Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in an Arctic Marine Food Web: Trophic Magnification and Wildlife ExposureClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Barry C. Kelly
- Michael G. Ikonomou
- Joel D. Blair
- Blair Surridge
- Dale Hoover
- Richard Grace
- Frank A. P. C. Gobas
Abstract
To better understand the bioaccumulation behavior of perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs), we conducted a comparative analysis of PFCs and lipophilic organohalogens in a Canadian Arctic marine food web. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctansulfoamide (PFOSA), and C7−C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) ranged between 0.01 and 0.1 ng·g−1 dry wt in sediments and 0.1 and 40 ng·g−1 wet wt in biota, which was equivalent to or higher than levels of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides. In beluga whales, PFOS and PFCA concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in protein-rich compartments (liver and blood), compared to other tissues/fluids (milk, blubber, muscle, and fetus). In the marine mammalian food web, concentrations of PFOSA and lipophilic organochlorines (ng·g−1 lipid equivalent) and proteinophilic substances (i.e., PFOS and C8−C14 PFCAs, ng·g−1 protein) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with trophic level. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of organochlorines ranged between 5 and 14 and exhibited significant curvilinear relationships (P < 0.05) with octanol−water and octanol−air partition coefficients (KOW, KOA). TMFs of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) ranged between 2 and 11 and exhibited similar correlation (P < 0.05) with protein−water and protein−air partition coefficients (KPW, KPA). PFAs did not biomagnify in the aquatic piscivorous food web (TMF range: 0.3−2). This food web specific biomagnification behavior was attributed to the high aqueous solubility and low volatility of PFAs. Specifically, the anticipated phase-partitioning of these proteinophilic substances, represented by their protein−water (KPW) and protein−air (KPA) partition coefficients, likely results in efficient respiratory elimination in water-respiring organisms but very slow elimination and biomagnification in air-breathing animals. Lastly, the results indicate that PFOS exposure in nursing Hudson Bay beluga whale calves (CI95 range = 2.7 × 10−5 to 1.8 × 10−4 mg·kg bw−1·d−1), exceeds the oral reference dose for PFOS (7.5 × 10−5 mg·kg bw−1·d−1), which raises concern for potential biological effects in these and other sensitive Arctic marine wildlife species.
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