International Analysis of Sources and Human Health Risk Associated with Trace Metal Contaminants in Residential Indoor Dust

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1. 1

   Klepeis, N. E.; Nelson, W. C.; Ott, W. R.; Robinson, J. P.; Tsang, A. M.; Switzer, P.; Behar, J. V.; Hern, S. C.; Engelmann, W. H. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11, 231,  DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500165

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   The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants

   Klepeis, Neil E.; Nelson, William C.; Ott, Wayne R.; Robinson, John P.; Tsang, Andy M.; Switzer, Paul; Behar, Joseph V.; Hern, Stephen C.; Engelmann, William H.

   Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2001), 11 (3), 231-252CODEN: JEAEE9; ISSN:1053-4245. (Nature America Inc.)

   Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-yr probability-based telephone survey (n = 9386) of exposure-related human activities in the USA sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of the NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geog. and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. The NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late Sept., 1992, through Sept., 1994, by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a no. of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an av. of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly const. across the various regions of the USA and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when the NHAPS was conducted. However, the no. of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is detd. by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.

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2. 2

   Nwanaji-Enwerem, J. C.; Allen, J. G.; Beamer, P. I. Another invisible enemy indoors: COVID-19, human health, the home, and United States indoor air policy. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2020, 30, 773– 775,  DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0247-x

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   Common sources of indoor air pollution, health impacts of indoor pollutants, and populations disparately impacted by COVID-19 and poor indoor air quality, United States

   Nwanaji-Enwerem, Jamaji C.; Allen, Joseph G.; Beamer, Paloma I.

   Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2020), 30 (5), 773-775CODEN: JESEBS; ISSN:1559-0631. (Nature Research)

   After the emergence of the respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), many exposure and environmental health scientists promptly recognized the potentially catastrophic public health ramifications of concurrent infectious and air pollution-mediated disease. Nevertheless, much of this attention has been focused on outdoor interactions. Each year, 3.8 million people worldwide prematurely die from illnesses attributable to indoor air. Hence, poor household indoor air quality is a long-standing public health issue with even greater relevance now that many individuals are spending more time at home. At present, the Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate indoor air, and state-level legislation has resulted in a patchwork of national coverage. Here, we describe common sources of indoor air pollution, the health impacts of indoor pollutants, and populations disparately impacted by COVID-19 and poor indoor air quality. Furthermore, we detail the need for better legislation that promotes the integrity of the indoor air environment, and what individuals can do to personally protect themselves as we await more comprehensive indoor air legislation.

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3. 3

   Pickett, A. R.; Bell, M. L. Assessment of indoor air pollution in homes with infants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4502– 4520,  DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124502

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   Assessment of indoor air pollution in homes with infants

   Pickett, Anna Ruth; Bell, Michelle L.

   International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2011), 8 (), 4502-4520CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. (MDPI AG)

   Infants spend most of their indoor time at home; however, residential air quality is poorly understood. We investigated the air quality of infants' homes in the New England area of the U.S. Participants (N = 53) were parents of infants (0-6 mo) who completed telephone surveys to identify potential pollutant sources in their residence. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter with aerodynamic diam. ≤0.5 μm (PM0.5), and total volatile org. compds. (TVOCs) were measured in 10 homes over 4-7 days, and levels were compared with health-based guidelines. Pollutant levels varied substantially across homes and within homes with overall levels for some homes up to 20 times higher than for other homes. Av. levels were 0.85 ppm, 663.2 ppm, 18.7 μg/m3, and 1626 μg/m3 for CO, CO2, PM0.5, and TVOCs, resp. CO2, TVOCs, and PM0.5 levels exceeded health-based indoor air quality guidelines. Survey results suggest that nursery renovations and related potential pollutant sources may be assocd. with differences in urbanicity, income, and presence of older children with respiratory ailments, which could potentially confound health studies. While there are no stds. for indoor residential air quality, our findings suggest that addnl. research is needed to assess indoor pollution exposure for infants, which may be a vulnerable population.

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4. 4

   Gardner, R. M.; Kippler, M.; Tofail, F.; Bottai, M.; Hamadani, J.; Grandér, M.; Nermell, B.; Palm, B.; Rasmussen, K. M.; Vahter, M. Environmental Exposure to Metals and Children’s Growth to Age 5 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 177, 1356– 1367,  DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws437

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   Environmental exposure to metals and children's growth to age 5 years: a prospective cohort study

   Gardner Renee M; Kippler Maria; Tofail Fahmida; Bottai Matteo; Hamadani Jena; Grander Margaretha; Nermell Barbro; Palm Brita; Rasmussen Kathleen M; Vahter Marie

   American journal of epidemiology (2013), 177 (12), 1356-67 ISSN:.

   In this prospective cohort study, based on 1,505 mother-infant pairs in rural Bangladesh, we evaluated the associations between early-life exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and lead, assessed via concentrations in maternal and child urine, and children's weights and heights up to age 5 years, during the period 2001-2009. Concurrent and prenatal exposures were evaluated using linear regression analysis, while longitudinal exposure was assessed using mixed-effects linear regression. An inverse association was found between children's weight and height, age-adjusted z scores, and growth velocity at age 5 years and concurrent exposure to cadmium and arsenic. In the longitudinal analysis, multivariable-adjusted attributable differences in children's weight at age 5 years were -0.33 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.60, -0.06) for high (≥95th percentile) arsenic exposure and -0.57 kg (95% CI: -0.88, -0.26) for high cadmium exposure, in comparison with children with the lowest exposure (≤5th percentile). Multivariable-adjusted attributable differences in height were -0.50 cm (95% CI: -1.20, 0.21) for high arsenic exposure and -1.6 cm (95% CI: -2.4, -0.77) for high cadmium exposure. The associations were apparent primarily among girls. The negative effects on children's growth at age 5 years attributable to arsenic and cadmium were of similar magnitude to the difference between girls and boys in terms of weight (-0.67 kg, 95% CI: -0.82, -0.53) and height (-1.3 cm, 95% CI: -1.7, -0.89).

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5. 5

   Hu, J.; Wu, C.; Zheng, T.; Zhang, B.; Xia, W.; Peng, Y.; Liu, W.; Jiang, M.; Liu, S.; Buka, S. L.; Zhou, A.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Hu, C.; Chen, X.; Zeng, Q.; Chen, X.; Xu, B.; Zhang, X.; Truong, A.; Shi, K.; Qian, Z.; Li, Y.; Xu, S. Critical Windows for Associations between Manganese Exposure during Pregnancy and Size at Birth: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Wuhan, China. Environ. Health Perspect. 2018, 126, 127006  DOI: 10.1289/EHP3423

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   Critical windows for associations between manganese exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: a longitudinal cohort study in Wuhan, China

   Hu, Jie; Wu, Chuansha; Zheng, Tongzhang; Zhang, Bin; Xia, Wei; Peng, Yang; Liu, Wenyu; Jiang, Minmin; Liu, Simin; Buka, Stephen L.; Zhou, Aifen; Zhang, Yiming; Jiang, Yangqian; Hu, Chen; Chen, Xiaomei; Zeng, Qiang; Chen, Xi; Xu, Bing; Zhang, Xichi; Truong, Ashley; Qian, Kunchong Shi Zhengmin; Li, Yuanyuan; Xu, Shunqing

   Environmental Health Perspectives (2018), 126 (12), 127006CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)

   BACKGROUND: Prenatal overexposure to manganese (Mn), an essential micronutrient, is related to impaired fetal growth and development. Fetuses appear to be highly sensitive to Mn during short periods of gestation. However, little is known about the crit. windows of susceptibility to Mn for humans. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to est. trimester-specific assocns. of exposure to Mn with size at birth. METHODS: Urine samples of 3,022 women were collected repeatedly in the first, second, and third trimesters in Wuhan, China. Urinary concns. of Mn and other toxic metals were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Trimester-specific assocns. of sp. gr.- adjusted urinary Mn concns. with birth wt., birth length, and ponderal index were estd. using multivariable linear regressions with gener- alized estg. equations. Linear mixed models were applied to evaluate the windows of susceptibility to Mn exposure by comparing the pattern of Mn exposure among newborns with restricted size at birth to those without. RESULTS: When compared with the third quintile of urinary Mn concns., both higher and lower quintiles of urinary Mn concns. in the second and third trimesters were related to reduced birth wt., birth length, and ponderal index. But the obsd. assocns. for higher quintiles were stronger and more likely to be statistically significant [e.g., for women who were in the fifth quintile of Mn concn. in the third trimester, the redn. in birth wt. was -11:2 (95% CI: -22:2, -0:1) g and in birth length was -0:04 (95% CI: -0:08, 0.00) cm]. Moreover, newborns with restricted size at birth, compared with those without, had higher levels of Mn exposure in the second and third trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective prenatal cohort study revealed an assocn. of exposure to Mn during pregnancy, esp. late pregnancy, with re- stricted size at birth. Replications are needed.

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6. 6

   Doyi, I. N. Y.; Isley, C. F.; Soltani, N. S.; Taylor, M. P. Human exposure and risk associated with trace element concentrations in indoor dust from Australian homes. Envion. Int. 2019, 133, 105125  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105125

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7. 7

   Hassan, S. K. M. Metal concentrations and distribution in the household, stairs and entryway dust of some Egyptian homes. Atmos. Environ. 2012, 54, 207– 215,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.013

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   Metal concentrations and distribution in the household, stairs and entryway dust of some Egyptian homes

   Hassan, Salwa Kamal Mohamed

   Atmospheric Environment (2012), 54 (), 207-215CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Household, stairs and entryway dust samples were collected from 16 houses distributed across Greater Cairo by using vacuum cleaner and sweeping methods during summer season of 2009. Lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) were measured in different dust particle sizes: <38 μm, >38-45 μm and >45-63 μm. The highest av. concns. of Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Cu, and Cr in different particle sizes were found in entryway followed by household and stairs. Al, Fe and Zn concns. followed the pattern of entryway > stairs > household. Pb, Ni, Cd, Zn, Co and Cr were found in significantly (p < 0.01) higher concns. in dust of the small particle size (<38 μm), whereas Al, Fe and Cu were detected in significantly (p < 0.01) higher concns. in dust of the large particle size (>45-63 μm). The av. concns. of the individual metals in dust of the small particle size (<38 μm) were 268, 196.4 and 254.49 μg gm-1 for Pb, 49.6, 43.5 and 46.66 μg gm-1 for Ni, 2.86, 2.15 and 2.71 μg gm-1 for Cd, 4340, 3796 and 2602 μg gm-1 for Al, 2860, 2200 and 2004 μg gm-1 for Fe, 209.25, 152.3 and 103.26 μg gm-1 for Zn, 4.1, 2.88 and 1.96 μg gm-1 for Co, 85.99, 74.06 and 83.17 μg gm-1 for Cr and 168.2, 156.5 and 122.02 μg gm-1 for Cu in entryway, stairs and household, resp. The mean concns. of Cu and Pb in the entryway, stairs and household dust exceeded the max. permissible limit 100 μg gm-1 for Cu and Pb in soil. The highest concns. of Pb, Cd, Co and Ni were found in urban areas, Al and Fe in the residential areas, and Cu, Zn and Cr in the residential near to industrial area. Significant pos. correlation (p < 0.001) were found between the metal concns. in household and entryway dust, indicating that the metals in household dust may be derived from outdoor sources in addn. to dust generated within the house itself. The contribution of anthropogenic sources, esp. traffic emission, to metal levels in household, entryway and stairs dust was reflected by the high values of enrichment factors for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu and Ni and Cr in fine dust particle compared to the av. crustal compn. Insignificant pos. correlation coeffs. were found between the concns. of Pb and other metals in household dust. However, the correlation coeffs. between the concns. of Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn and Fe were statistically significant.

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   Kurt-Karakus, P. B. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: estimation of the health risk. Environ. Int. 2012, 50, 47– 55,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.011

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   Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the health risk

   Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur

   Environment International (2012), 50 (), 47-55CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Levels of eight potentially toxic heavy metals in indoor dust from homes and offices in Istanbul were investigated. The concns. of heavy metals in indoor dust from homes and offices ranged 62-1800 for Cu, 3-200 for Pb, 0.4-20 for Cd, 210-2800 for Zn, 2.8-460 for Cr, 8-1300 for Mn, 2.4-25 for Co, and 120-2600 μg/g for Ni. Results of the study were comparable to other studies conducted on indoor dust and street dust from a variety of cities globally. Considering only ingestion + inhalation, the carcinogenic risk level of Cr for adults and children (3.7 × 10-5 and 2.7 × 10-5) in Istanbul was in the range of EPA's safe limits (1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4), indicating that cancer risk of Cr due to exposure to indoor dust in Istanbul can be acceptable. According to calcd. Hazard Quotient (HQ), for non-cancer effects, the ingestion of indoor dust appears to be the major route of exposure to the indoor dust that results in a higher risk for heavy metals, followed by dermal contact and inhalation pathways. However, compared to ingestion and dermal contact exposure, exposure through inhalation is almost negligible. Hazard Index (HI) values for all studied elements were lower than safe limit of 1 and this result suggested that none of the population groups would likely to experience potential health risk due to exposure to heavy metals from indoor dust in the study area.

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   Latif, M. T.; Yong, S. M.; Saad, A.; Mohamad, N.; Baharudin, N. H.; Mokhtar, M. B.; Tahir, N. M. Composition of heavy metals in indoor dust and their possible exposure: a case study of preschool children in Malaysia. Air Qual., Atmos. Health 2014, 7, 181– 193,  DOI: 10.1007/s11869-013-0224-9

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   Composition of heavy metals in indoor dust and their possible exposure: a case study of preschool children in Malaysia

   Latif, Mohd. Talib; Yong, Saw Mei; Saad, Azlina; Mohamad, Noorlin; Baharudin, Nor Hafizah; Bin Mokhtar, Mazlin; Tahir, Norhayati Mohd.

   Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health (2014), 7 (2), 181-193CODEN: AQAHAX; ISSN:1873-9326. (Springer)

   The aim of this study is to det. the levels of selected heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe and Cr) at ten preschools in Selangor, Malaysia. Dust samples from the interior of classrooms and surface soils were collected using soft paint brushes while Kimwipes were used to collect samples of dust from interior walls and children's palms. Heavy metals in the dust samples were detd. using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concns. of the selected heavy metals in the indoor dust were dominated by Fe with a concn. of 4,801 ± 1,873 μgg-1 followed by Pb > Zn > Cr and Cd with concn. of 253.5 ± 83.2, 144.9 ± 73.4, 11.9 ± 6.8 and 0.23 ± 0.10 μgg-1, resp. Fe also had the highest concn. of all the heavy metals investigated in the samples taken of soil dust (8,225 ± 6,800 μgg-1), the interior walls (1,865 ± 756 μgm-2) and children's palms (3,882 ± 3,401 μgm-2). Using enrichment factor (EF) analyses, Pb, Zn and Cd in the indoor dust were found contributed by anthropogenic factors while the same was true for Zn, Cd and Cr in the indoor wall and children's palm samples.

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10. 10

    Rasmussen, P. E.; Levesque, C.; Chénier, M.; Gardner, H. D.; Jones-Otazo, H.; Petrovic, S. Canadian House Dust Study: Population-based concentrations, loads and loading rates of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc inside urban homes. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 443, 520– 529,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.003

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    Canadian House Dust Study: Population-based concentrations, loads and loading rates of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc inside urban homes

    Rasmussen, Pat E.; Levesque, Christine; Chenier, Marc; Gardner, H. David; Jones-Otazo, Heather; Petrovic, Sanya

    Science of the Total Environment (2013), 443 (), 520-529CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The Canadian House Dust Study was designed to obtain nationally representative urban house dust metal concns. (μg/g) and metal loads (μg/m2) for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Consistent sampling of active dust of known age and provenance (area sampled) also permitted calcn. of indoor loading rates (mg/m2-day for dust and μg/m2-day for metals) in winter (2007-2010) when houses are most tightly sealed. Geo-mean/median indoor dust loading rates in homes >2 km away from any type of industry (9.6/9.1 mg/m2-day; n = 580) were significantly lower (p <0.001) than geo-mean (median) dust loading rates in homes within 2 km of any type of industry (13.5/13.4 mg/m2-day; n = 421). Proximity to industry was characterized by higher indoor metal loading rates (p <0.003), but no difference in dust metal concns. (0.29 ≥ p ≤ 0.97). Comparison of non-smoker and smoker homes in non-industrial zones showed higher metal loading rates (0.005 ≥ p ≤ 0.038) in smoker homes, but no difference in dust metal concns. (0.15 ≥ p ≤ 0.97). Relationships between house age and dust metal concns. were significant for Pb, Cd, and Zn (p <0.001) but not for the other 4 metals (0.14 ≥ p ≤ 0.87). All 7 metals displayed a significant increase in metal loading rates with house age (p <0.001) due to the effect of higher dust loading rates in older homes (p <0.001). Relationships between 3 measures of metals in house dust (concn., load, loading rate) in relation to house age, smoking behavior, and urban setting, consistently showed concn. data are a useful indicator of the presence of metal sources in the home; dust mass had an over-riding effect on metal loads and loading rates.

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11. 11

    Shi, T.; Wang, Y. Heavy metals in indoor dust: Spatial distribution, influencing factors, and potential health risks. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 755, 142367  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142367

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    Heavy metals in indoor dust: Spatial distribution, influencing factors, and potential health risks

    Shi, Taoran; Wang, Yuheng

    Science of the Total Environment (2021), 755 (Part_1), 142367CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Given the large proportion of time that people spend indoors, the potential health risks posed by heavy metals in the indoor environment deserve greater attention. A global-scale assessment of heavy metal contamination in indoor dust was conducted in this study based on >127 articles published between 1985 and 2019. The pollution levels, spatio-temporal variations, sources, bioaccessibilities, influencing factors, and health risks of heavy metals assocd. with indoor dust were analyzed. Children's blood lead levels (BLLs) were also estd. using the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model. The median concns. of Cu and Zn in 71.9% and 71.0% of the study sites surpassed the corresponding permissible limits, 100 and 300 mg/kg, resp.; thus, their control should be given priority. Heavy metal concns. in indoor dust from different areas of the world varied greatly, which was closely assocd. with the type of local human activities, such as mining, melting, e-waste recycling and Pb-related industries. The bioaccessibilities of some key elements, e.g., Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, in household dust were high. The levels of heavy metals in indoor dust were mainly affected by a combination of outdoor and indoor sources and related crit. factors, and future studies should focus on quantifying the contributions of different sources. Based on the health risk assessment, dust Pb exposure is a major health concern in e-waste recycling areas, which warrants greater attention. 49.8%, 36.8% and 14.4% of study sites showed BLLs exceeding 35μg/L (threshold limit in Germany), 50μg/L (threshold limit in the USA), or 100μg/L (threshold limit in China), resp. Finally, Pb exposure from indoor dust represents a major contributor to children's blood Pb poisoning in many developing countries. This study details the overall heavy metal contamination status of indoor dust and provides insights for policymakers with respect to pollution prevention measures.

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    Lanphear, B. P. The Impact of Toxins on the Developing Brain. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2015, 36, 211– 230,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114413

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    The impact of toxins on the developing brain

    Lanphear Bruce P

    Annual review of public health (2015), 36 (), 211-30 ISSN:.

    The impact of toxins on the developing brain is usually subtle for an individual child, but the damage can be substantial at the population level. Numerous challenges must be addressed to definitively test the impact of toxins on brain development in children: We must quantify exposure using a biologic marker or pollutant; account for an ever-expanding set of potential confounders; identify critical windows of vulnerability; and repeatedly examine the association of biologic markers of toxins with intellectual abilities, behaviors, and brain function in distinct cohorts. Despite these challenges, numerous toxins have been implicated in the development of intellectual deficits and mental disorders in children. Yet, too little has been done to protect children from these ubiquitous but insidious toxins. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the population impact of toxins on the developing brain and describe implications for public health.

