Luminescence, Patterned Metallic Regions, and Photon-Mediated Electronic Changes in Single-Sided Fluorinated Graphene Sheets
- Andrew Leigh Walter ,
- Hasan Sahin ,
- Ki-Joon Jeon ,
- Aaron Bostwick ,
- Seyda Horzum ,
- Roland Koch ,
- Florian Speck ,
- Markus Ostler ,
- Peter Nagel ,
- Michael Merz ,
- Stefan Schupler ,
- Luca Moreschini ,
- Young Jun Chang ,
- Thomas Seyller ,
- Francois M. Peeters ,
- Karsten Horn , and
- Eli Rotenberg
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† Advanced Light Source (ALS), E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
‡ Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
§ Donostia International Physics Centre, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
⊥ Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
∥ Department of Environmental Engineering, INHA University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
⊗ Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
# Institut für Festkörperphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
△ Department of Physics, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
▽ Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
*Address correspondence to [email protected]
Abstract
Single-sided fluorination has been predicted to open an electronic band gap in graphene and to exhibit unique electronic and magnetic properties; however, this has not been substantiated by experimental reports. Our comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of this material on a SiC(0001) substrate shows that single-sided fluorographene exhibits two phases, a stable one with a band gap of ∼6 eV and a metastable one, induced by UV irradiation, with a band gap of ∼2.5 eV. The metastable structure, which reverts to the stable “ground-state” phase upon annealing under emission of blue light, in our view is induced by defect states, based on the observation of a nondispersive electronic state at the top of the valence band, not unlike that found in organic molecular layers. Our structural data show that the stable C2F ground state has a “boat” structure, in agreement with our X-ray magnetic circular dichroism data, which show the absence of an ordered magnetic phase. A high flux of UV or X-ray photons removes the fluorine atoms, demonstrating the possibility of lithographically patterning conducting regions into an otherwise semiconducting 2D material.
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