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    In Situ Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation Observation of Individual Amorphous Si Nanorods
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    † Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
    ‡ Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
    § Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
    Address correspondence to [email protected]
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2011, 5, 10, 7805–7811
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2029814
    Published September 8, 2011
    Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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    In situ electrochemical lithiation and delithiation processes inside a nanobattery consisting of an individual amorphous Si nanorod and ionic liquid were explored. Direct formation of the crystalline Li22Si5 phase due to the intercalation of Li ions was observed. In addition, the role of the electrolyte–nanorod interface was examined. It was observed that the lithiation of Si nanorods is dominated by surface diffusion. Upon the delithiation process, partial decomposition of Li22Si5 particles was observed which can explain the irreversible capacity loss that is generally seen in Si anodes. This study shows that the radial straining due to lithiation does not cause cracking in nanorods as small in diameter as 26 nm, whereas cracks were observed during the lithiation of 55 nm Si nanorods.

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    HRTEM images of the as-grown Si NRs, XRD results of the as-grown and 100 cycle lithiated samples, experimental procedure of ionic liquid synthesis. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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