836. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QM00658C
  65. Hui Zou, Yi Wu, Caixia Yao, Shiqi Duan, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhengyu Yan, Shenghua Liao. Effect of surface ligands with different terminal group on the optical stability and cytotoxicity of CuInS 2 /ZnS quantum dots with the crystal structure of sphalerite. Materials Research Express 2019, 6 (12) , 125018. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5513
  66. Yong Fan, Shangfeng Wang, Fan Zhang. Optical Multiplexed Bioassays for Improved Biomedical Diagnostics. Angewandte Chemie 2019, 131 (38) , 13342-13353. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201901964
  67. Yong Fan, Shangfeng Wang, Fan Zhang. Optical Multiplexed Bioassays for Improved Biomedical Diagnostics. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2019, 58 (38) , 13208-13219. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201901964
  68. Huiting Lu, Wenjun Li, Haifeng Dong, Menglian Wei. Graphene Quantum Dots for Optical Bioimaging. Small 2019, 15 (36) , 1902136. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902136
  69. Chunmiao Liu, Baochan Yang, Xue Chen, Zunfu Hu, Zhichao Dai, Dongjiang Yang, Xiuwen Zheng, Xilin She, Qingyun Liu. Capture and separation of circulating tumor cells using functionalized magnetic nanocomposites with simultaneous in situ chemotherapy. Nanotechnology 2019, 30 (28) , 285706. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0e25
  70. Veronika Poláchová, Matěj Pastucha, Zuzana Mikušová, Matthias J. Mickert, Antonín Hlaváček, Hans H. Gorris, Petr Skládal, Zdeněk Farka. Click-conjugated photon-upconversion nanoparticles in an immunoassay for honeybee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius. Nanoscale 2019, 11 (17) , 8343-8351. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR01246J
  71. Ozgur Esim, Sevinc Kurbanoglu, Ayhan Savaser, Sibel A. Ozkan, Yalcin Ozkan. Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems. 2019,,, 273-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816144-9.00009-2
  72. Mehmet Arslan, Tolga Yirmibesoglu, Mithat Celebi. In situ Crosslinkable Thiol-ene Hydrogels Based on PEGylated Chitosan and β-Cyclodextrin. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry 2018, , 1327-1336. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.460275
  73. Oleg Kovtun, Ian D. Tomlinson, Danielle M. Bailey, Lucas B. Thal, Emily J. Ross, Lauren Harris, Michael P. Frankland, Riley S. Ferguson, Zachary Glaser, Jonathan Greer, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Single quantum dot tracking illuminates neuroscience at the nanoscale. Chemical Physics Letters 2018, 706 , 741-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.019
  74. Lei Zhang, Xiaowen Dou, Cheng Zhang, Guangyao Ying, Congmin Liu, Jiaoyang Luo, Qian Li, Peng Li, Yitao Wang, Meihua Yang. Facile preparation of stable PEG-functionalized quantum dots with glycine-enhanced photoluminescence and their application for screening of aflatoxin B1 in herbs. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2018, 261 , 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.124
  75. Satu Lahtinen, Annika Lyytikäinen, Nina Sirkka, Henna Päkkilä, Tero Soukka. Improving the sensitivity of immunoassays by reducing non-specific binding of poly(acrylic acid) coated upconverting nanoparticles by adding free poly(acrylic acid). Microchimica Acta 2018, 185 (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2756-z
  76. I. K. Litvinov, T. N. Belyaeva, A. V. Salova, N. D. Aksenov, E. A. Leontieva, A. O. Orlova, E. S. Kornilova. Quantum Dots based on Indium Phosphide (InP): the Effect of Chemical Modifications of the Organic Shell on Interaction with Cultured Cells of Various Origins. Cell and Tissue Biology 2018, 12 (2) , 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X18020050
  77. H.-P. Lin, B.-R. Li. Use of nanostructured materials in medical diagnostics. 2018,,, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100716-7.00013-1
  78. Jungmin Lee, Xinyi Feng, Ou Chen, Moungi G. Bawendi, Jun Huang. Stable, small, specific, low-valency quantum dots for single-molecule imaging. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (9) , 4406-4414. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR08673C
  79. Sushant Ghimire, Anjaly Sivadas, Ken-ichi Yuyama, Yuta Takano, Raju Francis, Vasudevanpillai Biju. Quantum dot–polymer conjugates for stable luminescent displays. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (28) , 13368-13374. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR01501E
  80. Zeynep Altintas, Frank Davis, Frieder W. Scheller. Applications of Quantum Dots in Biosensors and Diagnostics. 2017,,, 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119065036.ch9
  81. Herman S. Mansur, Alexandra A. P. Mansur. Fluorescent Nanohybrids: Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. 2017,,, 560-584. https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EBPPC-120051077