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13. 13

    Cicero, C. E.; Mostile, G.; Vasta, R.; Rapisarda, V.; Signorelli, S. S.; Ferrante, M.; Zappia, M.; Nicoletti, A. Metals and neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review. Environ. Res. 2017, 159, 82– 94,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.048

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    Metals and neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review

    Cicero, Calogero Edoardo; Mostile, Giovanni; Vasta, Rosario; Rapisarda, Venerando; Signorelli, Salvatore Santo; Ferrante, Margherita; Zappia, Mario; Nicoletti, Alessandra

    Environmental Research (2017), 159 (), 82-94CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)

    A review. Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathol. patterns and clin. presentation such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic mutations have a known causative role, but the majority of cases are likely to be probably caused by a complex gene-environment interaction. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo exptl. studies and it is likely that each metal could be toxic through specific pathways. The possible pathogenic role of different metals has been supported by some epidemiol. evidences coming from occupational and ecol. studies. In order to assess the possible assocn. between metals and neurodegenerative disorders, several case-control studies have also been carried out evaluating the metals concn. in different biol. specimens such as blood/serum/plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nail and hair, often reporting conflicting results. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge on the possible assocn. between metals and ALS, AD and PD as main neurodegenerative disorders.

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    Peters, T. L.; Beard, J. D.; Umbach, D. M.; Allen, K.; Keller, J.; Mariosa, D.; Sandler, D. P.; Schmidt, S.; Fang, F.; Ye, W.; Kamel, F. Blood levels of trace metals and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology 2016, 54, 119– 126,  DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.022

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    Blood levels of trace metals and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

    Peters, Tracy L.; Beard, John D.; Umbach, David M.; Allen, Kelli; Keller, Jean; Mariosa, Daniela; Sandler, Dale P.; Schmidt, Silke; Fang, Fang; Ye, Weimin; Kamel, Freya

    NeuroToxicology (2016), 54 (), 119-126CODEN: NRTXDN; ISSN:0161-813X. (Elsevier Inc.)

    Some trace metals may increase risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), whereas others may be beneficial. Our goal was to examine assocns. of ALS with blood levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn). We conducted a case-control study of 163 neurologist confirmed patients from the National Registry of Veterans with ALS and 229 frequency-matched veteran controls. We measured metal levels in blood using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and estd. odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for assocns. between ALS and a doubling of metal levels using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. ALS was inversely assocd. with both Se (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8) and Zn (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). Inverse assocns. with Se were stronger in patients with bulbar compared to spinal onset, worse function, longer diagnostic delay, and longer collection delay; inverse assocns. with Zn were stronger for those with worse function and longer collection delay. In contrast, ALS was pos. assocd. with Cu (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.5-7.9). For Mn, no linear trend was evident (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6-1.3, Ptrend = 0.51). Assocns. of Se, Zn, Cu, and Mn with ALS were independent of one another. Adjustment for lead levels attenuated the pos. assocn. of ALS with Cu but did not change assocns. with Se, Zn, or Mn. In conclusion, Se and Zn were inversely assocd. with ALS, particularly among those with worse function, suggesting that supplementation with these metals may benefit such patients, while Cu was pos. assocd. with ALS. Deficiencies of Se and Zn and excess Cu may have a role in ALS etiol.

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15. 15

    Forte, G.; Bocca, B.; Oggiano, R.; Clemente, S.; Asara, Y.; Sotgiu, M. A.; Farace, C.; Montella, A.; Fois, A. G.; Malaguarnera, M.; Pirina, P.; Madeddu, R. Essential trace elements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Results in a population of a risk area of Italy. Neurol. Sci. 2017, 38, 1609– 1615,  DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3018-2

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    15

    Essential trace elements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Results in a population of a risk area of Italy

    Forte Giovanni; Bocca Beatrice; Oggiano Riccardo; Asara Yolande; Sotgiu Maria Alessandra; Farace Cristiano; Montella Andrea; Madeddu Roberto; Clemente Simonetta; Asara Yolande; Madeddu Roberto; Fois Alessandro Giuseppe; Pirina Pietro; Malaguarnera Michele

    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2017), 38 (9), 1609-1615 ISSN:.

    Sardinian (Italy) island population has a uniquely high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Essential trace element levels in blood, hair, and urine of ALS Sardinian patients were investigated in search of valid biomarkers to recognize and predict ALS. Six elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn) were measured in 34 patients compared to 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by a validated method. Levels of Ca and Cu in blood and of Se and Zn in hair were significantly higher in ALS than in controls, while urinary excretion of Mg and Se was significantly decreased. The selected cut-off concentrations for these biomarkers may distinguish patients with or without ALS with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Many positive (as Se-Cu and Se-Zn) and negative associations (as Ca-Mg and Ca-Zn) between elements suggested that multiple metals involved in multiple mechanisms have a role in the ALS degeneration.

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16. 16

    Zatta, P.; Lucchini, R.; van Rensburg, S. J.; Taylor, A. The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Brain Res. Bull. 2003, 62, 15– 28,  DOI: 10.1016/S0361-9230(03)00182-5

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    16

    The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: aluminum, manganese, and zinc

    Zatta, Paolo; Lucchini, Roberto; Van Rensburg, Susan J.; Taylor, Andrew

    Brain Research Bulletin (2003), 62 (1), 15-28CODEN: BRBUDU; ISSN:0361-9230. (Elsevier Science Inc.)

    A review. Until the last decade, little attention was given by the neuroscience community to the neurometabolism of metals. However, the neurobiol. of heavy metals is now receiving growing interest, since it has been linked to major neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, some metals that could possibly be involved in neurodegeneration are discussed. Two of them, manganese and zinc, are essential metals while aluminum is nonessential. Aluminum has long been known as a neurotoxic agent. It is an etiopathogenic factor in diseases related to long-term dialysis treatment, and it has been controversially invoked as an aggravating factor or cofactor in Alzheimer's disease as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases. Manganese exposure can play an important role in causing Parkinsonian disturbances, possibly enhancing physiol. aging of the brain in conjunction with genetic predisposition. An increased environmental burden of manganese may have deleterious effects on more sensitive subgroups of the population, with subthreshold neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia, generating a pre-Parkinsonian condition. In the case of zinc, there has as yet been no evidence that it is involved in the etiol. of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Zinc is redox-inactive and, as a result of efficient homeostatic control, does not accumulate in excess. However, adverse symptoms in humans are obsd. on inhalation of zinc fumes, or accidental ingestion of unusually large amts. of zinc. Also, high concns. of zinc have been found to kill bacteria, viruses, and cultured cells. Some of the possible mechanisms for cell death are reviewed.

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17. 17

    Weisskopf, M. G.; Wright, R. O.; Schwartz, J.; Spiro, A., III; Sparrow, D.; Aro, A.; Hu, H. Cumulative lead exposure and prospective change in cognition among elderly men: the VA Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160, 1184– 1193,  DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh333

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    17

    Cumulative lead exposure and prospective change in cognition among elderly men: the VA Normative Aging Study

    Weisskopf Marc G; Wright Robert O; Schwartz Joel; Spiro Avron 3rd; Sparrow David; Aro Antonio; Hu Howard

    American journal of epidemiology (2004), 160 (12), 1184-93 ISSN:0002-9262.

    Lead exposure has been found to affect cognitive function in several different populations. Whether chronic low-level environmental exposure to lead results in cognitive decline among adults has not been examined. The authors assessed the relation between biomarkers of lead exposure and change in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in the Normative Aging Study, a cohort of elderly US men. Bone lead was measured with K-shell x-ray fluorescence. A total of 466 men aged 67.4 (standard deviation, 6.6) years took the MMSE on two occasions that were an average of 3.5 (standard deviation, 1.1) years apart during the period 1993-2001 and had bone lead concentrations measured during the period 1991-2002. A one-interquartile range (20 microg/g of bone mineral) higher patella bone lead concentration was associated with a change in MMSE score of -0.24 (95% confidence interval: -0.44, -0.05) after adjustment for age, education, smoking, alcohol intake, and time between MMSE tests. This effect is approximately equivalent to that of aging 5 years in relation to the baseline MMSE score in study data. The association with tibia lead was weaker and that with blood lead was absent. The data suggest that higher patella bone lead levels, a marker of mobilizable accumulated lead burden, are associated with a steeper decline over time in performance on the MMSE test among nonoccupationally exposed elderly men.

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18. 18

    Basha, M. R.; Wei, W.; Bakheet, S. A.; Benitez, N.; Siddiqi, H. K.; Ge, Y.-W.; Lahiri, D. K.; Zawia, N. H. The fetal basis of amyloidogenesis: exposure to lead and latent overexpression of amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid in the aging brain. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25, 823– 829,  DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4335-04.2005

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    18

    The fetal basis of amyloidogenesis: exposure to lead and latent overexpression of amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid in the aging brain

    Basha, M. Riyaz; Wei, Wei; Bakheet, Saleh A.; Benitez, Nathalie; Siddiqi, Hasan K.; Ge, Yuan-Wen; Lahiri, Debomoy K.; Zawia, Nasser H.

    Journal of Neuroscience (2005), 25 (4), 823-829CODEN: JNRSDS; ISSN:0270-6474. (Society for Neuroscience)

    The fetal basis of adult disease (FeBAD) hypothesis states that many adult diseases have a fetal origin. According to FeBAD, injury or environmental influences occurring at crit. periods of organ development could result in "programmatic" changes via alterations in gene expression or gene imprinting that may result in functional deficits that become apparent later in life. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by excessive deposits of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which are snippets of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). The predominately sporadic nature of AD suggests that the environment must play a role in neurodegeneration. To examine latent responses to an environmental agent, we exposed rodents to lead and monitored the lifetime expression of the APP gene. We obsd. that APP mRNA expression was transiently induced in neonates, but exhibited a delayed overexpression 20 mo after exposure to Pb had ceased. This upregulation in APP mRNA expression was commensurate with a rise in activity of the transcription factor Sp1, one of the regulators of the APP gene. Furthermore, the increase in APP gene expression in old age was accompanied by an elevation in APP and its amyloidogenic Aβ product. In contrast, APP expression, Sp1 activity, as well as APP and Aβ protein levels were unresponsive to Pb exposure during old age. These data suggested that environmental influences occurring during brain development predetd. the expression and regulation of APP later in life, potentially altering the course of amyloidogenesis.

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19. 19

    Kelepertzis, E.; Argyraki, A.; Chrastný, V.; Botsou, F.; Skordas, K.; Komárek, M.; Fouskas, A. Metal (loid) and isotopic tracing of Pb in soils, road and house dusts from the industrial area of Volos (central Greece). Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 725, 138300  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138300

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    19

    Metal(loid) and isotopic tracing of Pb in soils, road and house dusts from the industrial area of Volos (central Greece)

    Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Argyraki, Ariadne; Chrastny, Vladislav; Botsou, Fotini; Skordas, Konstantinos; Komarek, Michael; Fouskas, Aggelos

    Science of the Total Environment (2020), 725 (), 138300CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    This study examines the metal(loid) contents (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) and Pb isotopes in different environmental compartments (soil, road dust, house dust) from the industrial vicinity of Volos, central Greece. The area surrounding two steel factories, a cement plant, an industrial area and the city core were considered as potential hot spots of metal(loid) contamination. Significant anthropogenic enrichments of Cd, Pb and Zn in relation to local baseline were identified for the soil (median Enrichment Factors of 7, 15 and 8, resp.) and road dusts around the steel factory located at Velestino area. The high contents of As, Sb and Tl in the soil and road dust around the cement plant are attributed to natural sources of contamination assocd. with adjacent mineralization. The soil samples in the city core exhibited moderate enrichments with respect to typical tracers (Pb, Zn) of anthropogenic contamination in urban areas. Anthropogenic influences in terms of metal(loid) concns. were more pronounced for the road and house dust material. The Pb isotopic ratios of soil (206Pb/207Pb = 1.154 to 1.194), road dust (206Pb/207Pb = 1.144 to 1.174) and house dust (206Pb/207Pb = 1.129 to 1.171) were between those of the local bedrock and anthropogenic Pb sources. Industrial Pb from the steel plant was the predominant anthropogenic Pb source with relative contributions of ∼49% for the soil, ∼42% for the road dust and ∼44% for the house dust samples. For the road and house dust material, the geochem. signature obtained from Pb isotopic compns. and elemental ratios suggests addnl. contributors from vehicular emissions. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of soil to trace natural and anthropogenic impacts in industrial areas and the sensitivity of the road and house dust material to record anthropogenic (industrial and vehicular-derived) contamination in such environments.

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    Zota, A. R.; Schaider, L. A.; Ettinger, A. S.; Wright, R. O.; Shine, J. P.; Spengler, J. D. Metal sources and exposures in the homes of young children living near a mining-impacted Superfund site. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2011, 21, 495– 505,  DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.21

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    20

    Metal sources and exposures in the homes of young children living near a mining-impacted Superfund site

    Zota, Ami R.; Schaider, Laurel A.; Ettinger, Adrienne S.; Wright, Robert O.; Shine, James P.; Spengler, John D.

    Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2011), 21 (5), 495-505CODEN: JESEBS; ISSN:1559-0631. (Nature Publishing Group)

    Children living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to environmental contaminants, yet few studies have conducted multi-media exposure assessments, including residential environments where children spend most of their time. The authors sampled yard soil, house dust, and particulate matter with aerodynamic diam. <2.5 in 59 homes of young children near an abandoned mining area and analyzed samples for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn). In over half of the homes, dust concns. of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were higher than those in soil. Proximity to mine waste (chat) piles and the presence of chat in the driveway significantly predicted dust metals levels. Homes with both chat sources had Pb, Zn, Cd, and As dust levels two to three times higher than homes with no known chat sources after controlling for other sources. In contrast, Mn concns. in dust were consistently lower than in soil and were not assocd. with chat sources. Mn dust concns. were predicted by soil concns. and occupant d. These findings suggest that nearby outdoor sources of metal contaminants from mine waste may migrate indoors. Populations farther away from the mining site may also be exposed if secondary uses of chat are in close proximity to the home.

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21. 21

    Neisi, A.; Goudarzi, G.; Akbar Babaei, A.; Vosoughi, M.; Hashemzadeh, H.; Naimabadi, A.; Mohammadi, M. J.; Hashemzadeh, B. Study of heavy metal levels in indoor dust and their health risk assessment in children of Ahvaz city, Iran. Toxin Rev. 2016, 35, 16– 23,  DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1181656

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22. 22

    Beamer, P. I.; Elish, C. A.; Roe, D. J.; Loh, M. M.; Layton, D. W. Differences in metal concentration by particle size in house dust and soil. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14, 839– 844,  DOI: 10.1039/c2em10740f

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    22

    Differences in metal concentration by particle size in house dust and soil

    Beamer, Paloma I.; Elish, Christina A.; Roe, Denise J.; Loh, Miranda M.; Layton, David W.

    Journal of Environmental Monitoring (2012), 14 (3), 839-844CODEN: JEMOFW; ISSN:1464-0325. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    The majority of particles that adhere to hands are <63 μm in diam. yet risk assessments for soil remediation are typically based on soil samples sieved to <250 μm. The objective of our study was to det. if there is a significant difference in metal concn. by particle size in both house dust and soil. We obtained indoor dust and yard soil samples from 10 houses in Tucson, Arizona. All samples were sieved to <63 μm and 63 to <150 μm and analyzed for 30 elements via ICP-MS following nitric acid digestion. We conducted t-tests of the log-transformed data to assess for significant differences that were adjusted with a Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. In house dust, significant differences in concn. were obsd. for Be, Al, and Mo between particles sizes, with a higher concn. obsd. in the smaller particle sizes. Significant differences were also detd. for Mg, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Ge, Zr, Ag, Ba, and Pb concn. in yard soil samples, with the higher concn. obsd. in the smaller particles size for each element. The results of this exploratory study indicate that current risk assessment practices for soil remediation may under est. non-dietary ingestion exposure. This is of particular concern for young children who are more vulnerable to this exposure route due to their high hand mouthing frequencies. Addnl. studies with a greater no. of samples and wider geog. distribution with different climates and soil types should be completed to det. the most relevant sampling practices for risk assessment.

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23. 23

    Yadav, I. C.; Devi, N. L.; Singh, V. K.; Li, J.; Zhang, G. Spatial distribution, source analysis, and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in house dust and surface soil from four major cities of Nepal. Chemosphere 2019, 218, 1100– 1113,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.202

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    23

    Spatial distribution, source analysis, and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in house dust and surface soil from four major cities of Nepal

    Yadav, Ishwar Chandra; Devi, Ningombam Linthoingambi; Singh, Vipin Kumar; Li, Jun; Zhang, Gan

    Chemosphere (2019), 218 (), 1100-1113CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Raising population, deteriorating environmental conditions and limiting natural resources to handle the key environmental health problems have critically affected human health and the environment. Policy makers and planners in Nepal are more concerned today than at any other time in the past about the deterioration of the environmental condition. Therefore, understanding the connection between pollution and human wellbeing is fundamental endeavors to control pollution exposures and secure human wellbeing. This ability is esp. crit. for countries like Nepal where the issues of environmental pollution have customarily taken a second place to request for economic development. In this study, spatial distribution and sources of 12 heavy metals (HMs) were investigated in surface soils (n = 24) and house dust (n = 24) from four major urban areas of Nepal in order to mark the pollution level. Addnl., a health risk was estd. to establish the link between HMs pollution and human health. Results showed that the median concn. of Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Mn and Zn in soil and dust were 2-13 times greater than the background value. The As, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb showed a relatively higher spatial variability in soil and dust. Zn was the most abundant metal measured in dust and soil and accounted for 59% and 55% of .sum.7HMs, resp. The HMs in soil and dust were poorly correlated with total org. carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC), suggesting little or no influence on HMs contamination. Source anal. study indicated the distribution of Cr, Ni, Sb, Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn in soil and dust are mainly affected by anthropogenic sources, particularly traffic emissions, industrial source, and domestic households materials, while Co, Fe, As, Mn and Cd were from natural sources. The estd. carcinogenic risk (CR) of HMs in soil and dust exceeded the acceptable level of human exposure, recommending significant CR to the local population.

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24. 24

    Thornton, I.; Davies, D.; Watt, J.; Quinn, M. Lead exposure in young children from dust and soil in the United Kingdom. Environ. Health Perspect. 1990, 89, 55– 60,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.908955

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    24

    Lead exposure in young children from dust and soil in the United Kingdom

    Thornton I; Davies D J; Watt J M; Quinn M J

    Environmental health perspectives (1990), 89 (), 55-60 ISSN:0091-6765.

    A survey of metals in United Kingdom dusts and soils has confirmed widespread lead contamination with a geometric mean value for lead in surface (0-5 cm) garden soils of 266 micrograms/g and in housedusts of 561 micrograms/g (excluding old mining areas). A subsequent detailed survey of 97 householders in Birmingham with 2-year-old children showed dust lead loading in the home environment to be an important predictor of blood lead concentrations in young children, when both variables fell within the normal range for the U.K. The total estimated lead uptake by the young child was 36 micrograms/day of which 1 microgram was by inhalation and 35 micrograms by ingestion.

