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Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in an Arctic Marine Food Web: Trophic Magnification and Wildlife Exposure
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    Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in an Arctic Marine Food Web: Trophic Magnification and Wildlife Exposure
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    School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Contaminant Sciences, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, V8L 4B2, AXYS Analytical Services Ltd, 2045 Mills Road, Sidney BC Canada, V8L 5X2
    * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
    †Simon Fraser University.
    ‡Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
    §AXYS Analytical Services Ltd.
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 11, 4037–4043
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/es9003894
    Published April 30, 2009
    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    To better understand the bioaccumulation behavior of perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs), we conducted a comparative analysis of PFCs and lipophilic organohalogens in a Canadian Arctic marine food web. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctansulfoamide (PFOSA), and C7−C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) ranged between 0.01 and 0.1 ng·g−1 dry wt in sediments and 0.1 and 40 ng·g−1 wet wt in biota, which was equivalent to or higher than levels of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides. In beluga whales, PFOS and PFCA concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in protein-rich compartments (liver and blood), compared to other tissues/fluids (milk, blubber, muscle, and fetus). In the marine mammalian food web, concentrations of PFOSA and lipophilic organochlorines (ng·g−1 lipid equivalent) and proteinophilic substances (i.e., PFOS and C8−C14 PFCAs, ng·g−1 protein) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with trophic level. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of organochlorines ranged between 5 and 14 and exhibited significant curvilinear relationships (P < 0.05) with octanol−water and octanol−air partition coefficients (KOW, KOA). TMFs of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) ranged between 2 and 11 and exhibited similar correlation (P < 0.05) with protein−water and protein−air partition coefficients (KPW, KPA). PFAs did not biomagnify in the aquatic piscivorous food web (TMF range: 0.3−2). This food web specific biomagnification behavior was attributed to the high aqueous solubility and low volatility of PFAs. Specifically, the anticipated phase-partitioning of these proteinophilic substances, represented by their protein−water (KPW) and protein−air (KPA) partition coefficients, likely results in efficient respiratory elimination in water-respiring organisms but very slow elimination and biomagnification in air-breathing animals. Lastly, the results indicate that PFOS exposure in nursing Hudson Bay beluga whale calves (CI95 range = 2.7 × 10−5 to 1.8 × 10−4 mg·kg bw−1·d−1), exceeds the oral reference dose for PFOS (7.5 × 10−5 mg·kg bw−1·d−1), which raises concern for potential biological effects in these and other sensitive Arctic marine wildlife species.

    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society

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    Supplemental tables (Tables S1S8) and supplemental figures (Figures S1S8). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    This article is cited by 413 publications.

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