  82. Guangxue Feng, Jie Liu, Rongrong Liu, Duo Mao, Nikodem Tomczak, Bin Liu. Ultrasmall Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles with High Specificity for Targeted Cancer Cell Imaging. Advanced Science 2017, 4 (9) , 1600407. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600407
  83. Wei Zhang, Minyan Ma, Xiao-ai Zhang, Ze-yu Zhang, Sayed M Saleh, Xu-dong Wang. Fluorescent proteins as efficient tools for evaluating the surface PEGylation of silica nanoparticles. Methods and Applications in Fluorescence 2017, 5 (2) , 024003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/aa64e5
  84. Arindam Saha, SK Basiruddin, Nikhil Ranjan Jana. Plasmonic-Fluorescent and Magnetic-Fluorescent Composite Nanoparticle as Multifunctional Cellular Probe. 2017,,, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119325161.ch1
  85. Jeong Chan Park, Gyeong Tae Lee, Jeong Hyun Seo. Mannose-functionalized [email protected] nanoparticles and their interactions with bacteria. Journal of Materials Science 2017, 52 (3) , 1534-1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0448-9
  86. Frauke Alves, Julia Bode, Peter Cimalla, Ingrid Hilger, Martin Hofmann, Volker Jaedicke, Edmund Koch, Kai Licha, Timo Rademakers, Daniel Razansky, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort. Optical Imaging. 2017,,, 403-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42202-2_16
  87. Clare E. Rowland, Kimihiro Susumu, Michael H. Stewart, Lauren D. Field, Ajmeeta Sangtani, Igor L. Medintz, James B. Delehanty. Cellular Applications of Semiconductor Quantum Dots at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory: 2006–2016. 2017,,, 203-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48260-6_9
  88. Dahai Ren, Bin Wang, Chen Hu, Zheng You. Quantum dot probes for cellular analysis. Analytical Methods 2017, 9 (18) , 2621-2632. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00018A
  89. I. V. Martynenko, A. P. Litvin, F. Purcell-Milton, A. V. Baranov, A. V. Fedorov, Y. K. Gun'ko. Application of semiconductor quantum dots in bioimaging and biosensing. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2017, 5 (33) , 6701-6727. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01425B
  90. Jia-Kai Wu, Zhi-Quan Tian, Zhi-Ling Zhang, An-An Liu, Bo Tang, Li-Juan Zhang, Zhi-Liang Chen, Dai-Wen Pang. Purification of quantum dot-based bioprobes via high-performance size exclusion chromatography. Talanta 2016, 159 , 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.078
  91. J. Scott Niezgoda, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Synthetic Strategies for Semiconductor Nanocrystals Expressing Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. ChemPhysChem 2016, 17 (5) , 645-653. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201500758
  92. Herman S. Mansur, Alexandra A. P. Mansur. Fluorescent Nanohybrids: Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. 2016,,, 3420-3444. https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EBPP-120051077
  93. Oleg Kovtun, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Ensemble and Single Quantum Dot Fluorescence Methods in Neurotransmitter Transporter Research. 2016,,, 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3765-3_8
  94. Manolya Kukut Hatipoglu, Seda Kelestemur, Mustafa Culha. Synthesis and Biological Applications of Quantum Dots. 2016,,, 505-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25340-4_20
  95. İ. Ergal, A. T. Akarsubasi. Quantum Dots in Bionanotechnology and Medical Sciences: Power of the Small. 2016,,, 555-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25340-4_22
  96. Xin Wang, Yi-Zhen Hu, Aimei Chen, Yexin Wu, Robert Aggeler, Quentin Low, Hee Chol Kang, Kyle R. Gee. Water-soluble poly(2,7-dibenzosilole) as an ultra-bright fluorescent label for antibody-based flow cytometry. Chemical Communications 2016, 52 (21) , 4022-4024. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC10347A
  97. Ziye Dong, Ling Tang, Caroline C. Ahrens, Zhenya Ding, Vi Cao, Steven Castleberry, Jiangtao Yan, Wei Li. A benchtop capillary flow layer-by-layer (CF-LbL) platform for rapid assembly and screening of biodegradable nanolayered films. Lab on a Chip 2016, 16 (23) , 4601-4611. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC01065B
  98. Bingbo Zhang, Jiani Yu, Chang Liu, Jun Wang, Huanxing Han, Pengfei Zhang, Donglu Shi. Improving detection sensitivity by oriented bioconjugation of antibodies to quantum dots with a flexible spacer arm for immunoassay. RSC Advances 2016, 6 (55) , 50119-50127. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09279A
  99. Talitha Frecker, Danielle Bailey, Xochitl Arzeta-Ferrer, James McBride, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Review—Quantum Dots and Their Application in Lighting, Displays, and Biology. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2016, 5 (1) , R3019-R3031. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031601jss
