Imaging Arrangements of Discrete Ions at Liquid–Solid InterfacesClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Hao-Kun LiHao-Kun LiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Hao-Kun Li
- J. Pedro de SouzaJ. Pedro de SouzaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United StatesMore by J. Pedro de Souza
- Ze ZhangZe ZhangDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Ze Zhang
- Joel MartisJoel MartisDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Joel Martis
- Kyle SendgikoskiKyle SendgikoskiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United StatesDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United StatesMore by Kyle Sendgikoski
- John CumingsJohn CumingsDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United StatesMore by John Cumings
- Martin Z. BazantMartin Z. BazantDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United StatesDepartment of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United StatesMore by Martin Z. Bazant
- Arun Majumdar*Arun Majumdar*Email: [email protected]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesDepartment of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United StatesPrecourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Arun Majumdar
Abstract

The individual and collective behavior of ions near electrically charged interfaces is foundational to a variety of electrochemical phenomena encountered in biology, energy, and the environment. While many theories have been developed to predict the interfacial arrangements of counterions, direct experimental observations and validations have remained elusive. Utilizing cryo-electron microscopy, here we directly visualize individual counterions and reveal their discrete interfacial layering. Comparison with simulations suggests the strong effects of finite ionic size and electrostatic interactions. We also uncover correlated ionic structures under extreme confinement, with the channel widths approaching the ionic diameter (∼1 nm). Our work reveals the roles of ionic size, valency, and confinement in determining the structures of liquid–solid interfaces and opens up new opportunities to study such systems at the single-ion level.
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This article is cited by 7 publications.
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