Quark-Gluon Model for Magic Numbers Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
- H. HoraH. HoraSchool of Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW, AustraliaDepartment of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, AustraliaMore by H. Hora
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- N. GhahramaniN. GhahramaniSchool of Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW, Australiaon Sabbatical Leave from Shiraz University, IranMore by N. Ghahramani
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- G. H. MileyG. H. MileyDepartment of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USAMore by G. H. Miley
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- M. Ghanaatian
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- M. Hooshmand
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- K. Philberth
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- F. OsmanF. OsmanSchool of Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW, Australianow Department of Mathematics, Trinity College, Summer Hill 2130, AustraliaMore by F. Osman
Abstract
A new three-fold symmetry is presented for derivation of the magic numbers of nuclei and is compared with the model based on the Boltzmann distribution from the standard abundance distribution (SAD) of nuclei in the universe in the endothermic branch. This results in a 3n relation leading to the motivation to explore the quark state in nuclei. But this is in contrast (duality) to the fact that the confinement of nuclei by a generalized Debye layer can be based only on a nucleon, not on a quark structure. This Debye model result led to a change in the Fermi energy of the nucleons into the relativistic range at higher-than-nuclear density, resulting in a mass independent state at higher-than-nuclear densities for the quark state in neutron stars. This result and the 3n-relation motivated consideration of the quark state in nuclei. Success is reported by quark-like statistics for nuclei reproducing magic numbers up to 126, identical with the Boltzmann model. But for the next-higher number, the Boltzmann model definitely arrives at 180, while the new quark-like model leads to the number 184. The paradox may be solved by accurate measurements of a local Maruhn-Greiner maximum from low energy nuclear reactions (LENR).