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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Air and Seawater of the Atlantic Ocean: Sources, Trends and Processes

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5, 1416-1422
    Article

    Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Air and Seawater of the Atlantic Ocean: Sources, Trends and Processes
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    Centre for Chemicals Management and Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K., Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, Como, Italy, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, U.S., Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18−24, Barcelona 08034, Catalunya, Spain, and Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research, Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, GKSS, Max-Planck-Str. 1 D-21052 Geesthacht, Germany
    * Corresponding author phone: +441524593974 ; fax: +441524593985; e-mail: [email protected]
    †Lancaster University.
    ‡University of Insubria.
    §University of Rhode Island.
    ∥Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC.
    ⊥Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH.
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5, 1416–1422
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/es071432d
    Published January 19, 2008
    Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Air and seawater samples were collected on board the RV Polarstern during a cruise from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South Africa from October–November 2005. Broad latitudinal trends were observed with the lowest Σ27PCB air concentration (∼10 pg m−3) in the South Atlantic and the highest (∼1000 pg m−3) off the west coast of Africa. ΣICESPCBs ranged from 3.7 to 220 pg m−3 in air samples and from 0.071 to 1.7 pg L−1 in the dissolved phase seawater samples. Comparison with other data from cruises in the Atlantic Ocean since 1990 indicate little change in air concentrations over the remote open ocean. The relationship of gas-phase partial pressure with temperature was examined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation; significant temperature dependencies were found for all PCBs over the South Atlantic, indicative of close air–water coupling. There was no temperature dependence for atmospheric PCBs over the North Atlantic, where concentrations were controlled by advection of contaminated air masses. Due to large uncertainties in the Henry’s Law Constant (HLC), fugacity fractions and air–water exchange fluxes were estimated using different HLCs reported in the literature. These suggest that conditions are close to air–water equilibrium for most of the ocean, but net deposition is dominating over volatilization in parts of the transect. Generally, the tri- and tetrachlorinated homologues dominated the total flux (>70%). Total PCB fluxes (28, 52, 118, 138, and 153) ranged from −7 to 0.02 ng m−2 day –1.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5, 1416–1422
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