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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 22, 12600-12607
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Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Emission Benefits through Reduction of Vessel Speed at Sea

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† Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
‡ College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 22, 12600–12607
Publication Date (Web):September 13, 2012
https://doi.org/10.1021/es302371f
Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Reducing emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) as they sail near populated areas is a widely recognized goal, and Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) is one of several strategies that is being adopted by regulators and port authorities. The goal of this research was to measure the emission benefits associated with greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants by operating OGVs at reduced speed. Emissions were measured from one Panamax and one post-Panamax class container vessels as their vessel speed was reduced from cruise to 15 knots or below. VSR to 12 knots yielded carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions reductions (in kg/nautical mile (kg/nmi)) of approximately 61% and 56%, respectively, as compared to vessel cruise speed. The mass emission rate (kg/nmi) of PM2.5 was reduced by 69% with VSR to 12 knots alone and by ∼97% when coupled with the use of the marine gas oil (MGO) with 0.00065% sulfur content. Emissions data from vessels while operating at sea are scarce and measurements from this research demonstrated that tidal current is a significant parameter affecting emission factors (EFs) at lower engine loads. Emissions factors at ≤20% loads calculated by methodology adopted by regulatory agencies were found to underestimate PM2.5 and NOx by 72% and 51%, respectively, when compared to EFs measured in this study. Total pollutant emitted (TPE) in the emission control area (ECA) was calculated, and emission benefits were estimated as the VSR zone increased from 24 to 200 nmi. TPECO2 and TPEPM2.5 estimated for large container vessels showed benefits for CO2 (2–26%) and PM2.5 (4–57%) on reducing speeds from 15 to 12 knots, whereas TPECO2 and TPEPM2.5 for small and medium container vessels were similar at 15 and 12 knots.

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Vessel types, number of vessels, and average main engine power for vessels that called to the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach in 2009. Gaseous emissions at cruise and reduced speeds for all trips are provided. Particulate emission rates in kg/h, kg/nmi, and g/kW·h are shown. Also included are the TPE values for Suezmax class tankers and tables representing percent reduction in TPE for each pollutant investigated in categories A and B of container vessels and Suezmax class tankers. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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Cited By

This article is cited by 18 publications.

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  2. Dan Zhuge, Shuaian Wang, Lu Zhen, Gilbert Laporte. Subsidy design in a vessel speed reduction incentive program under government policies. Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 2021, 68 (3) , 344-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.21948
  3. Jiyoung An, Kiyoul Lee, Heedae Park. Effects of a Vessel Speed Reduction Program on Air Quality in Port Areas: Focusing on the Big Three Ports in South Korea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9 (4) , 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040407
  4. Dan Zhuge, Shuaian Wang, David Z.W. Wang. A joint liner ship path, speed and deployment problem under emission reduction measures. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 2021, 144 , 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.12.006
  5. Cavan McCaffery, Hanwei Zhu, Georgios Karavalakis, Thomas D. Durbin, J. Wayne Miller, Kent C. Johnson. Sources of air pollutants from a Tier 2 ocean-going container vessel: Main engine, auxiliary engine, and auxiliary boiler. Atmospheric Environment 2021, 245 , 118023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118023
  6. Scott M. Gende, Lawrence Vose, Jeff Baken, Christine M. Gabriele, Rich Preston, A. Noble Hendrix. Active Whale Avoidance by Large Ships: Components and Constraints of a Complementary Approach to Reducing Ship Strike Risk. Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00592
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  9. Thomas J. Moore, Jessica V. Redfern, Michael Carver, Sean Hastings, Jeffrey D. Adams, Gregory K. Silber. Exploring ship traffic variability off California. Ocean & Coastal Management 2018, 163 , 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.010
  10. Alison Linder. Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2018, 61 , 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.004
  11. Farhad M. Hossain, Thomas J. Rainey, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown. Performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines using microalgae FAME and the prospects for microalgae HTL biocrude. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 82 , 4269-4278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.026
  12. Celeste Ahl, Elaine Frey, Seiji Steimetz. The effects of financial incentives on vessel speed reduction: Evidence from the Port of Long Beach Green Flag Incentive Program. Maritime Economics & Logistics 2017, 19 (4) , 601-618. https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2016.12
  13. Daniel A. Burgard, Carmen R.M. Bria. Bridge-based sensing of NOx and SO2 emissions from ocean-going ships. Atmospheric Environment 2016, 136 , 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.014
  14. Amir A. Aliabadi, Jennie L. Thomas, Andreas B. Herber, Ralf M. Staebler, W. Richard Leaitch, Hannes Schulz, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Julia Burkart, Megan D. Willis, Heiko Bozem, Peter M. Hoor, Franziska Köllner, Johannes Schneider, Maurice Levasseur, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt. Ship emissions measurement in the Arctic by plume intercepts of the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Amundsen from the Polar 6 aircraft platform. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2016, 16 (12) , 7899-7916. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7899-2016
  15. K Folkert Boersma, Geert C M Vinken, Jean Tournadre. Ships going slow in reducing their NOx emissions: changes in 2005–2012 ship exhaust inferred from satellite measurements over Europe. Environmental Research Letters 2015, 10 (7) , 074007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074007
  16. Palak A. Trivedi, Preeti R. Parmar, Parimal A. Parikh. Spent FCC catalyst: Potential anti-corrosive and anti-biofouling material. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2014, 20 (4) , 1388-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.023
  17. P. B. Conn, G. K. Silber. Vessel speed restrictions reduce risk of collision-related mortality for North Atlantic right whales. Ecosphere 2013, 4 (4) , art43. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00004.1
  18. Andrea Hricko. Progress and Pollution: Port Cities Prepare for the Panama Canal Expansion. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120 (12) https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.120-a470

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