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    Policy Analysis

    Water−Carbon Trade-off in China’s Coal Power Industry
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    † School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
    ‡ Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
    § National Energy Conservation Center, Beijing 100045, China
    ∥ General Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China
    *Phone: +86 21 65984236; fax: +86 21 65986304; e-mail: [email protected]
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 19, 11082–11089
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026454
    Published September 12, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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    The energy sector is increasingly facing water scarcity constraints in many regions around the globe, especially in China, where the unprecedented large-scale construction of coal-fired thermal power plants is taking place in its extremely arid northwest regions. As a response to water scarcity, air-cooled coal power plants have experienced dramatic diffusion in China since the middle 2000s. By the end of 2012, air-cooled coal-fired thermal power plants in China amounted to 112 GW, making up 14% of China’s thermal power generation capacity. But the water conservation benefit of air-cooled units is achieved at the cost of lower thermal efficiency and consequently higher carbon emission intensity. We estimate that in 2012 the deployment of air-cooled units contributed an additional 24.3–31.9 million tonnes of CO2 emissions (equivalent to 0.7–1.0% of the total CO2 emissions by China’s electric power sector), while saving 832–942 million m3 of consumptive water use (about 60% of the total annual water use of Beijing) when compared to a scenario with water-cooled plants. Additional CO2 emissions from air-cooled plants largely offset the CO2 emissions reduction benefits from Chinese policies of retiring small and outdated coal plants. This water–carbon trade-off is poised to become even more significant by 2020, as air-cooled units are expected to grow by a factor of 2–260 GW, accounting for 22% of China’s total coal-fired power generation capacity.

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    Text and a figure describing diffusion of air-cooled power plants disaggregated by province, and tables listing air-cooled thermal power plants in operation by the end of 2012 and facility-level data for parameter estimation and basic information of air-cooled power plants are provided in the Supporting Information. These materials are available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 19, 11082–11089
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026454
    Published September 12, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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