  100. Beatrice Mihaela Radu, Mihai Radu, Cristina Tognoli, Donatella Benati, Flavia Merigo, Michael Assfalg, Erika Solani, Chiara Stranieri, Alberto Ceccon, Anna Maria Fratta Pasini, Luciano Cominacini, Placido Bramanti, Francesco Osculati, Giuseppe Bertini, Paolo Francesco Fabene. Are they in or out? The elusive interaction between Qtracker ® 800 vascular labels and brain endothelial cells. Nanomedicine 2015, 10 (22) , 3329-3342. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.15.120
  101. Fanyongjing Wang, Mark Anderson, Matthew Bernards, Heather Hunt. PEG Functionalization of Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microresonator Biosensors to Minimize Non-Specific Adsorption during Targeted, Label-Free Sensing. Sensors 2015, 15 (8) , 18040-18060. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818040
  102. Shadi Ansari, Fatih Bozkurt, Gamze Yazar, Valerie Ryan, Arun Bhunia, Jozef Kokini. Probing the distribution of gliadin proteins in dough and baked bread using conjugated quantum dots as a labeling tool. Journal of Cereal Science 2015, 63 , 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.12.001
  103. Ajay Singh Karakoti, Ritesh Shukla, Rishi Shanker, Sanjay Singh. Surface functionalization of quantum dots for biological applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2015, 215 , 28-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.11.004
  104. Andreas Sedlmeier, Hans H. Gorris. Surface modification and characterization of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications. Chemical Society Reviews 2015, 44 (6) , 1526-1560. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00186A
  105. K. David Wegner, Niko Hildebrandt. Quantum dots: bright and versatile in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging biosensors. Chemical Society Reviews 2015, 44 (14) , 4792-4834. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00532E
  106. Pavel Zrazhevskiy, Shivang R. Dave, Xiaohu Gao. Addressing Key Technical Aspects of Quantum Dot Probe Preparation for Bioassays. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 2014, 31 (12) , 1291-1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201400184
  107. Xuewen He, Nan Ma. An overview of recent advances in quantum dots for biomedical applications. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2014, 124 , 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.002
  108. Xiaoran Sun, Yapeng Li, Hailong Huang, Bohan Yang, Yuzhen Wang. Synthesis and application of a targeting diagnosis system via quantum dots coated by amphiphilic polymer for the detection of liver cancer cells. Luminescence 2014, 29 (7) , 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.2629
  109. Richard Janissen, Bojk A. Berghuis, David Dulin, Max Wink, Theo van Laar, Nynke H. Dekker. Invincible DNA tethers: covalent DNA anchoring for enhanced temporal and force stability in magnetic tweezers experiments. Nucleic Acids Research 2014, 42 (18) , e137-e137. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku677
  110. , , , Qian Wang, Min Zhang, Ling Wang, Yueqing Gu. Effective reduction of non-specific binding by bovine serum albumin modified quantum dot surface for cell targeted imaging. 2014,,, 92300A. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2068693
  111. Shuming Nie. Luminescent Quantum Dots for Diagnostic and Bioimaging Applications. 2014,,, 535-554. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17288-24
  112. Duyang Gao, Pengfei Zhang, Zonghai Sheng, Dehong Hu, Ping Gong, Chi Chen, Qian Wan, Guanhui Gao, Lintao Cai. Highly Bright and Compact Alloyed Quantum Rods with Near Infrared Emitting: a Potential Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Multimodal Imaging In Vivo. Advanced Functional Materials 2014, 24 (25) , 3897-3905. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304225
  113. Jie Pan, Dong Wan, Yuxia Bian, Yugao Guo, Fengmin Jin, Tuo Wang, Jinlong Gong. Reduction of nonspecific binding for cellular imaging using quantum dots conjugated with vitamin E. AIChE Journal 2014, 60 (5) , 1591-1597. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14382
  114. Guohua Zhou, Chaohui Chen, Liyun Zhang, Xiaofeng Guo, Hong Wang, Xinghu Ji, Zhike He. Robust Aqueous Quantum Dots Capped with Peptide Ligands as Biomaterials: Facile Preparation, Good Stability, and Multipurpose Application. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 2014, 31 (3) , 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201300250
  115. Elena S. Speranskaya, Natalia V. Beloglazova, Pieterjan Lenain, Sarah De Saeger, Zhanhui Wang, Suxia Zhang, Zeger Hens, Dietmar Knopp, Reinhard Niessner, Dmitry V. Potapkin, Irina Yu. Goryacheva. Polymer-coated fluorescent CdSe-based quantum dots for application in immunoassay. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2014, 53 , 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.045
  116. Rebecca L. Orndorff, Nankang Hong, Kevin Yu, Sheldon I. Feinstein, Blaine J. Zern, Aron B. Fisher, Vladimir R. Muzykantov, Shampa Chatterjee. NOX2 in lung inflammation: quantum dot based in situ imaging of NOX2-mediated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2014, 306 (3) , L260-L268. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00278.2013