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25. 25

    Rasmussen, P. E.; Beauchemin, S.; Chénier, M.; Levesque, C.; MacLean, L. C. W.; Marro, L.; Jones-Otazo, H.; Petrovic, S.; McDonald, L. T.; Gardner, H. D. Canadian House Dust Study: Lead Bioaccessibility and Speciation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4959– 4965,  DOI: 10.1021/es104056m

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    25

    Canadian House Dust Study: Lead Bioaccessibility and Speciation

    Rasmussen, Pat E.; Beauchemin, Suzanne; Chenier, Marc; Levesque, Christine; MacLean, Lachlan C. W.; Marro, Leonora; Jones-Otazo, Heather; Petrovic, Sanya; McDonald, Lauren T.; Gardner, H. David

    Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (11), 4959-4965CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Vacuum samples were collected from 1025 randomly selected urban Canadian homes to examine bioaccessible Pb (PbS) concns. in settled house dust. Results indicated a polymodal frequency distribution, consisting of 3 log-normally distributed sub-populations defined as urban background (geo-mean = 58 μg/g), elevated (geo-mean = 447 μg/g), and anomalous (geo-mean = 1730 μg/g). Dust PbS concns. in 924 homes (90%) fell into the urban background category; elevated and anomalous sub-populations predominantly consisted of older homes located in city central core areas. The effect of house age was evidenced by a moderate correlation between house age and dust PbS content (R2 = 0.34; n = 1025; p <0.01); it is notable that >10% of homes in the elevated/anomalous category were built after 1980. Conversely, the benefit of home remediation was evidenced by the large no. of homes (33%) in the background category built before 1960. The dominant dust Pb species detd. by x-ray absorption spectroscopy were: lead carbonate, lead hydroxyl carbonate, lead sulfate, lead chromate, lead oxide, lead citrate, Pb metal, Pb sorbed to Fe- and Al-oxyhydroxides, and Pb sorbed to humate. Pb bioaccessibility estd. from solid phase speciation predicted measured Pb bioaccessibility using a simulated gastric extn. (R2 = 0.85; n = 12; p <0.0001). The trend toward increased Pb bioaccessibility in elevated and anomalous sub-populations (75 ± 18% and 81 ± 8%, resp.) vs. background (63 ± 18%) was explained by the higher proportion of bioaccessible compds. used as pigments in older paint (lead carbonate, lead hydroxyl carbonate). This population-based study provided a nationally representative urban baseline for human health risk assessment and risk management applications.

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26. 26

    Seifert, B.; Becker, K.; Helm, D.; Krause, C.; Schulz, C.; Seiwert, M. The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2000, 10, 552– 565,  DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500111

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27. 27

    Yang, W.; Bi, X.; Han, Z.; Ning, M.; Yang, H.; Wang, L.-x.; Zhang, X.; Ma, J.-c. Dust lead contamination in rural households of several provinces in China. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 30, 1246– 1250

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28. 28

    Zhao, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, D.; Tao, Y.; Qiao, F.; Lei, L.; Huang, J.; Ting, Z. Characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from six cities in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 143126  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143126

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29. 29

    National Toxicology Program NTP NTP Monograph: Health Effects of Low-Level Lead. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 1– 185.; 2012. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/lead/final/monographhealtheffectslowlevellead_newissn_508.pdf. Accessed 25th February 2020.

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30. 30

    Taylor, M. P.; Isley, C. F.; Fry, K. L.; Liu, X.; Gillings, M. M.; Rouillon, M.; Soltani, N. S.; Gore, D. B.; Filippelli, G. M. A citizen science approach to identifying trace metal contamination risks in urban gardens. Environ. Int. 2021, 155, 106582  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106582

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    30

    A citizen science approach to identifying trace metal contamination risks in urban gardens

    Taylor, Mark Patrick; Isley, Cynthia F.; Fry, Kara L.; Liu, Xiaochi; Gillings, Max M.; Rouillon, Marek; Soltani, Neda S.; Gore, Damian B.; Filippelli, Gabriel M.

    Environment International (2021), 155 (), 106582CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    We launched the VegeSafe program in 2013 to assist Australians concerned about exposure to contaminants in their soils and gardens. VegeSafe analyses garden soils provided by citizens for trace metals at our lab. at little to no cost, with easy-to-follow guidance on any intervention required. The response was overwhelming-Australians submitted 17,256 soils from 3,609 homes, and in turn VegeSafe researchers now have unparalleled household-scale data, providing new insights into urban trace metal contamination. The results are sobering, with 35% of homes, particularly those that are older, painted and located in inner cities having soils above the Australian residential guideline (300 mg/kg) for the neurotoxic trace metal lead (Pb). Exposure pathway, blood Pb concn. and vegetable uptake modeling showed the communities in these locations were most at risk. VegeSafe is transformative: 94% of participants better understood contaminants, 83% felt safer in their home environment and 40% undertook remedial action based on their results. The two-way nature of this program enables education of citizens about environmental contaminants, advances public health, and delivers impactful science.

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    Abadin, H.; Klotzbach, J. M.; Taylor, J.; Diamond, G. L.; Buser, M.; Citra, M.; Scinicariello, F.; Lara L, Chappell.; Przybyla, J.; McIlroy, L. A. Toxicological Profile for Lead 2020. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp13.pdf. Accessed 14th September 2021.

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32. 32

    Rasmussen, P.; Subramanian, K.; Jessiman, B. A multi-element profile of house dust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 2001, 267, 125– 140,  DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00775-0

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    32

    A multi-element profile of house dust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada

    Rasmussen, P. E.; Subramanian, K. S.; Jessiman, B. J.

    Science of the Total Environment (2001), 267 (1-3), 125-140CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.)

    Multi-element profiles of indoor dust vs. exterior soil and dust from 50 residences located in 10 neighborhoods across Ottawa, Canada, are presented. Hg concns. were detd. using HNO3-H2SO4 digestion and cold vapor at. absorption spectroscopy; concns. of 31 other elements were detd. using HNO3-HF digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Comparisons of household dust, garden soil, and street dust at individual residence and community scales were based on a consistent 100-250 μm particle size fraction. Results showed house dust samples contained significantly higher concns. of many key elements, including Pb, Cd, Sb, and Hg, than either street dust or garden soil. Also, house dust profiles revealed a distinct multi-element signature in relation to exterior dust and soil. Garden soil contained higher Al, Ba, and Tl concns. than either house or street dust. Geometric mean concns. (mg/kg) of these elements in house hold dust/garden soil were: Pb, 233/42; Cd, 4.42/0.27; Sb, 5.54/0.25; Hg, 1.728/0.055; Al, 24281/55677; Ba, 454/763; and Tl, 0.14/0.29. Street dust contained lower geometric mean concns. than garden soil for 23 of 32 elements. Generally, indoor/outdoor concn. ratios varied widely from one element to another, and from one residence to another within the community. For Ottawa, a city with a little heavy industry, it would be difficult-to-impossible to accurately predict indoor dust concns. based on exterior soil data. It was concluded that dust generated from sources within the house itself can contribute significantly to exposures to certain elements, e.g., Pb, Cd, Sb, and Hg.

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    Brent, R. N.; Wines, H.; Luther, J.; Irving, N.; Collins, J.; Drake, B. L. Validation of handheld X-ray fluorescence for in situ measurement of mercury in soils. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 768– 776,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.12.056

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    Validation of handheld X-ray fluorescence for in situ measurement of mercury in soils

    Brent, Robert N.; Wines, Hunter; Luther, Joseph; Irving, Nathan; Collins, Joshua; Drake, Brandon L.

    Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2017), 5 (1), 768-776CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) devices hold promise for quick field screening of contaminated sites, but so far, these devices have not been successfully used for mercury screening because of poor sensitivity and questionable accuracy. This paper describes a site-specific calibration method and demonstrates the successful field use of XRF for measuring mercury in the soils of contaminated sites. The method achieved a detection limit of 7.4 mg/kg Hg with a 60-s anal. time. This improves upon earlier attempts and is sufficient for detecting mercury at generic risk assessment soil screening levels (23 mg/kg Hg). The study also demonstrated levels of accuracy and precision for the method that rivaled traditional lab. methods. In a split-sample comparison with lab. Method 7471A, field XRF results agreed with an R2 of 0.93 and a median coeff. of variation of 15%. Precision ests. from duplicate and triplicate samples were not statistically different between the two methods and were constrained by sample heterogeneity and not method capabilities. This study demonstrates that handheld XRF can be successfully used at contaminated sites to achieve high quality Hg results that are accurate, precise, and at a level of sensitivity that is commensurate with generic risk assessment screening levels.

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34. 34

    Wang, W.; Wu, F.; Zheng, J.; Wong, M. H. Risk assessments of PAHs and Hg exposure via settled house dust and street dust, linking with their correlations in human hair. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 263, 627– 637,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.023

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    35

    Risk assessments of PAHs and Hg exposure via settled house dust and street dust, linking with their correlations in human hair

    Wang, Wei; Wu, Fuyong; Zheng, Jinshu; Wong, Ming Hung

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2013), 263 (P2), 627-637CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Domestic energy, chems. bioaccessibility, and particle size were found as 3 crit. factors for risk assessment of PAHs exposure via settled house dust (SHD) and street dust. .sum.PAHs and Hg contained in SHD were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in coal-burning households of Qingyang (8.45-121; 0.48-16.4 μg g-1) than households in Guangzhou (1.23-22.2; 0.004-10.6 μg g-1) and 90% coal-burning houses were estd. with unacceptable cancer risks (>10-4) via SHD exposure. The highest accumulation trend of PAHs and Hg were found in <63 μm particles, and different particle sizes resulted in large variations of the obtained risks (≤10 fold). Bioaccessibility cor. PAHs led to a significant decrease on related cancer risks and decreased in the order of 1.9, 1.1, 0.6, and 0.4 μg g-1 with the increase of particle sizes (<63, 63-100, 100-280, 280-2000 μm). Scalp hair was tested as an indicator of body burdens of PAHs (0.05-0.9 μg g-1) and Hg (0.04-1.6 μg g-1). Different PAHs profiles were found between PAHs in SHD and those of hair, indicating that exogenous exposure to PAHs adsorbed on dust was not the major source of hair PAHs.

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35. 35

    Declercq, Y.; Delbecque, N.; De Grave, J.; De Smedt, P.; Finke, P.; Mouazen, A. M.; Nawar, S.; Vandenberghe, D.; Van Meirvenne, M.; Verdoodt, A. A comprehensive study of three different portable XRF scanners to assess the soil geochemistry of an extensive sample dataset. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2490,  DOI: 10.3390/rs11212490

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    Rouillon, M.; Taylor, M. P. Can field portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) produce high quality data for application in environmental contamination research?. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 214, 255– 264,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.055

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    Can field portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) produce high quality data for application in environmental contamination research?

    Rouillon, Marek; Taylor, Mark P.

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 214 (), 255-264CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    This research evaluates the anal. capabilities of a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) for the measurement of contaminated soil samples using a matrix-matched calibration. The calibrated pXRF generated exceptional data quality from the measurement of ten soil ref. materials. Elemental recoveries improved for all 11 elements post-calibration with reduced measurement variation and detection limits in most cases. Measurement repeatability of ref. values ranged between 0.2 and 10% relative std. deviation, while the majority (82%) of ref. recoveries were between 90 and 110%. Definitive data quality, the highest of the US EPA's three level quality ranking, was achieved for 15 of 19 elemental datasets. Measurement comparability against inductively coupled plasma at. emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) values was excellent for most elements (e.g, r2 0.999 for Mn and Pb, r2 > 0.995 for Cu, Zn and Cd). Parallel measurement of ref. materials revealed ICP-AES and ICP-MS measured Ti and Cr poorly when compared to pXRF. Individual recoveries of soil ref. materials by both ICP-AES and pXRF showed that pXRF was equiv. to or better than ICP-AES values for all but two elements (Ni, As). This study demonstrates pXRF as a suitable alternative to ICP-AES anal. in the measurement of Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, and Pb in metal-contaminated soils. Where funds are limited, pXRF provides a low-cost, high quality soln. to increasing sample d. for a more complete geochem. investigation.

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37. 37

    Ng, J. C.; Juhasz, A. L.; Smith, E.; Naidu, R. Contaminant bioavailability and bioaccessibility. Part 2: Guidance for industry, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 14, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia ; 2009. https://www.crccare.com/files/dmfile/CRCCARETechReport14-Part2-Contaminantbioavailabilityandbioaccessibility4.pdf. Accessed 15th September 2021.

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    Ruby, M. V.; Davis, A.; Schoof, R.; Eberle, S.; Sellstone, C. M. Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 422– 430,  DOI: 10.1021/es950057z

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    Estimation of Lead and Arsenic Bioavailability Using a Physiologically Based Extraction Test

    Ruby, Michael V.; Davis, Andy; Schoof, Rosalind; Eberle, Steve; Sellstone, Chris

    Environmental Science and Technology (1996), 30 (2), 422-30CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    The physiol. based extn. test (PBET) is an in vitro test system for predicting the bioavailability of metals from a solid matrix and incorporates gastrointestinal tract parameters representative of a human (including stomach and small intestinal pH and chem., soil-to-soln. ratio, stomach mixing, and stomach emptying rates). For lead (Pb), the results of the PBET are linearly correlated with results from a Sprague-Dawley rat model (r2 = 0.93 between in vitro and in vivo results, n = 7). For arsenic (As), the results of the PBET are predictive of bioavailability study results in rabbit and primate models (2-11% difference between in vitro and in vivo results, depending on the animal model). The PBET was not designed to supplant bioavailability studies using animal models, but rather to screen for Pb and As bioavailability when animal study results are not available. Dissoln. of Pb in the acidic stomach environment was strongly pH dependent; the extent of dissoln. decreased by 65% when stomach pH was increased from 1.3 to 2.5. Arsenic soly. decreased by only 16% over the same pH range. Lead was removed from soln. to a greater extent than As by neutralization during the small intestinal simulation, consistent with adsorption and pptn. reactions occurring for Pb-but not As-at neutral pH values. In addn. to providing mechanistic explanations for controls on Pb and As bioavailability, the PBET allows ests. of site-specific Pb and As bioavailability from soil for the purpose of exposure assessment.

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39. 39

    US EPA, Recommendations for Sieving Soil and Dust Samples at Lead Sites for Assessment of Incidental Ingestion; 2016. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100000133.pdf. Accessed 15th September 2021.

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40. 40

    Doyi, I. N.; Strezov, V.; Isley, C. F.; Yazdanparast, T.; Taylor, M. P., The relevance of particle size distribution and bioaccessibility on human health risk assessment for trace elements measured in indoor dust. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 137931,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137931 .

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    41

    The relevance of particle size distribution and bioaccessibility on human health risk assessment for trace elements measured in indoor dust

    Doyi, Israel N. Y.; Strezov, Vladimir; Isley, Cynthia F.; Yazdanparast, Tahereh; Taylor, Mark Patrick

    Science of the Total Environment (2020), 733 (), 137931CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Trace metal contaminants in indoor dust pose a significant potential exposure risk to people due to the amt. of time spent indoors and readily ingested, inhaled fine-grained compn. of indoor dusts. There is limited trace metal data available on the specific interaction of dust particle size fraction and resp. bioaccessibility/bioavailability and its consequent effect on health risks. This work addressed this knowledge gap by examg. bioaccessible, bioavailable trace element concns. (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in 152 discrete size fractions of 38 indoor vacuum samples from a larger dataset (n = 376) of indoor dust in Sydney, Australia. As, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were most concd. in the 90-150μm fraction; Cr and Mn were more concd. in <45μm fraction. Dust particle size fractions <45, 45-90, 90-150, 150-250μm were analyzed for their individual gastric-phase (G-alone) in-vitro trace element bioaccessibility. Pb exposure risk was estd. using the USEPA integrated exposure uptake biokinetic children's model. Mean Pb bioaccessibility was 59.6, 42, 62, and 62.2% for <45, 45-90, 90-150, and 150-250μm, resp. Mean Pb abs. bioavailability was lower at 26.2, 18.4, 27.2, and 27.3% for <45, 45-90, 90-150, and 150-250μm size fractions, resp. Predicted blood Pb levels for a hypothetical child 1-3 years old for each dust particle size fraction was >5μg/dL. Pb concns. measured in select dust samples showed a potential adverse health impact for young children with greatest risk from indoor dust 90-150μm in size.

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    Map My Environment Urban environmental health ; 2020. https://www.mapmyenvironment.com/. Accessed 13th September 2021.

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    Schmider, E.; Ziegler, M.; Danay, E.; Beyer, L.; Bühner, M. Is It Really Robust?. Methodology 2010, 6, 147– 151,  DOI: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000016

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    Callender, E. Heavy Metals in the Environment - Historical Trends; US Geological Survey, 2005; Vol. 9, p 67.

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    Reimann, C.; Fabian, K.; Birke, M.; Filzmoser, P.; Demetriades, A.; Négrel, P.; Oorts, K.; Matschullat, J.; de Caritat, P.; Albanese, S.; Anderson, M.; Baritz, R.; Batista, M. J.; Bel-Ian, A.; Cicchella, D.; De Vivo, B.; De Vos, W.; Dinelli, E.; Ďuriš, M.; Dusza-Dobek, A.; Eggen, O. A.; Eklund, M.; Ernsten, V.; Flight, D. M. A.; Forrester, S.; Fügedi, U.; Gilucis, A.; Gosar, M.; Gregorauskiene, V.; De Groot, W.; Gulan, A.; Halamić, J.; Haslinger, E.; Hayoz, P.; Hoogewerff, J.; Hrvatovic, H.; Husnjak, S.; Jähne-Klingberg, F.; Janik, L.; Jordan, G.; Kaminari, M.; Kirby, J.; Klos, V.; Kwećko, P.; Kuti, L.; Ladenberger, A.; Lima, A.; Locutura, J.; Lucivjansky, P.; Mann, A.; Mackovych, D.; McLaughlin, M.; Malyuk, B. I.; Maquil, R.; Meuli, R. G.; Mol, G.; O’Connor, P.; Ottesen, R. T.; Pasnieczna, A.; Petersell, V.; Pfleiderer, S.; Poňavič, M.; Prazeres, C.; Radusinović, S.; Rauch, U.; Salpeteur, I.; Scanlon, R.; Schedl, A.; Scheib, A.; Schoeters, I.; Šefčik, P.; Sellersjö, E.; Slaninka, I.; Soriano-Disla, J. M.; Šorša, A.; Svrkota, R.; Stafilov, T.; Tarvainen, T.; Tendavilov, V.; Valera, P.; Verougstraete, V.; Vidojević, D.; Zissimos, A.; Zomeni, Z.; Sadeghi, M. GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil. Appl. Geochem. 2018, 88, 302– 318,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.01.021

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    GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil

    Reimann, Clemens; Fabian, Karl; Birke, Manfred; Filzmoser, Peter; Demetriades, Alecos; Negrel, Philippe; Oorts, Koen; Matschullat, Jorg; de Caritat, Patrice

    Applied Geochemistry (2018), 88 (Part_B), 302-318CODEN: APPGEY; ISSN:0883-2927. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The GEMAS (geochem. mapping of agricultural soil) project collected 2108 Ap horizon soil samples from regularly ploughed fields in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km2. The <2 mm fraction of these samples was analyzed for 53 elements by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, following a HNO3/HCl/H2O (modified aqua regia) digestion. Results are used here to establish the geochem. background variation and threshold values, derived statistically from the data set, in order to identify unusually high element concns. for these elements in the Ap samples. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely Ag, B, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, U, V and Zn, and emerging 'high-tech' crit. elements (HTCEs), i.e., lanthanides (e.g., Ce, La), Be, Ga, Ge, In, Li and Tl, are of particular interest. For the latter, neither geochem. background nor threshold at the European scale has been established before. Large differences in the spatial distribution of many elements are obsd. between northern and southern Europe. It was thus necessary to establish three different sets of geochem. threshold values, one for the whole of Europe, a second for northern and a third for southern Europe. These values were then compared to existing soil guideline values for (eco)toxicol. effects of these elements, as defined by various European authorities. The regional sample distribution with concns. above the threshold values is studied, based on the GEMAS data set, following different methods of detn. Occasionally local contamination sources (e.g., cities, metal smelters, power plants, agriculture) can be identified. No indications could be detected at the continental scale for a significant impact of diffuse contamination on the regional distribution of element concns. in the European agricultural soil samples. At this European scale, the variation in the natural background concn. of all investigated elements in the agricultural soil samples is much larger than any anthropogenic impact.

