Antifreeze Glycoproteins Bind Irreversibly to Ice
- Konrad MeisterKonrad MeisterNWO Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMore by Konrad Meister,
- Arthur L. DeVriesArthur L. DeVriesDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United StatesMore by Arthur L. DeVries,
- Huib J. BakkerHuib J. BakkerNWO Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMore by Huib J. Bakker, and
- Ran Drori*Ran Drori*[email protected]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United StatesMore by Ran Drori
Abstract

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) inhibit ice growth via an adsorption-inhibition mechanism that assumes irreversible binding of AF(G)Ps to embryonic ice crystals and the inhibition of further growth. The irreversible binding of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) to ice has been questioned and remains poorly understood. Here, we used microfluidics and fluorescence microscopy to investigate the nature of the binding of small and large AFGP isoforms. We found that both AFGP isoforms bind irreversibly to ice, as evidenced by microfluidic solution exchange experiments. We measured the adsorption rate of the large AFGP isoform and found it to be 50% faster than that of AFP type III. We also found that the AFGP adsorption rate decreased by 65% in the presence of borate, a well-known inhibitor of AFGP activity. Our results demonstrate that the adsorption rate of AFGPs to ice is crucial for their ice growth inhibition capability.
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