  117. Ruizheng Liang, Min Wei, David G. Evans, Xue Duan. Inorganic nanomaterials for bioimaging, targeted drug delivery and therapeutics. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50 (91) , 14071-14081. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC03118K
  118. Zeina Hashim, Mark Green, Pei Hua Chung, Klaus Suhling, Andrea Protti, Alkystis Phinikaridou, Rene Botnar, Raha Ahmad Khanbeigi, Maya Thanou, Lea Ann Dailey, Nicola J. Commander, Caroline Rowland, Jo Scott, Dominic Jenner. Gd-containing conjugated polymer nanoparticles: bimodal nanoparticles for fluorescence and MRI imaging. Nanoscale 2014, 6 (14) , 8376-8386. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01491J
  119. Butian Zhang, Rui Hu, Yucheng Wang, Chengbin Yang, Xin Liu, Ken-Tye Yong. Revisiting the principles of preparing aqueous quantum dots for biological applications: the effects of surface ligands on the physicochemical properties of quantum dots. RSC Adv. 2014, 4 (27) , 13805-13816. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA00288A
  120. Katie N. Lawrence, Sukanta Dolai, Yu-Hung Lin, Amala Dass, Rajesh Sardar. Enhancing the physicochemical and photophysical properties of small (<2.0 nm) CdSe nanoclusters for intracellular imaging applications. RSC Advances 2014, 4 (58) , 30742. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA02549K
  121. Anirban Samanta, Zhengtao Deng, Yan Liu, Hao Yan. A perspective on functionalizing colloidal quantum dots with DNA. Nano Research 2013, 6 (12) , 853-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0367-x
  122. Kevin C Weng, Rintaro Hashizume, Charles O Noble, Laura P Serwer, Daryl C Drummond, Dmitri B Kirpotin, Anne M Kuwabara, Lucy X Chao, Fanqing F Chen, Charles D James, John W Park. Convection-enhanced delivery of targeted quantum dot–immunoliposome hybrid nanoparticles to intracranial brain tumor models. Nanomedicine 2013, 8 (12) , 1913-1925. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.12.209
  123. Limin Chang, Shaona Chen, Jia Chu, Xin Li. Co-assembly of CdTe and Fe3O4 with molecularly imprinted polymer for recognition and separation of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Applied Surface Science 2013, 284 , 745-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.004
  124. E. S. Speranskaya, I. Yu. Goryacheva. Fluorescent quantum dots: Synthesis, modification, and application in immunoassays. Nanotechnologies in Russia 2013, 8 (11-12) , 685-699. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995078013060153
  125. Brad A. Kairdolf, Andrew M. Smith, Todd H. Stokes, May D. Wang, Andrew N. Young, Shuming Nie. Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging and Biodiagnostic Applications. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 2013, 6 (1) , 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155136
  126. Jutaek Nam, Nayoun Won, Jiwon Bang, Ho Jin, Joonhyuck Park, Sungwook Jung, Sanghwa Jung, Youngrong Park, Sungjee Kim. Surface engineering of inorganic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2013, 65 (5) , 622-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.015
  127. Youngseon Choi, Minjung Kim, Yoojin Cho, Eunsuk Yun, Rita Song. Synthesis, characterization and target protein binding of drug-conjugated quantum dots in vitro and in living cells. Nanotechnology 2013, 24 (7) , 075101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/7/075101
  128. Xiangsheng Liu, Huiguang Zhu, Qiao Jin, Wenbo Zhou, Vicki L. Colvin, Jian Ji. Small and Stable Phosphorylcholine Zwitterionic Quantum Dots for Weak Nonspecific Phagocytosis and Effective Tat Peptide Functionalization. Advanced Healthcare Materials 2013, 2 (2) , 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201200210
  129. Radoslav Savic, Jinzi Zheng, Christine Allen, Dusica Maysinger. Nanomedicines Coming of Age. 2013,,, 337-368. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13758-14
  130. Hailong Huang, Yapeng Li, Xiaoran Sun, Yan Lv, Liang Chen, Jingyuan Wang. Preparation and biological characterization of pH-responsive PASP-g-PEG-DDA-Hyd-ADR. New Journal of Chemistry 2013, 37 (5) , 1623. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nj41155a
  131. Oleg Kovtun, Xochitl Arzeta-Ferrer, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Quantum dot approaches for target-based drug screening and multiplexed active biosensing. Nanoscale 2013, 5 (24) , 12072. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr02019c
  132. Nikodem Tomczak, Rongrong Liu, Julius G. Vancso. Polymer-coated quantum dots. Nanoscale 2013, 5 (24) , 12018. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr03949h
  133. Matthew Booth, Rebecca Peel, Riitta Partanen, Nicole Hondow, Vlad Vasilca, Lars J. C. Jeuken, Kevin Critchley. Amphipol-encapsulated CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots with excellent colloidal stability. RSC Advances 2013, 3 (43) , 20559. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra43846e
