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Dissolution, Sorption, and Kinetics Involved in Systems Containing Explosives, Water, and Soil

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Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
SpecPro, Huntsville, Alabama 35805
Applied Research Associates, Inc., 119 Monument Place, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
* Corresponding author phone: (601) 634-3710 ; fax: (601) 634-3518; e-mail: [email protected]
†U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
‡SpecPro.
§Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 3, 786–792
Publication Date (Web):December 21, 2007
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0717360
Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

    Knowledge of explosives sorption and transformation processes is required to ensure that the proper fate and transport of such contaminants is understood at military ranges and ammunition production sites. Bioremediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and related nitroaromatic compounds has met with mixed success, which is potentially due to the uncertainty of how energetic compounds are bound to different soil types. This study investigated the dissolution and sorption properties of TNT and RDX explosives associated with six different soil types. Understanding the associations that explosives have with a different soil type assists with the development of conceptual models used for the sequestration process, risk analysis guidelines, and site assessment tools. In three-way systems of crystalline explosives, soil, and water, the maximum explosive solubility was not achieved due to the sorption of the explosive onto the soil particles and observed production of transformation byproducts. Significantly different sorption effects were also observed between sterile (γ-irradiated) and nonsterile (nonirradiated) soils with the introduction of crystalline TNT and RDX into soil–water systems.

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    Sorption parameters, literature review data, TNT byproduct data, and statistical comparisons. This material is provided free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    25. Prasesh Sharma, Melanie A. Mayes, Guoping Tang. Role of soil organic carbon and colloids in sorption and transport of TNT, RDX and HMX in training range soils. Chemosphere 2013, 92 (8) , 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.028
    26. W. A. Martin, D. R. Felt, C. C. Nestler, G. Fabian, G. O’Connor, S. L. Larson. Hydrated Lime for Metal Immobilization and Explosives Transformation: Field Demonstration. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2013, 17 (3) , 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000176
    27. Chao Wang, Mark E. Fuller, Charles E. Schaefer, Dafang Fu, Yan Jin. Modeling the dissolution of various types of mixed energetic residues under different flow conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2012, 235-236 , 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.035
    28. Thomas A. Douglas, Marianne E. Walsh, Charles A. Weiss, Christian J. McGrath, Thomas P. Trainor. Desorption and Transformation of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosive Residues on Detonated Pure Mineral Phases. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2012, 223 (5) , 2189-2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-1015-2
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    36. Thomas A. Douglas, Marianne E. Walsh, Christian J. McGrath, Charles A. Weiss. Investigating the Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosives in Fractured and Pristine Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 2009, 38 (6) , 2285-2294. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0477
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    38. Thomas A. Douglas, Laura Johnson, Marianne Walsh, Charles Collins. A time series investigation of the stability of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives in surface water samples at ambient temperature. Chemosphere 2009, 76 (1) , 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.050
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