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    Reimann, C.; de Caritat, P. Establishing geochemical background variation and threshold values for 59 elements in Australian surface soil. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 578, 633– 648,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.010

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    Establishing geochemical background variation and threshold values for 59 elements in Australian surface soil

    Reimann, Clemens; de Caritat, Patrice

    Science of the Total Environment (2017), 578 (), 633-648CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    During the National Geochem. Survey of Australia over 1300 top (0-10 cm depth) and bottom (∼ 60-80 cm depth) sediment samples (including ∼ 10% field duplicates) were collected from the outlet of 1186 catchments covering 81% of the continent at an av. sample d. of 1 site/5200 km2. The < 2 mm fraction of these samples was analyzed for 59 elements by ICP-MS following an aqua regia digestion. Results are used here to establish the geochem. background variation of these elements, including potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in Australian surface soil. Different methods of obtaining geochem. threshold values, which differentiate between background and those samples with unusually high element concns. and requiring attention, are presented and compared to Western Australia's 'ecol. investigation levels' (EILs) established for 14 PTEs. For Mn and V these EILs are so low that an unrealistically large proportion (∼ 24%) of the sampled sites would need investigation in Australia. For the 12 remaining elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) few sample sites require investigation and as most of these are located far from human activity centers, they potentially suggest either minor local contamination or mineral exploration potential rather than pollution. No major diffuse source of contamination by PTEs affects Australian soil at the continental scale. Of the statistical methods used to establish geochem. threshold values, the most pertinent results come from identifying breaks in cumulative probability distributions, the Tukey inner fence and the 98th percentile. Geochem. threshold values for 59 elements, including emerging 'high-tech' crit. elements such as lanthanides, Be, Ga or Ge, for which no EILs currently exist, are presented.

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    Gustavsson, N.; Bølviken, B.; Severson, R. C.; Smith, D. B. Geochemical Landscapes of the Conterminous United States: New Map Presentations for 22 Elements; US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, 2001; 0607977949.

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    Barbieri, M. The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination. J. Geol. Geophys. 2016, 5, 1– 4,  DOI: 10.4172/2381-8719.1000237

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    Liu, W.-h.; Zhao, J.-z.; Ouyang, Z.-y.; Söderlund, L.; Liu, G.-h. Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environ. Int. 2005, 31, 805– 812,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.042

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    Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China

    Liu, Wen-hua; Zhao, Jing-zhu; Ouyang, Zhi-yun; Soederlund, Leif; Liu, Guo-hua

    Environment International (2005), 31 (6), 805-812CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A potential hazard to Beijing was revealed due to the accumulation trend of heavy metals in agricultural soils with sewage irrigation, which results in metal contamination and human exposure risk. Samples including soils and plants were collected to assess the impacts of sewage irrigation on the irrigated farming area of Beijing. Concns. of the five elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb were detd. in samples to calc. the accumulation factor and to establish a basis for environmental protection and the suitability of sewage irrigation for particular land use in the urban-rural interaction area of Beijing. Using ref. values provided by the Beijing Background Research Cooperative Group in the 1970s, the pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF) of these metals were calcd. The pollution load indexes (sewage irrigation land 3.49) of soils indicated that metal contamination occurred in these sites. The metal enrichment (EF of Cd 1.8, Cr 1.7, Cu 2.3, Zn 2.0, Pb 1.9) and the metal contamination (CF of Cd 2.6, Cr 1.5, Cu 2.0, Zn 1.7, Pb 1.6) showed that the accumulation trend of the five toxic metals increased during the sewage irrigation as compared with the lower ref. values than other region in China and world av., and that pollution with Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb was exacerbated in soils. The distributions of these metals were homogeneous in the irrigation area, but small-scale heterogeneous spatial distribution was obsd. Irrigation sources were found to affect heavy metal distributions in soils. It was suggested that heavy metal transfer from soils to plants was a key pathway to human health exposure to metal contamination. However, with the expansion of urban areas in Beijing, soil inhalation and ingestion may become important pathways of human exposure to metal contamination.

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    Monn, C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 1– 32,  DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00330-7

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    Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone

    Monn, C.

    Atmospheric Environment (2000), 35 (1), 1-32CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)

    A review with 221 refs. concerning databases of small-scale spatial variations and indoor, outdoor, and personal measurements of air pollutants focusing on suspended particulate matter, and to a lesser extent, NO2 and photochem. pollutants is given. Topics discussed include: introduction; methods (direct measurements [personal sampling, biomarkers]; indirect measurements [ambient, using micro-environments, models and using questionnaires]; validity, errors, and precision of exposure data and spatial variation [validity, measurement error types, precision of exposure measurement and attenuation, validity coeff. and attenuation]; grouped data (Berkson case) and ecol. anal.; study design considerations and cost efficiency; introduction to spatial variations); exposure measurement databases (airborne particles [size distribution; small-scale spatial variation; indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure; relationship between indoor and outdoor concns.; other potential factors, relevant in suspended particulate matter exposure assessment], bioaerosols and allergens in ambient air [natural atm. constituents, interactions between air pollutants and pollen], NO2 [small-scale spatial variation, indoor/outdoor personal exposure], photochem. pollutants [O3 and related photochem. pollutants in atm., acids, indoor and personal exposure to photochem. pollutants]); and final discussion.

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    Isley, C. F.; Nelson, P. F.; Taylor, M. P.; Stelcer, E.; Atanacio, A. J.; Cohen, D. D.; Mani, F. S.; Maata, M. Reducing mortality risk by targeting specific air pollution sources: Suva, Fiji. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 612C, 450– 461,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.225

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    U.S EPA Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2002. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-soil-screening-guidance. Accessed 22nd June 2021.

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    US EPA, Calculating upper confidence limits for exposure point concentrations at hazardous waste sites. 2002.

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    US EPA, Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (final report); 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252. Accessed 28th September 2021.

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    OEHHA, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Technical support document for cancer potency factors 2009 ; 2009. https://oehha.ca.gov/air/crnr/technical-support-document-cancer-potency-factors-2009. Accessed 28th September 2021.

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60. 60

    Ferreira-Baptista, L.; De Miguel, E. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 4501– 4512,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.026

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    Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

    Ferreira-Baptista, L.; De Miguel, E.

    Atmospheric Environment (2005), 39 (25), 4501-4512CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A total of 92 samples of street dust in Luanda, Angola, were collected, sieved below 100 μm, and analyzed by ICP-MS for 35 elements after an aqua-regia digestion. The concn. and spatial heterogeneity of trace elements in the street dust of Luanda are generally lower than in most industrialized cities in the Northern hemisphere. These observations reveal a predominantly "natural" origin for the street dust in Luanda, which is also manifested in that some geochem. processes that occur in natural soils are preserved in street dust: the sepn. of uranium from thorium, and the retention of the former by carbonate materials, or the high correlation between arsenic and vanadium due to their common mode of adsorption on solid particles in the form of oxyanions. The only distinct anthropogenic fingerprint in the compn. of Luanda's street dust is the assocn. Pb-Cd-Sb-Cu (and to a lesser extent, Ba-Cr-Zn). The use of risk assessment strategies has proved helpful in identifying the routes of exposure to street dust and the trace elements therein of most concern in terms of potential adverse health effects. In Luanda the highest levels of risk seem to be assocd. (a) with the presence of As and Pb in the street dust and (b) with the route of ingestion of dust particles, for all the elements included in the study except Hg, for which inhalation of vapors presents a slightly higher risk than ingestion. However, given the large uncertainties assocd. with the ests. of toxicity values and exposure factors, and the absence of site-specific biometric factors, these results should be regarded as preliminary and further research should be undertaken before any definite conclusions regarding potential health effects are drawn.

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    Wignall, J. A.; Muratov, E.; Sedykh, A.; Guyton, K. Z.; Tropsha, A.; Rusyn, I.; Chiu, W. A. Conditional Toxicity Value (CTV) Predictor: An In Silico Approach for Generating Quantitative Risk Estimates for Chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 2018, 126, 057008  DOI: 10.1289/EHP2998

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    62

    Conditional Toxicity Value (CTV) Predictor: An In Silico Approach for Generating Quantitative Risk Estimates for Chemicals

    Wignall Jessica A; Muratov Eugene; Sedykh Alexander; Tropsha Alexander; Guyton Kathryn Z; Rusyn Ivan; Chiu Weihsueh A

    Environmental health perspectives (2018), 126 (5), 057008 ISSN:.

    BACKGROUND: Human health assessments synthesize human, animal, and mechanistic data to produce toxicity values that are key inputs to risk-based decision making. Traditional assessments are data-, time-, and resource-intensive, and they cannot be developed for most environmental chemicals owing to a lack of appropriate data. OBJECTIVES: As recommended by the National Research Council, we propose a solution for predicting toxicity values for data-poor chemicals through development of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. METHODS: We used a comprehensive database of chemicals with existing regulatory toxicity values from U.S. federal and state agencies to develop quantitative QSAR models. We compared QSAR-based model predictions to those based on high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. RESULTS: QSAR models for noncancer threshold-based values and cancer slope factors had cross-validation-based Q(2) of 0.25-0.45, mean model errors of 0.70-1.11 log10 units, and applicability domains covering >80% of environmental chemicals. Toxicity values predicted from QSAR models developed in this study were more accurate and precise than those based on HTS assays or mean-based predictions. A publicly accessible web interface to make predictions for any chemical of interest is available at http://toxvalue.org. CONCLUSIONS: An in silico tool that can predict toxicity values with an uncertainty of an order of magnitude or less can be used to quickly and quantitatively assess risks of environmental chemicals when traditional toxicity data or human health assessments are unavailable. This tool can fill a critical gap in the risk assessment and management of data-poor chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2998.

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    Ščančar, J.; Milačič, R. A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2014, 29, 427– 443,  DOI: 10.1039/C3JA50198A

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    63

    A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques

    Scancar, Janez; Milacic, Radmila

    Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2014), 29 (3), 427-443CODEN: JASPE2; ISSN:0267-9477. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    A review. The role and impact of chromium (Cr) on the environment and living organisms depends primarily on its chem. form. High toxicity of hexavalent Cr is well documented, while trivalent Cr is an essential micronutrient. In the last decades numerous anal. procedures were developed for the detn. of Cr(VI) in different sample matrixes. To obtain reliable speciation data it is important to preserve species integrity during the sample storage, pre-treatment, extn. and the detn. of Cr species. Among different speciation methods combination of HPLC with at. spectrometry techniques provides comprehensive information on the presence of Cr species in a variety of sample matrixes, while hyphenation of HPLC to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) represents the most powerful and the most sensitive anal. tool for Cr speciation. Precise isotope ratio measurement enables the application of isotope diln. techniques for the quantification of trace amts. of individual Cr species in various environmental and biol. samples. Furthermore, enriched stable isotopes can be introduced as tracers to investigations on the fate and role of Cr in the environment and living organisms or to monitor the species transformation during the anal. procedure. Despite general understanding of Cr chem., which is closely related to its trivalent and hexavalent oxidn. states and knowledge on conditions that may influence species transformation, there are still open questions that should be addressed to obtain reliable speciation anal. data. So, this article is focused mostly to overview recent developments in methodol. approaches for Cr speciation in different sample matrixes by applying HPLC and spectrometric techniques. Different procedures for prepn. of isotopically enriched Cr spike solns. are critically evaluated. The advantages of their use as tracers to follow and account for species transformation during sample prepn. and for the quantification of Cr species by HPLC-ID-ICP-MS are discussed. The importance of the use of adequate anal. methodologies and speciation anal. in the detn. of Cr(VI) is highlighted to avoid inadequate conclusions to be made based on wrongly applied anal. methodologies. An increasing need to develop speciation procedures for selective detn. of Cr(III) species is also emphasized.

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    Borai, E. H.; El-Sofany, E. A.; Abdel-Halim, A. S.; Soliman, A. A. Speciation of hexavalent chromium in atmospheric particulate samples by selective extraction and ion chromatographic determination. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2002, 21, 741– 745,  DOI: 10.1016/S0165-9936(02)01102-0

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    64

    Speciation of hexavalent chromium in atmospheric particulate samples by selective extraction and ion chromatographic determination

    Borai, E. H.; El-Sofany, E. A.; Abdel-Halim, A. S.; Soliman, A. A.

    TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry (2002), 21 (11), 741-745CODEN: TTAEDJ; ISSN:0165-9936. (Elsevier Science B.V.)

    The predominant use of Cr in industry unfortunately causes environmental concern. In this respect, elaboration and improvement of the extn. process of hexavalent Cr (Cr(VI)) in atm. particulate matter followed by quant. detn. using an ion chromatog. method was performed. The detection of Cr(VI) is based on colorimetric absorbance measurement at 520 nm by variable UV/visible detector. The elution process was performed by complex formation of Cr(VI) with pyridine-2-6-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) followed by post-column derivatization reaction of the effluent with 1,5-di-Ph carbohydrazide (DPC). Improvement in selective extn. of Cr(VI) was carried out using carbonate/bicarbonate mixt. in phosphate buffer/Mg sulfate soln. Performance characteristics of the improved method, including limits of detection, precision and recovery of the spiked air sample were also studied. Interference effects arise because of the presence of various reducing species, such as Cr(III) and Fe(II), but the extn. process developed their performance.

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    Talebi, S. M. Determination of total and hexavalent chromium concentrations in the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan. Environ. Res. 2003, 92, 54– 56,  DOI: 10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00036-1

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    Determination of total and hexavalent chromium concentrations in the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan

    Talebi, S. M.

    Environmental Research (2003), 92 (1), 54-56CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier Science)

    Airborne particulate matter was collected from the atm. of the city of Isfahan by a high-vol. air sampler. Detn. of the concn. of total Cr was carried out by graphite furnace at. absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The detn. of hexavalent Cr was carried out by ion chromatog. following the collection of Cr(vi) in an impinger. Day-to-day variations in concns. of total and hexavalent Cr were studied and an excellent similarity was found between them. Atm. levels of total and hexavalent Cr were also studied in different months of the year, and max. concns. were found in Oct.

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    Krystek, P.; Ritsema, R. Monitoring of chromium species and 11 selected metals in emission and immission of airborne environment. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 265, 23– 29,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.05.003

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    Monitoring of chromium species and 11 selected metals in emission and immission of airborne environment

    Krystek, Petra; Ritsema, Rob

    International Journal of Mass Spectrometry (2007), 265 (1), 23-29CODEN: IMSPF8; ISSN:1387-3806. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Monitoring of chromium species as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and the detn. of the total chromium concn. as well as the concn. of 11 selected metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) in industrial emission of a foundry and immission studies of the nearby airborne environment were carried out. The samples were taken as industrial exhaust directly by the outlet and as airborne sample in the environment with distances between some hundred meters and 2 km from the industrial factory. Wherefore two methods of sampling, sample pre-treatment and mass spectrometric measurement were developed and applied. With respect to different sampling duration different vols. of air were sampled and analyzed. For the detn. of Cr(VI) sampling in impingers (filled with carbonate-buffer) was used. A procedure of selective complex forming and extn. was developed and measured by double focusing sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). For the detn. of the total chromium concn. as well as of 11 metals sampling was done by using quartz-filters. After microwave digestion in the medium of aqua regia the samples were analyzed by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS). The max. concn. of Cr(VI)-species in emission samples was detd. as 180 ng/m3 air which is about 2% of total Cr. The lowest concn. of Cr(VI)-species in immission was detd. as 0.5 ng/m3 air.

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    Keshavarzi, B.; Tazarvi, Z.; Rajabzadeh, M. A.; Najmeddin, A. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmos. Environ. 2015, 119, 1– 10,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.001

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    67

    Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran

    Keshavarzi, Behnam; Tazarvi, Zahra; Rajabzadeh, Mohammad Ali; Najmeddin, Ali

    Atmospheric Environment (2015), 119 (), 1-10CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The distribution, pollution level, sources and health risk of Hg, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, Sb and Zn in urban street dust were investigated. X-ray diffraction anal. of dust samples shows that the mineralogy of airborne dusts is dominated by calcite, dolomite and quartz. The total concn. of trace elements across the sampling sites ranged from 36.8 to 234.3 mg kg-1 for Pb, 0.004-4.504 mg kg-1 for Hg, 160.9-778.3 mg kg-1 for Zn, 245-652 mg kg-1 for Mn, 39.4-117.9 mg kg-1 for Ni, 31.6-105.9 mg kg-1 for Cr, 49.8-232.5 mg kg-1 for Cu, 5.3-8.6 mg kg-1 for As, 0.31-0.85 mg kg-1 for Cd, 0.76-9.45 mg kg-1 for Sb, and 16,300-24,900 mg kg-1 for Fe. The enrichment factor results reveal the following order: Cu > Hg > Sb > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cr > As > Mn > Cd > Fe. Among the measured elements, the highest mobility factor belongs to Pb (79.2%), Hg (74.6%), Zn (64.1%) and Mn (56.4%). According to the calcd. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), special attention should be paid to Hg, Pb, Zn, and Mn in the street dusts of Shiraz. Multivariate statistics indicate that traffic, natural soil particles and industrial activities are likely to be the main sources of heavy metals in Shiraz street dusts.

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    Gashe, M. D.; Bayissa Leta, D. Heavy metal contents of selected commercially available oil-based house paints intended for residential use in Ethiopia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2020, 27, 17175– 17183,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08297-z

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68. 68

    Kelepertzis, E.; Argyraki, A.; Botsou, F.; Aidona, E.; Szabó, Á.; Szabó, C. Tracking the occurrence of anthropogenic magnetic particles and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in house dust using magnetic and geochemical analyses. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 245, 909– 920,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.072

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    69

    Tracking the occurrence of anthropogenic magnetic particles and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in house dust using magnetic and geochemical analyses

    Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Argyraki, Ariadne; Botsou, Fotini; Aidona, Elina; Szabo, Abel; Szabo, Csaba

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 245 (), 909-920CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The influence of anthropogenic outdoor sources on the geochem. compn. of house dust material in large cities is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the magnetic signature and the concns. of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in randomly selected house dust samples from the metropolitan area of Athens, the most populated city in Greece. Environmental magnetic measurements, including isothermal remanent magnetization and thermomagnetism, indicated that the main magnetic mineral is coarse-grained low-coercivity magnetite. Detailed microscopic observations of the magnetically extd. material revealed the presence of three different kinds of Fe-rich particles deriving from both combustion-related and non-exhaust vehicular sources: irregularly-shaped grains and spherules of Fe-oxides, and particles consisting of metallic Fe. Further study of the morphol. of single anthropogenic magnetic spherules (size > 30 μm) identified the presence of magnetite spherical particles, typically formed by industrial combustion processes. Enrichment factors (EFs) for the PTEs calcd. against the Athens urban soil showed that the house dusts were very highly enriched in Cd, Cu, Zn and significantly enriched in Pb (median EF values of 34.1, 26.2, 25.4 and 10.3, resp.). The oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in the house dust, evaluated using a simulated gastric soln. (0.4 M glycine), was in the order Pb > Zn > Mn > Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr > Fe. Concns. of Pb increased with the house age. Principal component and cluster anal. demonstrated the close assocn. of anthropogenic Cu, Pb and Zn with the magnetic susceptibility of the house dusts. We conclude that both traffic-related and industrial sources trigger the occurrence of magnetic Fe/PTEs- rich particles in house dust. These results reinforce the use of environmental magnetism detns. for assessing anthropogenic contamination of PTEs in the indoor environment in large cities.