  134. Xiaoqun Gong, Qi Zhang, Ye Cui, Shengjiang Zhu, Wenya Su, Qiuhua Yang, Jin Chang. A facile method to prepare high-performance magnetic and fluorescent bifunctional nanocomposites and their preliminary application in biomolecule detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2013, 1 (15) , 2098. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20061b
  135. C.P. Hollis, R. Zhao, T. Li. Hybrid nanocrystal as a versatile platform for cancer theranostics. 2013,,, 188-207e. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096760.3.188
  136. Thomas E. Rasmussen, Liselotte Jauffred, Jonathan Brewer, Stefan Vogel, Esben R. Torbensen, B. Christoffer Lagerholm, Lene Oddershede, Eva C. Arnspang. Single Molecule Applications of Quantum Dots. Journal of Modern Physics 2013, 04 (11) , 27-42. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.411A2002
  137. Jerry C. Chang, Oleg Kovtun, Randy D. Blakely, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Labeling of neuronal receptors and transporters with quantum dots. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2012, 4 (6) , 605-619. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1186
  138. YUN-PENG ZHANG, PENG SUN, XU-RUI ZHANG, WU-LI YANG. In vitro gastric cancer cell imaging using near-infrared quantum dot-conjugated CC49. Oncology Letters 2012, 4 (5) , 996-1002. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2012.870
  139. Yan Li, Bing Shen, Lu Liu, Hu Xu, Xinhua Zhong. Stable water-soluble quantum dots capped by poly(ethylene glycol) modified dithiocarbamate. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2012, 410 , 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.06.034
  140. Xuan Zhang, Hicham Chibli, Dekun Kong, Jay Nadeau. Comparative cytotoxicity of gold–doxorubicin and InP–doxorubicin conjugates. Nanotechnology 2012, 23 (27) , 275103. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/27/275103
  141. Pengfei Zhang, Huanxing Han. Compact PEGylated polymer-caged quantum dots with improved stability. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2012, 402 , 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.022
  142. Zeenia Kaul, Tomoko Yaguchi, Renu Wadhwa, Sunil C. Kaul. Cell Internalizing Anti-mortalin Antibody as a Nanocarrier. 2012,,, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3027-4_21
  143. Xiangsheng Liu, Qiao Jin, Ying Ji, Jian Ji. Minimizing nonspecific phagocytic uptake of biocompatible gold nanoparticles with mixed charged zwitterionic surface modification. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (5) , 1916-1927. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM14178C
  144. Ting Sun, Kun Li, Yapeng Li, Caijin Li, Waiou Zhao, Liang Chen, Yulei Chang. Optimizing conditions for encapsulation of QDs by varying PEG chain density of amphiphilic centipede-like copolymer coating and exploration of QDs probes for tumor cell targeting and tracking. New Journal of Chemistry 2012, 36 (11) , 2383. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nj40312a
  145. SK Basiruddin, Amit Ranjan Maity, Nikhil R. Jana. Glucose/galactose/dextran-functionalized quantum dots, iron oxide and doped semiconductor nanoparticles with <100 nm hydrodynamic diameter. RSC Advances 2012, 2 (31) , 11915. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra22055e
  146. Guopei Luo, Jiang Long, Bo Zhang, Chen Liu, Shunrong Ji, Jin Xu, Xianjun Yu, Quanxing Ni. Quantum dots in cancer therapy. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2012, 9 (1) , 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2012.638624
  147. Lihong Jing, Yilin Li, Ke Ding, Ruirui Qiao, Andrey L Rogach, Mingyuan Gao. Surface-biofunctionalized multicore/shell [email protected] 2 composite particles for immunofluorescence assay. Nanotechnology 2011, 22 (50) , 505104. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/50/505104
  148. Fayi Song, Warren C W Chan. Principles of conjugating quantum dots to proteins via carbodiimide chemistry. Nanotechnology 2011, 22 (49) , 494006. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494006
  149. Hua Kuang, Yuan Zhao, Wei Ma, Liguang Xu, Libing Wang, Chuanlai Xu. Recent developments in analytical applications of quantum dots. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30 (10) , 1620-1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.022
  150. Guoheng Zhou, Lei Wang, Yudao Ma, Liping Wang, Youyi Zhang, Wei Jiang. Synthesis of a quinazoline derivative: A new α1-adrenoceptor ligand for conjugation to quantum dots to study α1-adrenoceptors in living cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2011, 21 (19) , 5905-5909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.122
  151. Oleg Kovtun, Sandra Rosenthal. Biological Applications of Photoluminescent Semiconductor Quantum Dots. 2011,,, 411-438. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11201-16
  152. Eliza Hutter, Dusica Maysinger. Gold nanoparticles and quantum dots for bioimaging. Microscopy Research and Technique 2011, 74 (7) , 592-604. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20928
  153. Mohsen Adeli, Farahman Hakimpour, Massoumeh Sagvand, Mahmoud R. Jaafari, Roya Kabiri, Zahra Moshari. Supramolecular hybrid nanomaterials as drug delivery systems. Supramolecular Chemistry 2011, 23 (6) , 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10610278.2010.531137
