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    Harnessing the Extracellular Bacterial Production of Nanoscale Cobalt Ferrite with Exploitable Magnetic Properties
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    † School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
    ‡ Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, U.K.
    § Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
    ∥ School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
    * Address correspondence to [email protected]
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2009, 3, 7, 1922–1928
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900293d
    Published June 9, 2009
    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Nanoscale ferrimagnetic particles have a diverse range of uses from directed cancer therapy and drug delivery systems to magnetic recording media and transducers. Such applications require the production of monodisperse nanoparticles with well-controlled size, composition, and magnetic properties. To fabricate these materials purely using synthetic methods is costly in both environmental and economical terms. However, metal-reducing microorganisms offer an untapped resource to produce these materials. Here, the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens is used to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. A combination of electron microscopy, soft X-ray spectroscopy, and magnetometry techniques was employed to show that this method of biosynthesis results in high yields of crystalline nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and magnetic properties equal to the best chemically synthesized materials. In particular, it is demonstrated here that cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles with low temperature coercivity approaching 8 kOe and an effective anisotropy constant of ∼106 erg cm−3 can be manufactured through this biotechnological route. The dramatic enhancement in the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles by the introduction of high quantities of Co into the spinel structure represents a significant advance over previous biomineralization studies in this area using magnetotactic bacteria. The successful production of nanoparticulate ferrites achieved in this study at high yields could open up the way for the scaled-up industrial manufacture of nanoparticles using environmentally benign methodologies.

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    Graph of Fe(II) concentration changes with time during the formation of biogenic ferrites. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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