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    Yoshinaga, J.; Yamasaki, K.; Yonemura, A.; Ishibashi, Y.; Kaido, T.; Mizuno, K.; Takagi, M.; Tanaka, A. Lead and other elements in house dust of Japanese residences–Source of lead and health risks due to metal exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 189, 223– 228,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.003

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    70

    Lead and other elements in house dust of Japanese residences - Source of lead and health risks due to metal exposure

    Yoshinaga, Jun; Yamasaki, Kumiko; Yonemura, Ayumi; Ishibashi, Yuri; Kaido, Takaya; Mizuno, Kodai; Takagi, Mai; Tanaka, Atsushi

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 189 (), 223-228CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The levels of 25 elements in house dust collected from 100 general Japanese residences were measured. Factor anal. was applied on the multi-element data to explore source of Pb (median concn. 49.1 mg/kg) in house dust. Six factors were extd. and Pb was found to have great loading on the fifth factor with Sb and Sn, suggesting solder (Sn), and plastic and metals (Sb) may be the sources of Pb in the house dust of Japanese residences. No significant loading was found on soil-related factors indicating non-significant contribution of Pb in track-in soil. Seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn) were found in house dust at >10 times more condensed than crustal abundance. Health risk of these elements to children via the ingestion of house dust was estd. based on the comparison with tolerable daily intake and found to be non-significant for most of the elements.

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    Hunt, A.; Johnson, D. L. Suspension and resuspension of dry soil indoors following track-in on footwear. Environ. Geochem. Health 2012, 34, 355– 363,  DOI: 10.1007/s10653-011-9400-8

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    Suspension and resuspension of dry soil indoors following track-in on footwear

    Hunt, Andrew; Johnson, David L.

    Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2012), 34 (3), 355-363CODEN: EGHEE3; ISSN:0269-4042. (Springer)

    Contamination of the indoor environment by tracked-in outdoor soil has the potential to pose a significant human health threat through exposure to hazardous soil constituents. The indoor distribution of (contaminated) soil following ingress is important when evaluating exposure risk. Here, the time evolution of size-resolved airborne particulate matter aerosolized as a result of mech. (i.e., footfall or step-on) impacts on a floor surface with a layer of dry soil was investigated using laser particle counters. Suspended particle levels were recorded after step-on impacts that aerosolized soil particles at a single contact point by the action of a human tester who followed a pre-detd. walking pattern. The exptl. design presumed that the floor area immediately upon entrance indoors is the location of max. deposition of outdoor soil transferred on footwear. The suspension of soil resulting from the first step-on floor contact and the subsequent resuspension of soil resulting from addnl. step-on events were quantified by various arrangements of four laser particle counters. Step-on impacts produced a transient increase in particle levels at various lateral distances and heights from the contact point. Also, with increasing distance and height from the step-on contact point, the level of suspended particles after successive step-on events decreased markedly. A lateral component of the dispersion process was more significant than a vertical one under these exptl. conditions. A wall jet effect created by the impact of the footfalls on the floor surface was considered responsible for the apparent greater lateral dispersion of the soil particles.

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    Fresquez, M. R.; Gonzalez-Jimenez, N.; Gray, N.; Valentin-Blasini, L.; Watson, C. H.; Pappas, R. S. Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2017, 41, 307– 312,  DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx010

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    Electrothermal vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for determination of chromium in mainstream cigarette smoke particulate

    Fresquez, Mark R.; Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie; Gray, Naudia; Valentin-Blasini, Liza; Watson, Clifford H.; Steven Pappas, R.

    Journal of Analytical Toxicology (2017), 41 (4), 307-312CODEN: JATOD3; ISSN:1945-2403. (Oxford University Press)

    Chromium is transported in mainstream tobacco smoke at very low concns. However, when chromium is deposited too deeply in the lungs for mucociliary clearance, or is in a particle that is too large to pass directly through tissues, it bioaccumulates in the lungs of smokers. It is important to det.the concns.of chromium that are transported in mainstream smoke. Several reliable studies have resulted in reports of chromium concns.in smoke particulate that were below limits of detection (LODs) for the instruments and methods employed. In this study, electrothermal vaporization-triple quad-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS) was chosen for detn.of chromium concns.in mainstream smoke because of the high sensitivity of ETV combined with QQQ-ICP-MS. The smoke from five ref., quality control, and com.cigarettes was analyzed using ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS with isotope diln.for quant.detn.of chromium. The method LOD was sufficiently low that chromium concns.in mainstream smoke could indeed be detd. The chromium concns.in the smoke particulate were between 0.60 and 1.03 ng/cigarette. The range of chromium concns.was at or below previously reported LODs. Detn.of the oxidn.state of the chromium transported in mainstream smoke would also be important, in consideration of the fact that both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) oxidn.states cause inhalation toxicity, but chromium(VI) is also a carcinogen. It was possible to sep.the oxidn.states using ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS. However, detn.of individual species at the levels found in mainstream smoke particulate matter was not possible with the present method.

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    Kaar, S.; Krizan, D.; Schwabe, J.; Hofmann, H.; Hebesberger, T.; Commenda, C.; Samek, L. Influence of the Al and Mn content on the structure-property relationship in density reduced TRIP-assisted sheet steels. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 2018, 735, 475– 486,  DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.066

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    Influence of the Al and Mn content on the structure-property relationship in density reduced TRIP-assisted sheet steels

    Kaar, S.; Krizan, D.; Schwabe, J.; Hofmann, H.; Hebesberger, T.; Commenda, C.; Samek, L.

    Materials Science & Engineering, A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing (2018), 735 (), 475-486CODEN: MSAPE3; ISSN:0921-5093. (Elsevier B.V.)

    In the present study four different d. reduced TRIP steel concepts with varying Mn and Al contents were investigated with regard to their microstructure, mech. properties and retained austenite (RA) stability. For the hot rolled strips, SEM revealed a microstructure consisting of ferrite and two types of carbides. Using both x-ray diffraction and SEM with backscattered electron (BSE)-detection, the carbides were identified as cementite for the steel grades contg. 2.8 and 3.3% Al and κ-carbides for the compns. with 5.2% Al. The microstructure of the lab. continuously annealed cold rolled sheets consisted of numerous inclusions of bainite and RA, embedded in a ferritic matrix. As an aftermath of the increased Al content, resulting in an increased ferrite content, the bainitic transformation was significantly reduced, which led to a destabilization of RA and in turn to the formation of martensite upon final cooling to room temp. (RT). With increasing Al- and Mn-contents the tensile strength rose from 720 to 1050 MPa, whereas the total elongation decreased from 39% to 17%. Both highest mech. and chem. RA stability were found for the steel grades contg. 2.8 and 3.3% Al, resulting in the superior combination of strength and ductility, namely RmxA80 of almost 30,000 MPa% by a d. redn. up to almost 5%.

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    O’Connor, D.; Hou, D.; Ye, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ok, Y. S.; Song, Y.; Coulon, F.; Peng, T.; Tian, L. Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications. Environ. Int. 2018, 121, 85– 101,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.052

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    Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications

    O'Connor, David; Hou, Deyi; Ye, Jing; Zhang, Yunhui; Ok, Yong Sik; Song, Yinan; Coulon, Frederic; Peng, Tianyue; Tian, Li

    Environment International (2018), 121 (Part_1), 85-101CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A review. Human exposure to lead (Pb) is a growing global public health concern. Elevated blood lead is thought to cause the mental retardation of >0.6 million children globally each year, and has recently been attributed to ~ 18% of all-cause mortality in the US. Due to the severe health risk, the international community, led by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), is actively supporting the global phase-out of lead-based paint by 2020. However, there are many significant hurdles on the way to achieving this goal. In light of the importance of the lead-based paint issue, and the urgency of achieving the 2020 phase-out goal, this review provides crit. insights from the existing scientific literature on lead-based paint, and offers a comprehensive perspective on the overall issue. The global prodn. and international trade of lead-based paints across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe are critically discussed - revealing that lead-based paints are still widely used in many low and middle-income developing countries, and that the prodn. and trade of lead-based paint is still wide-spread globally. In India, as well as many south-east Asian, African, Latin American and European countries, lead concns. in paints often exceed 10,000 mg/kg. This will certainly pose a serious global threat to public health from surfaces painted with these products for many decades to come. The sources and pathways of exposure are further described to shed light on the assocd. health risk and socioeconomic costs. Finally, the review offers an overview of the potential intervention and abatement strategies for lead-based paints. In particular, it was found that there is a general lack of consensus on the definition of lead based paint; and, strengthening regulatory oversight, public awareness, and industry acceptance are vital in combating the global issue of lead based paint.

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74. 74

    Levi, M. P. Control Methods. In Wood Deterioration and Its Prevention by Preservative Treatments: Volume 1: Degradation and Protection of Wood; Syracuse University Press, 1982; p 183.

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75. 75

    Liu, M.; Ma, G.; Zhang, X.; Liu, J.; Wang, Q. Preparation of Black Ceramic Tiles Using Waste Copper Slag and Stainless Steel Slag of Electric Arc Furnace. Materials 2020, 13, 776  DOI: 10.3390/ma13030776

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    76

    Preparation of black ceramic tiles using waste Copper slag and stainless steel slag of Electric Arc Furnace

    Liu, Mengke; Ma, Guojun; Zhang, Xiang; Liu, Junjie; Wang, Qiang

    Materials (2020), 13 (3), 776CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)

    Copper slag and stainless steel slag of Elec. Arc Furnace (EAF) are two typical metallurgical solid wastes, which contain a large no. of valuables, such as Fe, Cr, and Cu. The transition metal elements in the waste slags, such as Cr and Fe, can be recycled as the coloring ions in the black ceramic tile. In this study, the Fe/Cr molar ratio in the raw materials of copper slag and stainless steel slag was adjusted, and the black ceramic tile was subsequently prepd. by sintering. The results show that the optimum process parameters for the prepn. of black ceramic tiles are the Fe/Cr molar ratio of 2.0, the sintering temp. of 1150 °C, and the sintering time of 30 min. The compressive strength of the black ceramic tile at optimum sintering conditions exceeds the min. compressive strength of the Chinese national std. for std. polished tiles, and the concns. of harmful elements, for example, Cr, Cu, Ni, As, Zn, Pb, and Cr(VI) are within the regulation thresholds specified by the Chinese national std.

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76. 76

    Liu, R.-j.; Ding, Q.-j.; Chen, P.; Yang, G.-y. Durability of concrete made with manganese slag as supplementary cementitious materials. J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. 2012, 17, 345– 349,  DOI: 10.1007/s12204-012-1284-y

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77. 77

    Laidlaw, M. A. S.; Filippelli, G.; Mielke, H.; Gulson, B.; Ball, A. S. Lead exposure at firing ranges─a review. Environ. Health 2017, 16, 34  DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0246-0

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    78

    Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review

    Laidlaw, Mark A. S.; Filippelli, Gabriel; Mielke, Howard; Gulson, Brian; Ball, Andrew S.

    Environmental Health (London, United Kingdom) (2017), 16 (), 34/1-34/15CODEN: EHAGAB; ISSN:1476-069X. (BioMed Central Ltd.)

    A review. Background: Lead (Pb) is a toxic substance with well-known, multiple, long-term, adverse health outcomes. Shooting guns at firing ranges is an occupational necessity for security personnel, police officers, members of the military, and increasingly a recreational activity by the public. In the United States alone, an estd. 16,000-18,000 firing ranges exist. Discharge of Pb dust and gases is a consequence of shooting guns. Methods: The objectives of this study are to review the literature on blood lead levels (BLLs) and potential adverse health effects assocd. with the shooting population. The search terms "blood lead", "lead poisoning", "lead exposure", "marksmen", "firearms", "shooting", "guns", "rifles" and "firing ranges" were used in the search engines Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct to identify studies that described BLLs in assocn. with firearm use and health effects assocd. with shooting activities. Results: Thirty-six articles were reviewed that included BLLs from shooters at firing ranges. In 31 studies BLLs > 10 μg/ dL were reported in some shooters, 18 studies reported BLLs > 20 μg/dL, 17 studies > 30 μg/d, and 15 studies BLLs > 40 μg/dL. The literature indicates that BLLs in shooters are assocd. with Pb aerosol discharge from guns and air Pb at firing ranges, no. of bullets discharged, and the caliber of weapon fired. Conclusions: Shooting at firing ranges results in the discharge of Pb dust, elevated BLLs, and exposures that are assocd. with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Women and children are among recreational shooters at special risk and they do not receive the same health protections as occupational users of firing ranges. Nearly all BLL measurements compiled in the reviewed studies exceed the current ref. level of 5 μg/dL recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (CDC/NIOSH). Thus firing ranges, regardless of type and user classification, currently constitute a significant and unmanaged public health problem. Prevention includes clothing changed after shooting, behavioral modifications such as banning of smoking and eating at firing ranges, improved ventilation systems and oversight of indoor ranges, and development of airflow systems at outdoor ranges. Eliminating lead dust risk at firing ranges requires primary prevention and using lead-free primers and lead-free bullets.

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78. 78

    Hunt, A.; Johnson, D. L.; Brooks, J.; Griffith, D. A. Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces. Environ. Geochem. Health 2008, 30, 597– 611,  DOI: 10.1007/s10653-008-9183-8

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    79

    Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces

    Hunt, Andrew; Johnson, David L.; Brooks, J.; Griffith, Daniel A.

    Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2008), 30 (6), 597-611CODEN: EGHEE3; ISSN:0269-4042. (Springer)

    In the indoor environment, settled surface dust often functions as a reservoir of hazardous particulate contaminants. In many circumstances, a major contributing source to the dust pool is exterior soil. Young children are particularly susceptible to exposure to both outdoor derived soil and indoor derived dust present in the indoor dust pool. This is because early in life the exploratory activities of the infant are dominated by touching and mouthing behavior. Inadvertent exposure to dust through mouth contact and hand-to-mouth activity is an inevitable consequence of infant development. Clean-up of indoor dust is, in many circumstances, critically important in efforts to minimize pediatric exposure. In this study, the efficiency of vacuum cleaner removal of footwear-deposited soil on vinyl floor tiles was studied. The study utilized a 5 × 10 ft (≈152.5 × 305 cm) test surface composed of 1-ft-square (≈30.5 × 30.5 cm) vinyl floor tiles. A composite test soil with moderately elevated levels of certain elements (e.g., Pb) was repeatedly introduced onto the floor surface by footwear track-on. The deposited soil was subsequently periodically removed from randomly selected tiles using a domestic vacuum cleaner. The mass and loading of soil elements on the tiles following vacuuming were detd. both by wet wipe collection and by subsequent chem. anal. Vacuum cleaner removal eliminated much of the soil mass from the floor tiles. However, a small percentage of the mass was not removed and a portion of this residual mass could be picked up by moistened hand-lifts. Furthermore, although the post-vacuuming tile soil mass was sizably reduced, for some elements (notably Pb) the concn. in the residual soil was increased. This increased metal concn. is interpreted to be a particle size effect with smaller particles (with a proportionately higher metal content) remaining in situ after vacuuming.

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79. 79

    Davy, P.; Ancelet, T.; Trompetter, W.; Markwitz, A. In Arsenic and air pollution in New Zealand, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2014; pp 11– 16.

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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
80. 80

    Gunkel-Grillon, P.; Laporte-Magoni, C.; Lemestre, M.; Bazire, N. Toxic chromium release from nickel mining sediments in surface waters, New Caledonia. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2014, 12, 511– 516,  DOI: 10.1007/s10311-014-0475-1

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    81

    Toxic chromium release from nickel mining sediments in surface waters, New Caledonia

    Gunkel-Grillon, Peggy; Laporte-Magoni, Christine; Lemestre, Monika; Bazire, Nicolas

    Environmental Chemistry Letters (2014), 12 (4), 511-516CODEN: ECLNBJ; ISSN:1610-3653. (Springer)

    Mining sediments are excavated from nickel ore exploitation in New Caledonia. In those sediments, chromium (Cr) occurs as Cr(III), but Cr(III) can be oxidized to the toxic Cr(VI) under oxic conditions, for instance in overlying water. Here, we aimed to det. whether mining sediments could release available Cr(VI) in surface waters. Water samples were collected in a mine and in the village downstream, and then were analyzed for Cr. Batch leaching expts. were performed on mining sediments in order to det. their exchangeable and their water-sol. Cr content as a function of pH. Results show that mine waters contain high concns. of total dissolved Cr, of up to 0.73 mg/L. Moreover, Cr(VI) concn. in village waters increases with the rainfall rate upto 0.34 mg/L. Cr is released from sediments solely as Cr(VI). Desorption of chromate complexes is the main process involved in Cr release. We conclude that drainage of sediments mobilized by opencast Ni mines is a source of toxic Cr(VI) for surface waters.

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81. 81

    St-Jean, A.; Barguil, Y.; Dominique, Y.; Le Bot, B.; Ayotte, P.; Cordier, S. Nickel and associated metals in New Caledonia: Exposure levels and their determinants. Environ. Int. 2018, 118, 106– 115,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.045

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    82

    Nickel and associated metals in New Caledonia: Exposure levels and their determinants

    St-Jean, Audray; Barguil, Yann; Dominique, Yannick; Le Bot, Barbara; Ayotte, Pierre; Cordier, Sylvaine

    Environment International (2018), 118 (), 106-115CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The ultramafic massifs of the New Caledonian archipelago contain about 10% of the world's nickel reserves, which also contain significant but lower amts. of cobalt, chromium, and manganese. Natural erosion of these massifs and mining activities may contribute to the exposure of local populations to these metals through contamination of air, food, and water resources. We conducted a biomonitoring survey to evaluate exposure to these four metals and its main determinants by constructing a stratified sample of 732 adults and children (>3 years old) from visitors to 22 health centers across the archipelago. Urine was collected and analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to det. metal concns. A face-to-face interview was conducted to document sociodemog. characteristics, lifestyle and dietary habits, and residence-mine distance. Environmental samples (soil, house dust, water, and foodstuffs) were collected from two areas (one with and one without mining activity) to delineate determinants of exposure in more detail. Nickel and chromium were metals with the highest concns. found in urine, esp. in children, at levels exceeding ref. values derived from representative national surveys elsewhere throughout the world (for children: 4.7 μg/g creatinine for nickel and 0.50 μg/g creatinine for chromium): 13% of children exceeded the ref. value for nickel and 90% for chromium. Large variations were obsd. by region, age, and sex. In this geol. setting, urinary and environmental nickel concns. appear to be driven mainly by soil content. This is the first archipelago-wide survey of metal exposure in New Caledonia. The potential health consequences of this chronic high exposure need to be assessed.