  154. Ian D. Tomlinson, Hideki Iwamoto, Randy D. Blakely, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Biotin tethered homotryptamine derivatives: High affinity probes of the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2011, 21 (6) , 1678-1682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.102
  155. Ajay S. Karakoti, Soumen Das, Suntharampillai Thevuthasan, Sudipta Seal. PEGylierte anorganische Nanopartikel. Angewandte Chemie 2011, 123 (9) , 2024-2040. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201002969
  156. Ajay S. Karakoti, Soumen Das, Suntharampillai Thevuthasan, Sudipta Seal. PEGylated Inorganic Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2011, 50 (9) , 1980-1994. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002969
  157. Eue-Soon Jang, Xiaoyuan Chen. Quantum Dots for Targeted Tumor Imaging. 2011,,https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.ntls0192
  158. Mitsuru Ishikawa, Vasudevanpillai Biju. Luminescent Quantum Dots, Making Invisibles Visible in Bioimaging. 2011,,, 53-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416020-0.00002-4
  159. Sandra J. Rosenthal, Jerry C. Chang, Oleg Kovtun, James R. McBride, Ian D. Tomlinson. Biocompatible Quantum Dots for Biological Applications. Chemistry & Biology 2011, 18 (1) , 10-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.11.013
  160. Jin Soo Kim, Kwang Jae Cho, Thanh Huyen Tran, Md. Nurunnabi, Tae Hyun Moon, Suk Min Hong, Yong-kyu Lee. In vivo NIR imaging with CdTe/CdSe quantum dots entrapped in PLGA nanospheres. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2011, 353 (2) , 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.053
  161. Nikhil R. Jana. Design and development of quantum dots and other nanoparticles based cellular imaging probe. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13 (2) , 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CP00726A
  162. Hyang Yeon Lee, Seung Bum Park. Surface modification for small-molecule microarrays and its application to the discovery of a tyrosinase inhibitor. Mol. BioSyst. 2011, 7 (2) , 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0MB00122H
  163. Xi Zhang, Shabnam Mohandessi, Lawrence W. Miller, Preston T. Snee. Efficient functionalization of aqueous CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals using small-molecule chemical activators. Chemical Communications 2011, 47 (12) , 3532. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc04549g
  164. Yilin Li, Lihong Jing, Ruirui Qiao, Mingyuan Gao. Aqueous synthesis of CdTe nanocrystals: progresses and perspectives. Chemical Communications 2011, 47 (33) , 9293. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc11331c
  165. Si-Han Wu, Yann Hung, Chung-Yuan Mou. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as nanocarriers. Chemical Communications 2011, 47 (36) , 9972. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc11760b
  166. Onyechi Obonyo, Emma Fisher, Mark Edwards, Dennis Douroumis. Quantum dots synthesis and biological applications as imaging and drug delivery systems. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 2010, 30 (4) , 283-301. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2010.487184
  167. Dusica Maysinger, Sebastien Boridy, Eliza Hutter. Subcellular Fate of Nanodelivery Systems. 2010,,, 93-121. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470875780.ch6
  168. T A Kelf, V K A Sreenivasan, J Sun, E J Kim, E M Goldys, A V Zvyagin. Non-specific cellular uptake of surface-functionalized quantum dots. Nanotechnology 2010, 21 (28) , 285105. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/28/285105
  169. Pratip K. Chattopadhyay, Stephen P. Perfetto, Joanne Yu, Mario Roederer. The use of quantum dot nanocrystals in multicolor flow cytometry. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2010, 2 (4) , 334-348. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.75
  170. Steve Harakeh, Roula M. Abdel-Massih, Pilar Rivera Gil, Ralph A. Sperling, Andreas Meinhardt, Aleksandra Niedwiecki, Matthias Rath, Wolfgang J. Parak, Elias Baydoun. The effect of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles on the anti-proliferative potential of Specific Nutrient Synergy. Nanotoxicology 2010, 4 (2) , 177-185. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390903569621
  171. Fabien Pinaud, Samuel Clarke, Assa Sittner, Maxime Dahan. Probing cellular events, one quantum dot at a time. Nature Methods 2010, 7 (4) , 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1444
  172. Ferenc Csempesz, András Süle, István Puskás. Induced surface activity of supramolecular cyclodextrin–statin complexes: Relevance in drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2010, 354 (1-3) , 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.008
  173. Iain Johnson. Fluorophores for Optical Imaging. 2010,,, 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93874-5_4
