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Evidence for Metal–Support Interactions in Au Modified TiOx/SBA-15 Materials Prepared by Photodeposition
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    Evidence for Metal–Support Interactions in Au Modified TiOx/SBA-15 Materials Prepared by Photodeposition
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    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
    § Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Antwerp University, Groenenborgerlaan, 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
    *E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: +49 234 32 23566.
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    ACS Catalysis

    Cite this: ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 12, 3041–3049
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/cs400964k
    Published November 5, 2013
    Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    Gold nanoparticles have been efficiently photodeposited onto titanate-loaded SBA-15 (Ti(x)/SBA-15) with different titania coordination. Transmission electron microscopy shows that relatively large Au nanoparticles are photodeposited on the outer surface of the Ti(x)/SBA-15 materials and that TiOx tends to form agglomerates in close proximity to the Au nanoparticles, often forming core–shell Au/TiOx structures. This behavior resembles typical processes observed due to strong-metal support interactions. In the presence of gold, the formation of hydrogen on Ti(x)/SBA-15 during the photodeposition process and the performance in the hydroxylation of terephthalic acid is greatly enhanced. The activity of the Au/Ti(x)/SBA-15 materials is found to depend on the TiOx loading, increasing with a larger amount of initially isolated TiO4 tetrahedra. Samples with initially clustered TiOx species show lower photocatalytic activities. When isolated zinc oxide (ZnOx) species are present on Ti(x)/SBA-15, gold nanoparticles are smaller and well dispersed within the pores. Agglomeration of TiOx species and the formation of Au/TiOx structures is negligible. The dispersion of gold and the formation of Au/TiOx in the SBA-15 matrix seem to depend on the mobility of the TiOx species. The mobility is determined by the initial degree of agglomeration of TiOx. Effective hydrogen evolution requires Au/TiOx core–shell composites as in Au/Ti(x)/SBA-15, whereas hydroxylation of terephthalic acid can also be performed with Au/ZnOx/TiOx/SBA-15 materials. However, isolated TiOx species have to be grafted onto the support prior to the zinc oxide species, providing strong evidence for the necessity of Ti–O–Si bridges for high photocatalytic activity in terephthalic acid hydroxylation.

    Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    Additional TEM and tomography data, diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectra of Au-modified materials, Au content determined by ICP-OES, and H2 evolution during stepwise photodeposition. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    ACS Catalysis

    Cite this: ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 12, 3041–3049
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/cs400964k
    Published November 5, 2013
    Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

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