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What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis

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Interdisciplinary Centre for Environment and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
* Corresponding author phone: +44-1206-873323; e-mail:[email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 10, 3947–3955
Publication Date (Web):March 25, 2010
https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

Green exercise is activity in the presence of nature. Evidence shows it leads to positive short and long-term health outcomes. This multistudy analysis assessed the best regime of dose(s) of acute exposure to green exercise required to improve self-esteem and mood (indicators of mental health). The research used meta-analysis methodology to analyze 10 UK studies involving 1252 participants. Outcomes were identified through a priori subgroup analyses, and dose−responses were assessed for exercise intensity and exposure duration. Other subgroup analyses included gender, age group, starting health status, and type of habitat. The overall effect size for improved self-esteem was d = 0.46 (CI 0.34−0.59, p < 0.00001) and for mood d = 0.54 (CI 0.38−0.69, p < 0.00001). Dose responses for both intensity and duration showed large benefits from short engagements in green exercise, and then diminishing but still positive returns. Every green environment improved both self-esteem and mood; the presence of water generated greater effects. Both men and women had similar improvements in self-esteem after green exercise, though men showed a difference for mood. Age groups: for self-esteem, the greatest change was in the youngest, with diminishing effects with age; for mood, the least change was in the young and old. The mentally ill had one of the greatest self-esteem improvements. This study confirms that the environment provides an important health service.

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A brief summary of the instruments used to measure self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) and mood (Profile of Mood States). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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