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82. 82

    Wang, X.; Mukherjee, B.; Park, S. K. Associations of cumulative exposure to heavy metal mixtures with obesity and its comorbidities among US adults in NHANES 2003–2014. Environ. Int. 2018, 121, 683– 694,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.035

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    83

    Associations of cumulative exposure to heavy metal mixtures with obesity and its comorbidities among U.S. adults in NHANES 2003-2014

    Wang, Xin; Mukherjee, Bhramar; Park, Sung Kyun

    Environment International (2018), 121 (Part_1), 683-694CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Some heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) have been assocd. with obesity and obesity comorbidities. The anal. approach for those assocns. has typically focused on individual metals. There is a growing interest in evaluating the health effects of cumulative exposure to metal mixts. We utilized our Environmental Risk Score (ERS), a summary measure to examine the risk of exposure to multi-pollutants in epidemiol. research, to evaluate the assocns. of cumulative exposure to a mixt. of correlated heavy metals with obesity and its comorbidities including hypertension, and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while accounting for high degree correlations and interactions among metal mixts. components. We examd. blood and urinary markers of 18 heavy metals among 9537 adults in NHANES 2003-2014. We randomly split data into a training set for the construction of ERS (n = 6675) and a testing set for the evaluation of its statistical performance (n = 2862). ERS of heavy metal mixts. was computed for waist circumference using adaptive elastic-net (AENET) with 189 predictors including 18 main effects, 18 squared terms, and 153 pairwise interactions of heavy metals. Regression analyses with complex survey designs were performed to assess the assocns. of ERS with other obesity measures, hypertension and T2DM. 7 main effects (blood lead, blood cadmium, blood mercury, and urinary markers of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), barium, mercury and thallium), 4 squared terms (blood cadmium, urinary cadmium, urinary antimony and urinary tungsten), and 7 pairwise interactions (blood lead & urinary cadmium, blood lead & urinary MMA, blood lead & urinary uranium, urinary cadmium & urinary MMA, urinary dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) & urinary tungsten, urinary MMA & urinary cobalt, and urinary lead & urinary antimony) were selected by AENET for construction of ERS of waist circumference-related metal mixts. An increase in ERS from 10th percentile to 90th percentile in the overall study population was significantly assocd. with 4.50 kg/m2 (95% CI: 4.06, 4.94) higher BMI, 4.16 mm (95% CI: 3.56, 4.76) higher skinfold thickness, and 4.11 kg (95% CI: 0.83, 7.40) higher total body fat, independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, phys. activity and NHANES cycle (Ps < 0.05). Significant assocns. of ERS with both hypertension and T2DM were also obsd. (Ps < 0.05). Our study suggests that cumulative exposure to heavy metals as mixts. is assocd. with obesity and its related chronic conditions such as hypertension and T2DM. Addnl. research is needed to confirm these findings in longitudinal settings.

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83. 83

    Cao, S.; Duan, X.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.; Sun, C.; Zheng, B.; Wei, F. Health risks of children’s cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China. Chemosphere 2016, 147, 404– 411,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.134

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    84

    Health risks of children's cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China

    Cao, Suzhen; Duan, Xiaoli; Zhao, Xiuge; Chen, Yiting; Wang, Beibei; Sun, Chengye; Zheng, Binghui; Wei, Fusheng

    Chemosphere (2016), 147 (), 404-411CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Rapid development of industrialization and urbanization results in serious environmental contamination by metal(loid)s, which would consequently cause deleterious health effects to the exposed people through multi-pathways. Therefore, total health risk assessment for the population in urban environment is very important. Unfortunately, few studies to date investigate the cumulative health risks of metal(loid)s through aggregative pathways in Children who are often susceptible population. 12 metal(loid)s including Lead(Pb), Cadmium(Cd), Arsenic(As), Chromium(Cr), Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Nickel(Ni), Manganese(Mn), Cobalt(Co), Selenium(Se), Antimony(Se) and Vanadium(V), were analyzed in PM10, drinking water, food, soil and indoor dust in this study. The cumulative and aggregative risks of these metal(loid)s among the local children were then evaluated on a field sampling and questionnaire-survey basis. The results showed that the environments were heavily polluted by metal(loid)s. For most metal(loid)s, food ingestion accounted for more than 80% of the total daily exposure dose. The non-cancer risks were up to 30 times higher than the acceptable level due to the food ingestion via Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Sb, and the PM10 inhalation via Cr and Mn. While, the cancer risks were mainly attributed to Cr via food ingestion and As via food and dust ingestion, and approx. 100 times of the max. acceptable level of 1.0 × 10-4. The study highlights the cumulative and aggregative exposure assessment, instead of pollutant investigation to evaluate the potential health risks and emphasizes concerns to improve indoor hygienic and environmental quality and to decrease the potential harmful health effects of children living in urban area.

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84. 84

    Lucchini, R.; Zimmerman, N. Lifetime cumulative exposure as a threat for neurodegeneration: need for prevention strategies on a global scale. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30, 1144– 1148,  DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.10.003

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    85

    Lifetime cumulative exposure as a threat for neurodegeneration: need for prevention strategies on a global scale

    Lucchini Roberto; Zimmerman Neil

    Neurotoxicology (2009), 30 (6), 1144-8 ISSN:.

    Exposure to neurotoxic agents represents a concern of high priority in modern society. The nervous system can compensate for the toxic effects caused by low doses, but prolonged and lifetime exposure can also lead to delayed neurodegenerative effects for very low levels. The reported frequency of neurodegenerative diseases is constantly increasing, resulting in serious negative impacts on the health of the worldwide population. Future estimates indicate that Parkinson's Disease will increase mostly in industrialized countries during the next few years. Exposure to neurotoxic agents can take place during the various phases of life, beginning from the embryonic stage. The time variable plays an important role in neurotoxicity, both in terms of exposure duration and the period of life when it occurs. Prevention and the standards necessary to achieve it are needed to avoid health effects due to lifetime exposure. Risk assessment is a fundamental requirement for risk management and related preventive policies. Therefore, the relationship between exposure and effects should consider measures of cumulative exposure, to integrate both the historical exposure and the exposure to mixed agents, and the related cumulative effects. Examples and suggestions of different metrics for lifetime and cumulative exposure are illustrated in this paper, which reflects a summary of the key note lecture presented at the 10th International Symposium on Neurobehavioral Methods and Effects in Occupational and Environmental Health of the International Commission on Occupational Health.

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85. 85

    Wu, L.; Isley, C. F.; Handley, H. K.; Taylor, M. P. Atmospheric sources of anthropogenic and geogenic trace metals in Australian lichen and fungi. Anthropocene 2021, 33, 100279  DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2021.100279

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86. 86

    Kalnicky, D. J.; Singhvi, R. Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples. J. Hazard. Mater. 2001, 83, 93– 122,  DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00330-7

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    87

    Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples

    Kalnicky, Dennis J.; Singhvi, Raj

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 83 (1-2), 93-122CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier Science B.V.)

    A review, with 61 refs., is given on on-site environmental anal. using field portable x-ray fluorescence instrumentation. One of the crit. factors for successfully conducting contamination characterization, removal, and remedial operations at hazardous waste sites is rapid and appropriate response to analyze samples in a timely fashion. Turnaround time assocd. with off-site anal. is often too slow to support efficient use of the data. Field portable x-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) techniques provide viable and effective anal. approaches to meet on-site anal. needs for many types of environmental samples. Applications include the in situ anal. of metals in soils and sediments, thin films/particulates, and lead in paint.

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87. 87

    Fry, K.; Gillings, M.; Isley, C.; Gunkel-Grillon, P.; Taylor, M. P. Trace element contamination of soil and dust by a New Caledonian ferronickel smelter: Dispersal, enrichment, and human health risk. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 288, 117593  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117593

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    88

    Trace element contamination of soil and dust by a New Caledonian ferronickel smelter: Dispersal, enrichment, and human health risk

    Fry, K. L.; Gillings, M. M.; Isley, C. F.; Gunkel-Grillon, P.; Taylor, Mark Patrick

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2021), 288 (), 117593CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Metallurgical industries remain a considerable source of trace element contamination and potential human health risk. Detn. of sources is a key challenge. With respect to the South Pacific's largest and longest operating metallurgic smelter in Noume´a, New Caledonia, detg. the environmental impact and subsequent human health risk assocd. with local ferronickel smelting is complicated by natural geol. enrichment of Ni and Cr. This study applies a multi-method and multi-matrix approach to disentangle smelter emissions from geogenic sources and model the consequent health risk from industrial activity. Dust wipes (n = 108), roadside soil (n = 91), garden soil (n = 15) and household vacuum dust (n = 39) were assessed to explore geospatial trace element (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, V and Zn) variations across outdoor and indoor environments. Enrichment factors (EF) identified elevated levels of smelter-related trace elements: S (EF = 7), Ni (EF = 6) and Cr (EF = 4), as well as Zn (EF = 4). Smelter-related elements in soil and dust deposits were neg. correlated with distance from the facility. Similarity of Pb isotopic compns. between dust wipes, surface soil and vacuum dust indicated that potentially toxic trace elements are being tracked into homes. Non-carcinogenic health risk modeling (Hazard Index, HI) based on 15 spatial nodes across Noume´a revealed widespread exceedance of tolerable risk for children (0-2 years) for Ni (HI 1.3-15.8) and Mn (HI 0.6-1.8). Risk was greatest near the smelter and to the north-west, in the direction of prevailing wind. Given the elevated cancer risk documented in New Caledonia, disentanglement of environmental from industrial sources warrants further attention to ensure community health protection. Our anal. illustrates how the confounding effects from complex environmental factors can be distd. to improve the accuracy of point source apportionment to direct future mitigation strategies.

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88. 88

    Zheng, J.; Chen, K.-h.; Yan, X.; Chen, S.-J.; Hu, G.-C.; Peng, X.-W.; Yuan, J.-g.; Mai, B.-X.; Yang, Z.-Y. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2013, 96, 205– 212,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.017

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    89

    Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health

    Zheng, Jing; Chen, Ke-hui; Yan, Xiao; Chen, She-Jun; Hu, Guo-Cheng; Peng, Xiao-Wu; Yuan, Jian-gang; Mai, Bi-Xian; Yang, Zhong-Yi

    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2013), 96 (), 205-212CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Concns. of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni) were measured in the foodstuffs, house dust, underground/drinking water, and soil from an electronic waste (e-waste) area in South China. Elevated concns. of these potentially toxic metals were obsd. in the samples but not in drinking water. The health risks for metal exposure via food consumption, dust ingestion, and drinking water were evaluated for local residents. For the av. residents in the e-waste area, the non-carcinogenic risks arise predominantly from rice (hazard index=3.3), vegetables (2.2), and house dust (1.9) for adults, while the risks for young children are dominated by house dust (15). Drinking water may provide a negligible contribution to risk. However, local residents who use groundwater as a water supply source are at high non-carcinogenic risk. The potential cancer risks from oral intake of Pb are 8×10-5 and 3×10-4 for av. adults and children, and thus groundwater would have a great potential to induce cancer (5×10-4 and 1×10-3) in a highly exposed population. The results also reveal that the risk from oral exposure is much higher than the risk from inhalation and dermal contact with house dust.

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89. 89

    Taylor, M. P.; Isley, C. F.; Glover, J. Prevalence of childhood lead poisoning and respiratory disease associated with lead smelter emissions. Environ. Int. 2019, 127, 340– 352,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.062

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    90

    Prevalence of childhood lead poisoning and respiratory disease associated with lead smelter emissions

    Taylor, Mark Patrick; Isley, Cynthia Faye; Glover, John

    Environment International (2019), 127 (), 340-352CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    This study quantifies the effect of lead and SO2 emissions from Nyrstar Port Pirie Pty Ltd's smelter on blood lead and respiratory health outcomes, resp., and establishes what air quality values are required to better protect human health. Blood lead and emergency department presentation data collected by South Australia Health (SA Health) and lead in air and SO2 data collected by the South Australian Environment Protection Authority (SAEPA) were obtained and analyzed to quantify health outcomes due to smelter emissions in Port Pirie. Regression anal. was used to assess the relationship between the concn. of lead in air and children's blood lead levels between the years of available data: 2003 to 2017. The 30-day rolling av. of respiratory presentations was significantly assocd. (p < 0.05) with incremental increases in SO2. Anal. of the relationship between lead in air and blood lead shows that annual geometric mean air lead concns. need to be <0.11μg/m3 to ensure the geometric mean blood lead of Port Pirie children under 5 years is ≤5μg/dL. Current smelting emissions continue to pose a clear risk of harm to Port Pirie children. Allowable emissions must be lowered significantly to limit adverse childhood health outcomes including respiratory illness and IQ, academic achievement and socio-behavioral problems that are assocd. with lead exposure at levels experienced by Port Pirie children.

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90. 90

    Taylor, M. P.; Isley, C. F.; Lyle, D.; Cattle, S.; Dong, C.; Juhasz, A.; Morrison, A. L., The Broken Hill Environmental Lead Challenge: Sources, Exposures and Forward Solutions . Report for the NSW EPA Broken Hill Environmental Lead Program. ISBN: 978-1-86408-844-1. 2019.

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91. 91

    Ericson, B.; Hu, H.; Nash, E.; Ferraro, G.; Sinitsky, J.; Taylor, M. P. Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Planet. Health 2021, 5, e145– e153,  DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30278-3

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92. 92

    Filippelli, G. M.; Risch, M.; Laidlaw, M. A.; Nichols, D. E.; Crewe, J.; Blum, J. D.; Long, D. Geochemical legacies and the future health of cities: A tale of two neurotoxins in urban soils Geochemical legacies and the future health of cities. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2015, 3, 1– 19,  DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000059/112727

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93. 93

    Marx, S. K.; Rashid, S.; Stromsoe, N. Global-scale patterns in anthropogenic Pb contamination reconstructed from natural archives. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 213, 283– 298,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.006

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    94

    Global-scale patterns in anthropogenic Pb contamination reconstructed from natural archives

    Marx, Samuel K.; Rashid, Shaqer; Stromsoe, Nicola

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 213 (), 283-298CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    During the past two centuries metal loads in the Earth's atm. and ecosystems have increased significantly over pre-industrial levels. This has been assocd. with deleterious effects to ecosystem processes and human health. The magnitude of this toxic metal burden, as well as the spatial and temporal patterns of metal enrichment, is recorded in sedimentary archives across the globe. This paper presents a compilation of selected Pb contamination records from lakes (n = 10), peat mires (n = 10) and ice fields (n = 7) from Europe, North and South America, Asia, Australia and the Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar regions. These records quantify changes in Pb enrichment in remote from source environments. The presence of anthropogenic Pb in the environment has a long history, extending as far back as the early to mid-Holocene in North America, Europe and East Asia. However, results show that Pb contamination in the Earth's environment became globally ubiquitous at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution (c.1850-1890 CE), after which the magnitude of Pb contamination increased significantly. This date therefore serves as an effective global marker for the onset of the Anthropocene. Current global av. Pb enrichment rates are between 6 and 35 times background, however Pb contamination loads are spatially variable. For example, they are >100 times background in Europe and North America and 5-15 times background in Antarctica. Despite a recent decline in Pb loads in some regions, most notably Europe and North America, anthropogenic Pb remains highly enriched and universally present in global ecosystems, while concns. are increasing in some regions (Australia, Asia and parts of South America and Antarctica). There is, however, a paucity of Pb enrichment records outside of Europe, which limits assessments of global contamination.

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94. 94

    Hou, S.; Zheng, N.; Tang, L.; Ji, X.; Li, Y.; Hua, X. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of human exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb pollution in urban street dust across China between 2009 and 2018. Environ. Int. 2019, 128, 430– 437,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.046

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    95

    Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of human exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb pollution in urban street dust across China between 2009 and 2018

    Hou, Shengnan; Zheng, Na; Tang, Lin; Ji, Xiaofeng; Li, Yunyang; Hua, Xiuyi

    Environment International (2019), 128 (), 430-437CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Since heavy metal pollution is widespread in street dust in China, the effects of heavy metals in street dust on human health cannot be ignored. However, studies estg. heavy metal pollution in street dust nationwide are limited. In this study, the concns. of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in street dust at 3877sites throughout China were obtained from the published scientific literature. Based on these data, the contamination levels, spatial distributions, sources and potential health risks of heavy metals in street dust were comprehensively estd. The results revealed that Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb levels are generally higher in the southeast provinces than in northwest China. In addn., traffic emissions and industrial activities are detd. to be the two main sources of heavy metal pollution in street dust. The health risk assessment indicated that ingestion is the most important pathway of exposure to metal pollution in street dust for both children and adults, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The spatial distribution of health risks suggested that the health risks are more serious in southeast China than in northwest China. The noncarcinogenic risks posed by Pb are relatively higher than those posed by the other three metals for both children and adults. Meanwhile, none of the hazard index (HI) values exceeded the safe level (1.0), with the exception of Pb in Daye city for children (HI = 1.074). The HI values for children were higher than those for adults. Therefore, children should be prioritized for protection from heavy metal pollution.

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95. 95

    Wu, L.; Taylor, M. P.; Handley, H. K.; Wu, M. Australian atmospheric lead deposition reconstructed using lead concentrations and isotopic compositions of archival lichen and fungi. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 208, 678– 687,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.046

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    96

    Australian atmospheric lead deposition reconstructed using lead concentrations and isotopic compositions of archival lichen and fungi

    Wu, Liqin; Taylor, Mark Patrick; Handley, Heather K.; Wu, Michael

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 208 (Part_B), 678-687CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Lead concns. and their isotopic compns. were measured in lichen genera Cladonia and Usnea and fungi genus Trametes from the Greater Sydney region (New South Wales, Australia) that had been collected and archived over the past 120 years. The median lead contents were elevated in lichens and fungi prior to the introduction of leaded petrol (Cladonia 12.5 mg/kg; Usnea 15.6 mg/kg; Trametes 1.85 mg/kg) corresponding to early industrial development. During the use of leaded petrol for automobiles in Australia from 1932 to 2002, total median lead concns. rose: Cladonia 18.8 mg/kg; Usnea 21.5 mg/kg; Trametes 4.3 mg/kg. Following the cessation of leaded petrol use, median total lead concns. decreased sharply in the 2000s: Cladonia 4.8 mg/kg; Usnea 1.7 mg/kg. The lichen and fungi isotopic compns. reveal a significant decrease in 206Pb/207Pb values from the end of 19th century to the 1970s. The following decades were characterised by lower allowable levels of lead additive in fuel and the introduction of unleaded petrol in 1985. The environmental response to these regulatory changes was that lichen and fungi 206Pb/207Pb values increased, particularly from 1995 onwards. Although the lead isotope ratios of lichens continued to increase in the 2000s they do not return to pre-leaded petrol values. This demonstrates that historic leaded petrol emissions, inter alia other sources, remain a persistent source of anthropogenic contamination in the Greater Sydney region.

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96. 96

    Zhou, X.; Taylor, M. P.; Davies, P. J.; Prasad, S. Identifying sources of environmental contamination in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) using trace elements and lead isotopic compositions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 991– 1001,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04084

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    97

    Identifying Sources of Environmental Contamination in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Using Trace Elements and Lead Isotopic Compositions

    Zhou, Xiaoteng; Taylor, Mark Patrick; Davies, Peter J.; Prasad, Shiva

    Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (3), 991-1001CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Trace element concns. (As, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and Pb isotopic compns. were analyzed in honey bees, wax, and honey along with co-located soil and dust samples from Sydney metropolitan and Broken Hill, Australia. Compared with the other trace elements, Pearson correlations show that Pb concns. in soil and dust had the strongest relationship to corresponding values in honey bees and their products. Dust Pb was not only highly correlated to corresponding soil values (r = 0.806, p = 0.005), it was the strongest predictor of Pb concns. in honey bees, wax, and honey (p = 0.001, 0.007, 0.017, resp.). Lead isotopic compns. (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb) showed that honey bees and their products from Broken Hill were nearly identical (95-98%) to the compn. of the local ore body. Samples of honey bees and their products collected from background sites adjacent to national parks in Sydney had Pb isotopic compns. (206Pb/207Pb = 1.138-1.159, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.417-2.435) corresponding to local geogenic values (206Pb/207Pb = 1.123-1.176, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.413-2.500). By contrast, honey bees and their products from Sydney metropolitan (206Pb/207Pb = 1.081-1.126, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.352-2.408) were similar to aerosols measured during the period of leaded petrol use (206Pb/207Pb = 1.067-1.148, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.341-2.410). These measurements show Pb concns. and its isotopic compns. of honey bees, and their products can be used to trace both legacy and contemporary environmental contamination, particularly where sources are well documented. Moreover, this study demonstrates that legacy Pb emissions continue to be remobilized in dust, contaminating both food and ecol. systems.

