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Role of Cooperative Interactions in the Intercalation of Heteroatoms between Graphene and a Metal Substrate

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Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
Department of Physics and Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
§ Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 22, 7099-7103
Publication Date (Web):May 11, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5113657
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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The intercalation of heteroatoms between graphene and a metal substrate has been studied intensively over the past few years, due to its effect on the graphene properties, and as a method to create vertical heterostructures. Various intercalation processes have been reported with different combinations of heteroatoms and substrates. Here we study Si intercalation between graphene and Ru(0001). We elucidate the role of cooperative interactions between hetero-atoms, graphene, and substrate. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy with density functional theory, the intercalation process is confirmed to consist of four key steps, involving creation of defects, migration of heteroatoms, self-repairing of graphene, and growth of an intercalated monolayer. Both theory and experiments indicate that this mechanism applies also to other combinations of hetero-atoms and substrates.

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Information and figures regarding sample preparation and characterization; detailed discussions of DFT calculations and Ar+ ion bombardment. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/ja5113657.

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