  174. E.A. te Velde, Th. Veerman, V. Subramaniam, Th. Ruers. The use of fluorescent dyes and probes in surgical oncology. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 2010, 36 (1) , 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2009.10.014
  175. Shenguang Ge, Congcong Zhang, Yuanna Zhu, Jinghua Yu, Shuangshuang Zhang. BSA activated CdTequantum dot nanosensor for antimony ion detection. The Analyst 2010, 135 (1) , 111-115. https://doi.org/10.1039/B915622D
  176. Vasudevanpillai Biju, Tamitake Itoh, Mitsuru Ishikawa. Delivering quantum dots to cells: bioconjugated quantum dots for targeted and nonspecific extracellular and intracellular imaging. Chemical Society Reviews 2010, 39 (8) , 3031. https://doi.org/10.1039/b926512k
  177. SK Basiruddin, Arindam Saha, Rupa Sarkar, Moumita Majumder, Nikhil R. Jana. Highly fluorescent magnetic quantum dot probe with superior colloidal stability. Nanoscale 2010, 2 (12) , 2561. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00501k
  178. Deborah M. Aruguete, Jeremy S. Guest, William W. Yu, Nancy G. Love, Michael F. Hochella. Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environmental Chemistry 2010, 7 (1) , 28. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09106
  179. T. N. Belyaeva, A. V. Salova, E. A. Leontieva, T. P. Mozhenok, E. S. Kornilova, S. A. Krolenko. Untargeted quantum dots in confocal microscopy of living cells. Cell and Tissue Biology 2009, 3 (6) , 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X0906008X
  180. Satish K Nune, Padmaja Gunda, Praveen K Thallapally, Ying-Ying Lin, M Laird Forrest, Cory J Berkland. Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2009, 6 (11) , 1175-1194. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425240903229031
  181. Zhanyu Wu, Yili Zhao, Fangping Qiu, Yapeng Li, Shuwei Wang, Bohan Yang, Liang Chen, Jinghui Sun, Jingyuan Wang. Forming water-soluble CdSe/ZnS QDs using amphiphilic polymers, stearyl methacrylate/methylacrylate copolymers with different hydrophobic moiety ratios and their optical properties and stability. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2009, 350 (1-3) , 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.014
  182. Wenwan Zhong. Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2009, 394 (1) , 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2643-x
  183. Sarah L. Sewell, Todd D. Giorgio. Synthesis and enzymatic cleavage of dual-ligand quantum dots. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2009, 29 (4) , 1428-1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.11.015
  184. Gang Liu, Jing Tian, Chen Liu, Hua Ai, Zhongwei Gu, Jilong Gou, Xianming Mo. Cell labeling efficiency of layer-by-layer self-assembly modified silica nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Research 2009, 24 (4) , 1317-1321. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0179
  185. He Hu, Liqin Xiong, Jing Zhou, Fuyou Li, Tianye Cao, Chunhui Huang. Multimodal-Luminescence Core-Shell Nanocomposites for Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells. Chemistry - A European Journal 2009, 15 (14) , 3577-3584. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200802261
  186. Sungwon Kim, Jong-Ho Kim, Oju Jeon, Ick Chan Kwon, Kinam Park. Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2009, 71 (3) , 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.021
  187. Jie Pan, Si-Shen Feng. Targeting and imaging cancer cells by Folate-decorated, quantum dots (QDs)- loaded nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers. Biomaterials 2009, 30 (6) , 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.039
  188. Maureen Walling, Jennifer Novak, Jason R. E. Shepard. Quantum Dots for Live Cell and In Vivo Imaging. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009, 10 (2) , 441-491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10020441
  189. Yuji Shibasaki, Byeong-Su Kim, Alexi J. Young, Anna L. McLoon, Stephen C. Ekker, T. Andrew Taton. Crosslinked, glassy styrenic surfactants stabilize quantum dots against environmental extremes. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2009, 19 (35) , 6324. https://doi.org/10.1039/b902275a
  190. Scott A. Hilderbrand, Fangwei Shao, Christopher Salthouse, Umar Mahmood, Ralph Weissleder. Upconverting luminescent nanomaterials: application to in vivo bioimaging. Chemical Communications 2009, 152 (28) , 4188. https://doi.org/10.1039/b905927j
  191. Stephan T. Stern, Banu S. Zolnik, Christopher B. McLeland, Jeffery Clogston, Jiwen Zheng, Scott E. McNeil. Induction of Autophagy in Porcine Kidney Cells by Quantum Dots: A Common Cellular Response to Nanomaterials?. Toxicological Sciences 2008, 106 (1) , 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn137
  192. William W Yu. Semiconductor quantum dots: synthesis and water-solubilization for biomedical applications. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2008, 8 (10) , 1571-1581. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.8.10.1571