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97. 97

    Isley, C. F.; Liu, X.; Fry, K.; Gillings, M. M.; Taylor, M. P. Data for modelling vegetable uptake of trace metals in soil for the VegeSafe program. Data Brief 2021, 107151  DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107151

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    98

    Data for modelling vegetable uptake of trace metals in soil for the VegeSafe program

    Isley Cynthia F; Liu Xiaochi; Fry Kara L; Gillings Max M; Taylor Mark Patrick; Liu Xiaochi

    Data in brief (2021), 37 (), 107151 ISSN:.

    Here we detail the soil to vegetable transfer factor (uptake) data and calculation procedures for vegetable trace metal uptake estimation that are presented in Taylor et al. (2021). Firstly, we present the literature review of trace metal uptake data, describing uptake from soil to vegetable produce determined in global experimental studies. After selecting the uptake factors most applicable to the VegeSafe dataset, using similar soil trace metal concentrations and studies that consider only the edible parts of plants, we applied these uptake factors to VegeSafe soils. Using this approach, we were able to estimate trace metal concentrations in home grown produce across the 3,609 homes included in our VegeSafe study. Using Australian and global food standards, we calculated the soil trace metal concentrations that would potentially result in exceedance of Australian and global food safety criteria. Our process followed the method detailed in the Australian soil guidelines (NEPM, 2013). Also presented are the numbers of individual samples and vegetable gardens that are likely to exceed food safety criteria in the three largest cities of Australia: Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Individual household vegetable garden trace metal uptake data were aggregated across standarised geographic areas (Statistical Area Level 3) as established by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to visualise the geospatial distribution of potential trace metal risk from home produce. These modelled data provide the basis for prioritising locations, trace metals and soils for future empirically-based studies of trace metal contamination in home-grown produce.

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98. 98

    Kennedy, P.; Sutherland, S. Urban Sources of Copper, Lead and Zinc. Auckland Regional Council Technical Report 2008/023 , 2008. http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/technicalpublications/TR2008_023%20-%20Urban%20sources%20of%20copper,%20lead%20and%20zinc.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.

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99. 99

    California Stormwater Quality Association Zinc sources in California urban runoff; 2015. https://www.casqa.org/sites/default/files/library/technical-reports/zinc_sources_in_california_urban_runoff.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.

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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
100. 100

     Filippelli, G. M.; Taylor, M. P. Addressing pollution-related global environmental health burdens. GeoHealth 2018, 2, 2– 5,  DOI: 10.1002/2017GH000119

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     101

     Addressing Pollution-Related Global Environmental Health Burdens

     Filippelli Gabriel M; Filippelli Gabriel M; Taylor Mark P

     GeoHealth (2018), 2 (1), 2-5 ISSN:.

     New analyses are revealing the scale of pollution on global health, with a disproportionate share of the impact borne by lower-income nations, minority and marginalized individuals. Common themes emerge on the drivers of this pollution impact, including a lack of regulation and its enforcement, research and expertise development, and innovative funding mechanisms for mitigation. Creative approaches need to be developed and applied to address and overcome these obstacles. The existing "business as usual" modus operandi continues to externalize human health costs related to pollution, which exerts a negative influence on global environmental health.

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101. 101

     Filippelli, G. M.; Adamic, J.; Nichols, D.; Shukle, J.; Frix, E. Mapping the urban lead exposome: A detailed analysis of soil metal concentrations at the household scale using citizen science. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1531,  DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071531

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     102

     Mapping the urban lead exposome: a detailed analysis of soil metal concentrations at the household scale using citizen science

     Filippelli, Gabriel M.; Adamic, Jessica; Nichols, Deborah; Shukle, John; Frix, Emeline

     International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2018), 15 (7), 1531/1-1531/11CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. (MDPI AG)

     An ambitious citizen science effort in the city of Indianapolis (IN, USA) led to the collection and anal. of a large no. of samples at the property scale, facilitating the anal. of differences in soil metal concns. as a function of property location (i.e., dripline, yard, and street) and location within the city. This effort indicated that dripline soils had substantially higher values of lead and zinc than other soil locations on a given property, and this pattern was heightened in properties nearer the urban core. Soil lead values typically exceeded the levels deemed safe for children's play areas in the United States (<400 ppm), and almost always exceeded safe gardening guidelines (<200 ppm). As a whole, this study identified locations within properties and cities that exhibited the highest exposure risk to children, and also exhibited the power of citizen science to produce data at a spatial scale (i.e., within a property boundary), which is usually impossible to feasibly collect in a typical research study.

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102. 102

     Naccarato, A.; Tassone, A.; Cavaliere, F.; Elliani, R.; Pirrone, N.; Sprovieri, F.; Tagarelli, A.; Giglio, A. Agrochemical treatments as a source of heavy metals and rare earth elements in agricultural soils and bioaccumulation in ground beetles. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 749, 141438  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141438

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     103

     Agrochemical treatments as a source of heavy metals and rare earth elements in agricultural soils and bioaccumulation in ground beetles

     Naccarato, Attilio; Tassone, Antonella; Cavaliere, Francesco; Elliani, Rosangela; Pirrone, Nicola; Sprovieri, Francesca; Tagarelli, Antonio; Giglio, Anita

     Science of the Total Environment (2020), 749 (), 141438CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

     The continuous and extensive application of agrochems. leads to the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in agricultural soils and their transfer in the food web with consequent relevant risks for human and ecosystem health. In this study, HM and REE concns. were quantified in the soil of wheat crop fields conventionally managed in the agricultural areas of Sila Mountain (Southern Italy) and compared with the concn. in a field of wild herbs, used as control. Statistical analyses and principal component anal. suggested that the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers contributes to the accumulation of HMs and REEs in the soil. Different accumulation patterns were recorded in treated fields as a consequence of the type and amt. of agrochem. used and the crop rotation. The exposure risk assocd. with the transfer through the tropic levels of agroecosystem was carried out measuring the concn. of HMs and REEs in adults of Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) rufipes (De Geer, 1774) collected from each monitored site. Different accumulation patterns found in specimens from the monitored sites highlighted the ability of this generalist predator to regulate metal uptake under field conditions. The values of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) allow to defining the order of accumulation in P. rufipes which was classified as a macroconcentrator of Cd, Cu, Mg and Zn. Our results can supplement the limited information regarding the REE accumulation in soil invertebrates and may provide ref. data for assessing potential environmental risks in croplands.

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103. 103

     Hunt, A.; Johnson, D. L.; Griffith, D. A. Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 370, 360– 371,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.013

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     104

     Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear

     Hunt, Andrew; Johnson, David L.; Griffith, Daniel A.

     Science of the Total Environment (2006), 370 (2-3), 360-371CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Inadvertent soil ingestion, esp. by young children, can be an important route of exposure for many environmental contaminants. The introduction of exterior soil into the interior environment is a significant element of the exposure pathway. The unintentional collection of outside soil on footwear followed by subsequent deposition indoors is a principal route of soil ingress. Here we have investigated likely rates of dry and wet soil deposition on indoor hard surface flooring as a result of mass transfer from soiled footwear. In this pilot study, testing involved both single track-in events (with deposition resulting from a single progression of transfer steps) and multiple tracking actions (with deposition and dispersion resulting from repeated transfer steps). Based on soil mass recovery from the floor surface it was found that any contamination introduced by one-time track-in events was of limited spatial extent. In contrast, under repeated tracking conditions, with multiple soil incursions, widespread floor surface contamination was possible. Soil mass recovery was accomplished by brushing, by vacuum cleaner removal and by wet wiping. All the clean-up methods operated imperfectly and failed to remove all initially deposited soil. The level of floor surface soiling that resulted from the track-in tests, and the incomplete clean-up strongly suggest that under unrestricted transfer conditions rapid accumulation and dispersal of soil on indoor flooring is likely.

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104. 104

     Saby, N.; Thioulouse, J.; Jolivet, C.; Ratié, C.; Boulonne, L.; Bispo, A.; Arrouays, D. Multivariate analysis of the spatial patterns of 8 trace elements using the French soil monitoring network data. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 5644– 5652,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.002

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     105

     Multivariate analysis of the spatial patterns of 8 trace elements using the French soil monitoring network data

     Saby, N. P. A.; Thioulouse, J.; Jolivet, C. C.; Ratie, C.; Boulonne, L.; Bispo, A.; Arrouays, D.

     Science of the Total Environment (2009), 407 (21), 5644-5652CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

     Geostatistical and spatially constrained multivariate anal. methods (MULTISPATI-PCA) have been applied at the scale of France to differentiate the influence of natural background from the pollution due to human activities on the content of 8 trace elements in the topsoil. The results of MULTISPATI-PCA evidence strong spatial structures attributed to different natural and artificial processes. The first axis can be interpreted as an axis of global richness in trace elements. Axis 2 reflects geochem. anomalies in Tl and Pb. Axis 3 exhibits on one hand natural pedogeogenic anomalies and on the other hand, it shows high values attributable to anthropogenic contamination. Finally, axis 4 is driven by anthropogenic copper contamination. At the French territory scale, we show that the main factors controlling trace elements distribution in the topsoil are soil texture, variations in parent material geol. and weathering, and various anthropogenic sources.

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105. 105

     Davis, H. T.; Aelion, C. M.; McDermott, S.; Lawson, A. B. Identifying natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in urban and rural soils using GIS-based data, PCA, and spatial interpolation. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 2378– 2385,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.021

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     106

     Identifying natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in urban and rural soils using GIS-based data, PCA, and spatial interpolation

     Davis, Harley T.; Marjorie Aelion, C.; McDermott, Suzanne; Lawson, Andrew B.

     Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2009), 157 (8-9), 2378-2385CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Detg. sources of neurotoxic metals in rural and urban soils is important for mitigating human exposure. Surface soil from four areas with significant clusters of mental retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) in children, and one control site were analyzed for nine metals and characterized by soil type, climate, ecol. region, land use and industrial facilities using readily available GIS-based data. Kriging, principal component anal. (PCA) and cluster anal. (CA) were used to identify commonalities of metal distribution. Three MR/DD areas (one rural and two urban) had similar soil types and significantly higher soil metal concns. PCA and CA results suggested that Ba, Be and Mn were consistently from natural sources; Pb and Hg from anthropogenic sources; and As, Cr, Cu, and Ni from both sources. Arsenic had low commonality ests., was highly assocd. with a third PCA factor, and had a complex distribution, complicating mitigation strategies to minimize concns. and exposures. GIS-based data, principal component and cluster anal. identified complex distributions of metals in soils in areas with clusters of mental retardation and developmental delay.

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106. 106

     Reis, A.; Costa, S.; Santos, I.; Patinha, C.; Noack, Y.; Wragg, J.; Cave, M.; Sousa, A. Investigating relationships between biomarkers of exposure and environmental copper and manganese levels in house dusts from a Portuguese industrial city. Environ. Geochem. Health 2015, 37, 725– 744,  DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9724-x

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     107

     Investigating relationships between biomarkers of exposure and environmental copper and manganese levels in house dusts from a Portuguese industrial city

     Reis, A. P.; Costa, S.; Santos, I.; Patinha, C.; Noack, Y.; Wragg, J.; Cave, M.; Sousa, A. J.

     Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2015), 37 (4), 725-744CODEN: EGHEE3; ISSN:0269-4042. (Springer)

     This study reports on data obtained from a pilot survey focusing on house dust and toenail metal(loids) concns. in residents living in the industrial city of Estarreja. The study design hereby described aims at investigating relationships between human toenails and both copper and manganese levels in settled house dusts. A total of 21 households and 30 individuals were recruited for the pilot study: 19 households corresponding to 27 residents living near the industrial complex, forming the exposed group, plus 2 households and 3 residents from residential areas with no anticipated environmental contaminants that were used for comparison. Factorial anal. was used for source identification purposes. Investigation on the potential influence of environmental factors over copper and manganese levels in the toenails was carried out via questionnaire data and multiple correspondence anal. The results show that copper concns. are more elevated in the indoor dusts, while manganese concns. are more elevated in the outdoor dust samples. The geometrical relationships in the datasets suggest that the backyard soil is a probable source of manganese to the indoor dust. Copper and manganese contents in the toenail clippings are more elevated in children than in adults, but the difference between the two age groups is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Investigation of environmental factors influencing the exposure-biomarker assocn. indicates a probable relationship between manganese contents in indoor dust and manganese levels in toenail clippings, a result that is partially supported by the bioaccessibility ests. However, for copper, no relationship was found between indoor dusts and the biomarkers of exposure.

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107. 107

     Morgan, J. J. Manganese in Natural Waters and Earth’s Crust: Its Availability to Organisms. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems; CRC Press, 2000; Vol. 37, pp 1– 34.

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     There is no corresponding record for this reference.
108. 108

     Lottermoser, B. G. Natural enrichment of topsoils with chromium and other heavy metals, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. Soil Res. 1997, 35, 1165– 1176,  DOI: 10.1071/S96108

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     109

     Natural enrichment of topsoils with chromium and other heavy metals, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia

     Lottermoser, Bernd G.

     Australian Journal of Soil Research (1997), 35 (5), 1165-1176CODEN: ASORAB; ISSN:0004-9573. (CSIRO)

     Total heavy metal concns. Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were detd. in surface soil samples from Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. Composite topsoil samples (0-10 cm depth) had mean values (per kg) of 13 mg Co, 1020 mg Cr, 59 mg Cu, 136.7 g Fe, 719 mg Mn, 149 mg Ni, 20 mg Pb, and 47 mg Zn. The topsoils were generally characterized by a low pH (3.8-5.2) and a mineralogy dominated by hematite, magnetite, quartz, and kaolinite. Chromium was predominantly present in the topsoils as Cr3+ in microcryst. chromite (FeCr2O4) and, to a lesser degree, in kaolinite and haematite. Differences in Cr soil concns. with depth were due to variations in the relative abundance of the various soil components, rather than Cr3+ mobility within the soil profile. The elevated heavy metal concns. are the result of soil development over metal-rich bedrock (serpentinite matrix melange) and assocd. enrichment of relatively immobile elements (Cr, Fe, Ni) in the residual soil profile. The ANZECC and NH&MRC (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and National Health & Medical Research Council) environmental investigation limits were exceeded for 100% of the sample sites for Cr, 47% for Cu, 61% for Mn, and 58% for Ni.

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109. 109

     Guieu, C.; Duce, R.; Arimoto, R. Dissolved input of manganese to the ocean: Aerosol source. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1994, 99, 18789– 18800,  DOI: 10.1029/94JD01120

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110. 110

     Kraepiel, A.; Dere, A.; Herndon, E. M.; Brantley, S. L. Natural and anthropogenic processes contributing to metal enrichment in surface soils of central Pennsylvania. Biogeochemistry 2015, 123, 265– 283,  DOI: 10.1007/s10533-015-0068-5

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     111

     Natural and anthropogenic processes contributing to metal enrichment in surface soils of central Pennsylvania

     Kraepiel, A. M. L.; Dere, A. L.; Herndon, E. M.; Brantley, S. L.

     Biogeochemistry (2015), 123 (1-2), 265-283CODEN: BIOGEP; ISSN:0168-2563. (Springer)

     Metals in soils may pos. or neg. affect plants as well as soil micro-organisms and mesofauna, depending on their abundance and bioavailability. Atm. deposition and biol. uplift commonly result in metal enrichment in surface soils, but the relative importance of these processes is not always resolved. Here, we used an integrated approach to study the cycling of phosphorus and a suite of metals from the soil to the canopy (and back) in a temperate watershed. The behavior of elements in these surface soils fell into three categories. First, Al, Fe, V, Co, and Cr showed little to no enrichment in the top soil layers, and their concns. were detd. primarily by soil prodn. fluxes with little influence of either atm. inputs or biol. activity. Second, P, Cu, Zn and Cd were moderately enriched in surface soils due to a combination of atm. deposition and biol. uplift. Among the metals we studied, Cu, Zn and Cd concns. in surface soils were the most sensitive to changes in atm. deposition fluxes. Finally, Mo and Mn showed strong enrichment in the top soil layer that could not be explained strictly by either current atm. deposition or biol. recycling processes, but may reflect both their unique chem. and remnants of past anthropogenic fluxes. Mn has a long residence time in the soil partly due to intense biol. uplift that retains Mn in the top soil layer. Mo, in spite of the high soly. of molybdate, remains in the soil because of strong binding to natural org. matter. This study demonstrates the need to consider simultaneously the vegetation and the soils to understand elemental distribution within soil profiles as well as cycling within watersheds.

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111. 111

     Isley, C. F.; Taylor, M. P. Atmospheric remobilization of natural and anthropogenic contaminants during wildfires. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 267, 115400  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115400

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     112

     Atmospheric remobilization of natural and anthropogenic contaminants during wildfires

     Isley, Cynthia Faye; Taylor, Mark Patrick

     Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 267 (), 115400CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Globally, wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity, exposing populations to toxic trace elements stored within forests. Trace element and Pb isotope compns. in aerosols (n = 87) from four major wildfires near Sydney, Australia (1994-2004) were evaluated (Mood's median test) to det. any significant differences in concn. before, during or after wildfires. The US EPA's pos. matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to distinguish a wildfire-related particulate source factor. Atm. concns. of Cd and Mn were approx. 2.5 times higher during fire periods. PMF modeling distinguished a soil factor (Ca, Si, Ti and Zn) and an anthropogenically-sourced factor (Cd, Pb). The Cd, Pb anthropogenic factor was present at twice the concn. during wildfire periods (compared to before or after). Lead isotopic analyses of aerosols revealed that former leaded gasoline depositions were subject to remobilization during post-2000 wildfire periods. Trace element increases during wildfires are unlikely to exceed health-based criteria.

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112. 112

     Howe, P.; Malcolm, H.; Dobson, S. Manganese and Its Compounds: Environmental Aspects; World Health Organization, 2004; 9241530634.

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     There is no corresponding record for this reference.
113. 113

     Cohen, D. D.; Atanacio, A. J.; Stelcer, E.; Garton, D. Sydney Particle Characterisation Study ; 2016. https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/air/regional-air-quality/sydney-particle-characterisation-study. Accessed 4 March 2020.

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     There is no corresponding record for this reference.
114. 114

     Hibberd, M.; Selleck, P.; Keywood, M.; Cohen, D.; Stelcer, E.; Atanacio, A. Upper Hunter Valley Particle Characterization Study ; 2013. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/aqms/uhaqmnfpcs.htm. Accessed 7th November 2016.

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     There is no corresponding record for this reference.
115. 115

     Moreno, T.; Pandolfi, M.; Querol, X.; Lavín, J.; Alastuey, A.; Viana, M.; Gibbons, W. Manganese in the urban atmosphere: identifying anomalous concentrations and sources. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2011, 18, 173– 183,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0353-8

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     116

     Manganese in the urban atmosphere: identifying anomalous concentrations and sources

     Moreno, Teresa; Pandolfi, Marco; Querol, Xavier; Lavin, Javier; Alastuey, Andres; Viana, Mar; Gibbons, Wes

     Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2011), 18 (2), 173-183CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)

     Purpose Industrial emissions can raise urban background levels of inhalable Mn particles in an order of magnitude above normal, eclipsing the contribution made by natural sources and traffic. Methods The source of such emissions can be identified using a multidisciplinary approach which integrates ICP-MS chem. analyses of PM10 and PM2.5 samples with pos. matrix factorization source apportionment modeling, SEM and meteorol. data. Results We apply this methodol. to data from Santander (N Spain), where morning Mn-bearing industrial contamination sourcing from the SW is returned towards the city by afternoon NE sea breezes. This wind direction reversal carries the industrial pollution plume inland, detectably raising urban background levels of MnPM10 in the town of Torrelavega 20 km away. Industrially sourced daily urban background Mn levels at Santander reach >1,000 ng/m3, av. >150 ng/m3. Conclusions We demonstrate the anomalous nature of such concns. by comparing them with >2,500 PM10 chem. analyses of ambient PM10 from other sites in Spain which show how current background Mn levels in urban air typically av. only 10 ng/m3, rising to 20-25 ng/m3 in city traffic sites. Daily levels of atm. Mn PM10 only rarely exceed 50 ng/m3, usually during desert dust intrusions which, in extreme cases (such as Canary Islands "calima" events from Africa) can produce Mn concns. of 100-125 ng/m3.

