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Surface Charge-Switching Polymeric Nanoparticles for Bacterial Cell Wall-Targeted Delivery of Antibiotics

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    Surface Charge-Switching Polymeric Nanoparticles for Bacterial Cell Wall-Targeted Delivery of Antibiotics
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    † Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
    ‡ Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
    § Synthetic Biology Group, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
    ⊥ Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
    *Address correspondence to [email protected]; [email protected]
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5, 4279–4287
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3008383
    Published April 3, 2012
    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society
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    Bacteria have shown a remarkable ability to overcome drug therapy if there is a failure to achieve sustained bactericidal concentration or if there is a reduction in activity in situ. The latter can be caused by localized acidity, a phenomenon that can occur as a result of the combined actions of bacterial metabolism and the host immune response. Nanoparticles (NP) have shown promise in treating bacterial infections, but a significant challenge has been to develop antibacterial NPs that may be suitable for systemic administration. Herein we develop drug-encapsulated, pH-responsive, surface charge-switching poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(l-histidine)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PLH-PEG) nanoparticles for treating bacterial infections. These NP drug carriers are designed to shield nontarget interactions at pH 7.4 but bind avidly to bacteria in acidity, delivering drugs and mitigating in part the loss of drug activity with declining pH. The mechanism involves pH-sensitive NP surface charge switching, which is achieved by selective protonation of the imidazole groups of PLH at low pH. NP binding studies demonstrate pH-sensitive NP binding to bacteria with a 3.5 ± 0.2- to 5.8 ± 0.1-fold increase in binding to bacteria at pH 6.0 compared to 7.4. Further, PLGA-PLH-PEG-encapsulated vancomycin demonstrates reduced loss of efficacy at low pH, with an increase in minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.3-fold as compared to 2.0-fold and 2.3-fold for free and PLGA-PEG-encapsulated vancomycin, respectively. The PLGA-PLH-PEG NPs described herein are a first step toward developing systemically administered drug carriers that can target and potentially treat Gram-positive, Gram-negative, or polymicrobial infections associated with acidity.

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    Detailed procedure for polymer synthesis, polymer characterization, and nanoparticle preparation; drug release kinetics; nanoparticle interactions with human cells including toxicity, binding as a function of pH, and binding kinetics; effect of PLH degree of polymerization on surface charge switching and bacterial binding. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5, 4279–4287
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