  193. Cheng-An J. Lin, Ralph A. Sperling, Jimmy K. Li, Ting-Ya Yang, Pei-Yun Li, Marco Zanella, Walter H. Chang, Wolfgang J. Parak. Design of an Amphiphilic Polymer for Nanoparticle Coating and Functionalization. Small 2008, 4 (3) , 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700654
  194. Chuang Chen, Liangdong Chen, Zhiling Zhang, Yan Li. Advances in the application of quantum dots in tumor markers investigation. The Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008, 7 (3) , 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10330-007-0188-z
  195. Soo Young Lee, Ju Yong Youn, Byung Soo Kim, Young Ho Cho, Moon Suk Kim, Gilson Khang, Hai Bang Lee. Quantum dots-modified gradient polymer surface. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2008, 313-314 , 136-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.158
  196. W.A. Hild, M. Breunig, A. Goepferich. Quantum dots – Nano-sized probes for the exploration of cellular and intracellular targeting. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2008, 68 (2) , 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.06.009
  197. Israel Rubinstein, Imre Soos, Hayat Onyuksel. Intracellular delivery of VIP-grafted sterically stabilized phospholipid mixed nanomicelles in human breast cancer cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2008, 171 (2) , 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2007.03.008
  198. A.F.E. Hezinger, J. Teßmar, A. Göpferich. Polymer coating of quantum dots – A powerful tool toward diagnostics and sensorics. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2008, 68 (1) , 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.05.013
  199. Bing C. Mei, Kimihiro Susumu, Igor L. Medintz, James B. Delehanty, T. J. Mountziaris, Hedi Mattoussi. Modular poly(ethylene glycol) ligands for biocompatible semiconductor and gold nanocrystals with extended pH and ionic stability. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2008, 18 (41) , 4949. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810488c
  200. Ian D. Tomlinson, Michael R. Warnerment, John N. Mason, Matthew J. Vergne, David M. Hercules, Randy D. Blakely, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Synthesis and characterization of a pegylated derivative of 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4yl)-1H-indole (IDT199): A high affinity SERT ligand for conjugation to quantum dots. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2007, 17 (20) , 5656-5660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.061
  201. Stefano Zuin, Giulio Pojana, Antonio Marcomini. Effect-Oriented Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials. 2007,,, 19-57. https://doi.org/10.3109/9781420045154-4
  202. Ian D. Tomlinson, Hélène A. Gussin, Deborah M. Little, Michael R. Warnement, Haohua Qian, David R. Pepperberg, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Imaging GABAc Receptors with Ligand-Conjugated Quantum Dots. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2007, 2007 , 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/76514
  203. Ian D. Tomlinson, Anthony P. Gies, Paul J. Gresch, Joel Dillard, Rebecca L. Orndorff, Elaine Sanders-Bush, David M. Hercules, Sandra J. Rosenthal. Universal polyethylene glycol linkers for attaching receptor ligands to quantum dots. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2006, 16 (24) , 6262-6266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.031
  204. Marija S. Nikolic, Maren Krack, Vesna Aleksandrovic, Andreas Kornowski, Stephan Förster, Horst Weller. Maßgeschneiderte Liganden für biokompatible Nanopartikel. Angewandte Chemie 2006, 118 (39) , 6727-6731. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200602209
  205. Marija S. Nikolic, Maren Krack, Vesna Aleksandrovic, Andreas Kornowski, Stephan Förster, Horst Weller. Tailor-Made Ligands for Biocompatible Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006, 45 (39) , 6577-6580. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200602209
  206. Chang-Soo Lee, Sang-Ho Lee, Yun-Gon Kim, Min-Kyu Oh, Taek-Sung Hwang, Young Woo Rhee, Hwan-Moon Song, Bo-Yeol Kim, Yong-Kweon Kim, Byung-Gee Kim. Fabrication of disposable protein chip for simultaneous sample detection. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2006, 11 (5) , 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932314
  207. Fengqin Hu, Yuliang Ran, Zhuan Zhou, Mingyuan Gao. Preparation of bioconjugates of CdTe nanocrystals for cancer marker detection. Nanotechnology 2006, 17 (12) , 2972-2977. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/12/025
  208. Michael R. Warnement, Shannon L. Faley, John P. Wikswo, Sandra J. Rosenthal*. . IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience 2006,,, 268. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2006.886573

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

OOPS

You have to login with your ACS ID befor you can login with your Mendeley account.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect

This website uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to use the site, you are accepting our use of cookies. Read the ACS privacy policy.

CONTINUE