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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 2, 895-902
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Spatial Distribution of U.S. Household Carbon Footprints Reveals Suburbanization Undermines Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Urban Population Density

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†Energy and Resources Group, ‡Goldman School of Public Policy, and §Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
*Phone: (510) 643-5048. E-mail: [email protected]
*Address: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3050. Phone: (510) 642-1640. Fax: (510) 642-1085. E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 2, 895–902
Publication Date (Web):December 13, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/es4034364
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Which municipalities and locations within the United States contribute the most to household greenhouse gas emissions, and what is the effect of population density and suburbanization on emissions? Using national household surveys, we developed econometric models of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that were used to derive average household carbon footprints (HCF) for U.S. zip codes, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. We find consistently lower HCF in urban core cities (∼40 tCO2e) and higher carbon footprints in outlying suburbs (∼50 tCO2e), with a range from ∼25 to >80 tCO2e in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Population density exhibits a weak but positive correlation with HCF until a density threshold is met, after which range, mean, and standard deviation of HCF decline. While population density contributes to relatively low HCF in the central cities of large metropolitan areas, the more extensive suburbanization in these regions contributes to an overall net increase in HCF compared to smaller metropolitan areas. Suburbs alone account for ∼50% of total U.S. HCF. Differences in the size, composition, and location of household carbon footprints suggest the need for tailoring of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts to different populations.

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Detailed methods for the carbon footprint model, including regression coefficients, t-values, and p-values for each independent variable, model summary statistics (r2), various tests of model validation, and description of uncertainty. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. Carbon footprint profiles of almost all U.S. zip codes, cities, counties and states are available on the project Web site, http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/carboncalculator, and an interactive mapping Web site, http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/maps.

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