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116. 116

     Bailey, L. A.; Kerper, L. E.; Goodman, J. E. Derivation of an occupational exposure level for manganese in welding fumes. Neurotoxicology 2018, 64, 166– 176,  DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.009

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     117

     Derivation of an occupational exposure level for manganese in welding fumes

     Bailey, Lisa A.; Kerper, Laura E.; Goodman, Julie E.

     NeuroToxicology (2018), 64 (), 166-176CODEN: NRTXDN; ISSN:0161-813X. (Elsevier Inc.)

     Exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) in occupational settings is known to lead to adverse neurol. effects. Since Mn is an essential nutrient, there are mechanisms that maintain its homeostatic control in the body, and there is some level of Mn in air that does not perturb Mn homeostasis. However, the Mn exposure concns. at which no adverse effects are expected in occupational settings vary considerably across regulatory agencies. We set out to derive a Mn Occupational Exposure Level (OEL) for welders based on a review of studies that evaluated Mn exposure concns. from welding fumes and: (1) neurol. effects in welders; (2) levels of Mn in the brains of welders (via pallidal index [PI] estd. from magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); (3) other biomarkers of Mn exposure in welders (i.e., blood and urine); and (4) Mn brain concns., PI, and corresponding neurol. effects in non-human primates. Our anal. suggests uncertainty in quantifying dose-response assocns. for Mn from many of the occupational welding studies. The few welding studies that adequately est. exposure suggest a possible OEL of 100-140μg/m3 for respirable Mn. This range is consistent with other epidemiol. studies, studies of biomarkers of Mn exposure in welders, and with studies in non-human primates, though future studies could provide a stronger basis for deriving a Mn occupational guideline for welders.

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117. 117

     Bolté, S.; Normandin, L.; Kennedy, G.; Zayed, J. Human exposure to respirable manganese in outdoor and indoor air in urban and rural areas. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2004, 67, 459– 467,  DOI: 10.1080/15287390490276485

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     118

     Human exposure to respirable manganese in outdoor and indoor air in urban and rural areas

     Bolte, Sebastien; Normandin, Louise; Kennedy, Greg; Zayed, Joseph

     Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A (2004), 67 (6), 459-467CODEN: JTEHF8; ISSN:1528-7394. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)

     Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used as a gasoline additive; its combustion leads to Mn particle emissions which increase atm. metal concns. This study detd. the level of outdoor and indoor respirable Mn (MnR) in Montreal, Canada, where MMT has been used since 1976. Ten women were involved in this study: 5 lived in an urban area near an expressway with high traffic d., and 5 resided in a rural area characterized by low traffic d. Outdoor and indoor air samples were collected weekly (n = 5) for 3 consecutive days; blood samples were collected at the end of the air sampling period. Av. concns. of outdoor MnR in the urban area was 0.025 μg/m3, significantly different from the av. of 0.005 μg/m3 in the rural area. Av. indoor MnR concn. was also significantly different between urban (0.017 μg/m3) and rural areas (0.007 μg/m4). Av. outdoor MnR concns. were not significantly different from av. MnR indoor concns. within both areas. Mean blood Mn concns. were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Results suggested a high outdoor atm. MnR concn. leads to a high indoor MnR concn., but not to an increase in blood Mn levels.

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118. 118

     Cohen, D.; Gulson, B.; Davis, J. M.; Stelcer, E.; Garton, D.; Hawas, O.; Taylor, A. Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 6885– 6896,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.006

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     119

     Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment

     Cohen, D. D.; Gulson, B. L.; Davis, J. M.; Stelcer, E.; Garton, D.; Hawas, O.; Taylor, A.

     Atmospheric Environment (2005), 39 (36), 6885-6896CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Using a combination of accelerator-based ion beam methods we have analyzed PM2.5 particulates for a suite of 21 species (H, C, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb) to evaluate the contribution to Sydney (New South Wales, Australia) air assocd. with the introduction of MMT as a replacement for lead. MMT was discontinued in 2004. Teflon filters representing continuous sampling for a 7 yr period from 1998 to 2004 were analyzed from two sites: one from Mascot, a suburb close to the Central Business District [CBD (n = 718 )] and a high trafficked area, and the other, a relatively rural (background) setting at Richmond, ∼20 km west of the CBD (n = 730). Manganese concns. in air at the background site increased from a mean of 1.5-1.6 ng m-3 to less than 2 ng m-3 at the time of greatest MMT use whereas those at Mascot increased from about 2 to 5 ng m-3. From the max. values, the Mn showed a steady decrease at both sites concomitant with the decreasing use of MMT. Lead concns. in air at both sites decreased from 1998 onwards, concomitant with the phase out of leaded gasoline, attained in 2002. Employing previously detd. elemental signatures it was possible to adjust effects from season along with auto emissions and soil. A high correlation was obtained for the relationship between Mn in air and lead replacement gasoline use (R2 0.83) and an improved correlation for Mn/ Al + Si + K and lead replacement gasoline use (R2 0.93). In addn., using Mn concns. normalized to background values of Al + Si + K or Ti to account for the lithogenically derived Mn, the proportion of anthropogenic Mn was approx. 70%. The changes for Mn and Pb detected in the particulates are attributed to the before-during-after use of MMT and decreasing use of lead in gasoline. The values measured in Sydney air are well below the ref. concn. of 50 ng Mn m-3. The incremental increases in air, however, are larger than expected given the limited use of MMT only in lead replacement gasoline and high quality monitoring should be undertaken in countries where MMT is used in all gasoline.

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119. 119

     Monzier, M.; Robin, C.; Eissen, J.-P.; Cotten, J. Geochemistry vs. seismo-tectonics along the volcanic New Hebrides Central Chain (Southwest Pacific). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1997, 78, 1– 29,  DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00006-1

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     120

     Geochemistry vs. seismo-tectonics along the volcanic New Hebrides Central Chain (Southwest Pacific)

     Monzier, Michel; Robin, Claude; Eissen, Jean-Philippe; Cotten, Jo

     Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (1997), 78 (1-2), 1-29CODEN: JVGRDQ; ISSN:0377-0273. (Elsevier)

     Compositional variations (major- and trace-element) of Pleistocene-Present rocks along the volcanic New Hebrides Central Chain (Southwest Pacific) are discussed, using a new set of analyses. We focus in particular on the anomalous Mg-, K-, LILE- and LREE-rich and Al- and Si-poor character of the basalts from Aoba and Santa Maria volcanoes (and, to a lesser extent, from Ambrym volcano), all located in the area where the D'Entrecasteaux Zone collides with the arc. In addn., we note a compositional transition from 'normal' arc basalts to boninite-related high-Mg andesites at the southern termination of the NHCC. The peculiar compn. of the rocks of the volcanoes facing the D'Entrecasteaux Zone has traditionally been related, more or less directly, to the collision-subduction occurring in this area. We present an alternative hypothesis, of a strong geochem. anomaly under Santa Maria and Aoba volcanoes, unrelated to this collision. In this model, a westward and upward invasion of DUPAL-type enriched mantle, corroborated by the pattern of intermediate seismicity, occurs under this part of the arc, in strong contrast to the usual Pacific-type MORB mantle source present under all other volcanoes of the NHCC. Such a DUPAL-type source may explain the anomalous geochem. of the resulting volcanic products.

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120. 120

     SLN FNS: a promising construction material for the Pacific Region. Le Nickel-SLN ; 2017. https://www.cerib.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/publication-sln.pdf Accessed 16th March 2021.

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121. 121

     Economou-Eliopoulos, M.; Megremi, I.; Vasilatos, C. Factors controlling the heterogeneous distribution of Cr(VI) in soil, plants and groundwater: Evidence from the Assopos basin, Greece. Geochemistry 2011, 71, 39– 52,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemer.2011.01.001

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122. 122

     Edlich, R.; Winters, K. L.; Long, W. B., III Treated wood preservatives linked to aquatic damage, human illness, and death─a societal problem. J. Long-Term Eff. Med. Implants 2005, 15, 209– 224,  DOI: 10.1615/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v15.i2.80

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     123

     Treated wood preservatives linked to aquatic damage, human illness, and death--a societal problem

     Edlich Richard F; Winters Kathryne L; Long William B 3rd

     Journal of long-term effects of medical implants (2005), 15 (2), 209-23 ISSN:1050-6934.

     On February 12, 2002, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a voluntary decision by industry to move consumer use of treated lumber products away from a variety of pressure-treated wood that contains arsenate (As) by December 31, 2003, in favor of new alternative wood preservatives. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a chemical mixture consisting of three pesticidal compounds (As, chromium, and copper) registered for wood preservative uses. CCA is injected into wood by a process that uses high pressure to saturate wood products with the chemical. Only people who have received the proper safety training should use CCA to treat wood products. Around the home, CCA-treated wood is commonly used for decks, walkways, fences, gazebos, boat docks, and playground equipment. Other common uses of CCA-treated wood include highway noise barriers, sign posts, utility posts, and retaining walls. As of January 1, 2004, the EPA is no longer allowing CCA products to be used to treat wood intended for any of these residential uses. This decision will facilitate the voluntary transition to new alternative wood preservatives that do not contain As in both the manufacturing and retail sectors. To its credit, the EPA has developed consumer safety information sheets, hanging signs, end signs, and bin stickers that provide comprehensive information about the dangers of CCA-treated wood, use-site, and handling precautions. The EPA has not concluded that CCA-treated wood poses any unreasonable risk to the public or the environment. Nevertheless, As is a known human carcinogen and, thus, the EPA believes that any reduction in the levels of potential exposure to As is desirable. The toxicologic manifestations have been primarily related to the effects of As exposure from drinking water sources and include the following: acute poisoning incidents, cardiovascular effects, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Understanding the biomethylation of As is central to elucidating its action as a toxin and a carcinogen. In humans as in many other species, inorganic As is enzymatically converted to the methylated products methyl As (MAs) and dimethyl As (DMAs). The aforementioned voluntary agreement to reduce the uses of CCA-treated wood does not include a ban on the use of CCA for residential roofing. A major reason that this wood product should be banned from residential roofing is that it does not provide a Class "A" fire-rated roof system, which markedly reduce the frequency of residential roof fires.

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123. 123

     Koyuncu, M. An kinetic study for wool fabrics chromium dyeing using the PEK Model/Studiu cinetic al vopsirii cu crom a tesaturilor din lâna utilizând modelul PEK. Ind. Text. 2015, 66, 340

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     124

     An kinetic study for wool fabrics chromium dyeing using the PEK Model

     Koyuncu, Menderes

     Industria Textila (Bucharest, Romania) (2015), 66 (6), 340-343CODEN: IDTEFJ; ISSN:1222-5347. (Editura "Certex" Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie)

     Chromium dyeing kinetic on wool fabrics using the PEK model has been studied. The adsorption of the dye on to wool fabric was analyzed by fitting the exptl. data by means of the PEK model. The dyeing expts. are carried out using liquor-to materials ratio of 25:1 in a sealed stainless steel dyebath housed. PEK model is proposed that describes the dye exhaustion at different time. Recently, the math. equation of the PEK model is used to interpret the exptl. data in terms of kinetic parameters of the dye mols. With the PEK model, the adsorption kinetics is composed of two exponential terms which represent fast and slow processes, with their own characteristic times and soln. of dye contents. The results show that the theor. ests. are in reasonable agreement with exptl. data with higher av. regression coeffs.

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124. 124

     Martin, A. P.; Turnbull, R. E.; Rattenbury, M. S.; Cohen, D. R.; Hoogewerff, J.; Rogers, K. M.; Baisden, W. T.; Christie, A. B. The regional geochemical baseline soil survey of southern New Zealand: Design and initial interpretation. J. Geochem. Explor. 2016, 167, 70– 82,  DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.05.009

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     125

     The regional geochemical baseline soil survey of southern New Zealand: Design and initial interpretation

     Martin, A. P.; Turnbull, R. E.; Rattenbury, M. S.; Cohen, D. R.; Hoogewerff, J.; Rogers, K. M.; Baisden, W. T.; Christie, A. B.

     Journal of Geochemical Exploration (2016), 167 (), 70-82CODEN: JGCEAT; ISSN:0375-6742. (Elsevier B.V.)

     A multivariate geochem. baseline survey of soils from southern New Zealand has been completed. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 30 cm 'A-depth' and 50-70 cm 'B-depth' at 348 sites on an 8 km-spaced grid covering 40,000 km2 of the Southland and southern Otago regions. The sub-180 μm fraction of all samples was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following aqua regia (partial) digestion for 65 elements, and by Leco CS320 element analyzer for total C and S. Sub-sets of the samples were analyzed by XRF for 12 oxides/elements. Significant chem. variation in the soil samples can be linked to variations in source geol., soil type, climate and topog. Relatively high concns. of certain elements (e.g. S, P, Pb, Hg, Cd), particularly in the A-depth, are attributed to anthropogenic sources such as fertilisers, paints, vehicle emissions or industrial emissions. Other elevated element concns., esp. those in B-depth samples, are probably natural with high As, Bi, Sb and W reflecting proximity to Au mineralization, Pt and Re near PGE mineralization, and accumulation of heavy mineral-assocd. elements such as Cr in alluvium-derived soils related to the effects of both source material and hydraulic effects on flood plains. This study provides an important baseline that will benefit government, environmental, agricultural, forestry and mining sectors through improved regulatory guidelines and understanding of the regional geochem. landscape. This survey design, with minimal modification, is suitable for a national geochem. baseline survey for New Zealand.

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125. 125

     Robinson, B.; Clothier, B.; Bolan, N.; Mahimairaja, S.; Greven, M.; Moni, C.; Marchetti, M.; Van den Dijssel, C.; Milne, G. Arsenic in the New Zealand environment ; 2004. http://www.regional.org.au/au/pdf/asssi/supersoil2004/1418_robinsonb.pdf. Accessed 18th February 2021.

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126. 126

     Safa, M.; O’Carroll, D.; Mansouri, N.; Robinson, B.; Curline, G. Investigating arsenic impact of ACC treated timbers in compost production (A case study in Christchurch, New Zealand). Environ. Pollut. 2020, 114218  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114218

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     127

     Investigating arsenic impact of ACC treated timbers in compost production (A case study in Christchurch, New Zealand)

     Safa, Majeed; O'Carroll, Daniel; Mansouri, Nazanin; Robinson, Brett; Curline, Greg

     Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 262 (), 114218CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     The arsenic concn. is an important issue in compost prodn. The main inputs of a compost factory, including kerbsides, green wastes, food industry wastes, and river weeds are investigated in this study. Also, this study investigated how treated timbers, ashes, and other contamination can impact arsenic concn. in compost prodn. The results showed that most treated timbers and all ashes of treated and untreated timbers contained significant amts. of arsenic. These results revealed that the presence of a small amt. of treated timber ashes can significantly increase the arsenic concn. in composts. The results of the study show the arsenic concn. in compost increase during cold months, and it dropped during summer, which would be mostly because of high arsenic concn. in ashes of log burners. This study shows ashes of burning timbers can impact arsenic contamination mostly because of using Copper-Chrome-Arsenic wood preservatives (CCA). Also, the lab results show the arsenic level even in ashes of untreated timber is around 96 ppm. The ashes of H3, H4, and H5 treated timbers contain approx. 133,000, 155,000, and 179,000 ppm of arsenic, which one kg of them can increase arsenic concn. around 10 ppm in 13.3, 15.5 and 17.9 tons of dry compost products. The main problem is many people look at ashes and treated timber as org. materials; however, ashes of treated and untreated timbers contained high concns. of arsenic. Therefore, it was necessary to warn people about the dangers of putting any ashes in org. waste bins.

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127. 127

     Martin, A. P.; Turnbull, R. E.; Rissmann, C. W.; Rieger, P. Heavy metal and metalloid concentrations in soils under pasture of southern New Zealand. Geoderma Regional 2017, 11, 18– 27,  DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2017.08.005

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128. 128

     Pasquet, C.; Le Monier, P.; Monna, F.; Durlet, C.; Brigaud, B.; Losno, R.; Chateau, C.; Laporte-Magoni, C.; Gunkel-Grillon, P. Impact of nickel mining in New Caledonia assessed by compositional data analysis of lichens. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 1– 14,  DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3681-4

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     129

     Impact of nickel mining in New Caledonia assessed by compositional data analysis of lichens

     Pasquet, Camille; Le Monier, Pauline; Monna, Fabrice; Durlet, Christophe; Brigaud, Benjamin; Losno, Remi; Chateau, Carmela; Laporte-Magoni, Christine; Gunkel-Grillon, Peggy

     SpringerPlus (2016), 5 (1), 1-14CODEN: SPRIFB; ISSN:2193-1801. (Springer International Publishing AG)

     The aim of this study is to explore the use of lichens as biomonitors of the impact of nickel mining and ore treatment on the atm. in the New Caledonian archipelago (South Pacific Ocean); both activities emitting also Co, Cr and possibly Fe. Metal contents were analyzed in thirty-four epiphytic lichens, collected in the vicinity of the potential sources, and in places free from known historical mining. The highest Ni, Co, and Cr concns. were, as expected, obsd. in lichens collected near ore deposits or treatment areas. The elemental compn. in the lichens was explored by multivariate anal., after appropriately transforming the variables (i.e. using compositional data anal.). The sample score of the first principal component (PC1) makes the largest (pos.) multiplicative contribution to the log-ratios of metals originating from mining activities (Ni, Cr, Co) divided by Ti. The PC1 scores are used here as a surrogate of pollution levels related to mining and metallurgical activity. They can be viewed as synthetic indicators mapped to provide valuable information for the management and protection of ecosystems or, as a first step, to select locations where air filtration units could be installed, in the future, for air quality monitoring. However, as this approach drastically simplifies the problem, supplying a broadly efficient picture but little detail, recognizing the different sources of contamination may be difficult, more particularly when their chem. differences are subtle. It conveys only relative information: about ratios, not levels, and is therefore recommended as a preliminary step, in combination with close examn. of raw concn. levels of lichens. Further validation using conventional air-monitoring by filter units should also prove beneficial.

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129. 129

     Caravanos, J.; Clark, E.; Fuller, R.; Lambertson, C. Assessing Worker and Environmental Chemical Exposure Risks at an e-Waste Recycling and Disposal Site in Accra, Ghana. J. Health Pollut. 2011, 1, 16– 25,  DOI: 10.5696/jhp.v1i1.22

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     US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume III - Part A, Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response ; 2001. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rags3adt_complete.pdf. Accessed 27th January 2021.

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     NHMRC health investigation levels review; 2010. http://www.nepc.gov.au/system/files/pages/9b067155-4726-423b-989b-5263263b9c16/files/b4-cancer-methodology-final-draft-sep2010.pdf. Accessed 29th April 2021.

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     Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Luby, S. P. Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2020, 30, 205– 216,  DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0115-8

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     133

     Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths

     Kwong Laura H; Davis Jennifer; Ercumen Ayse; Ercumen Ayse; Pickering Amy J; Unicomb Leanne; Davis Jennifer; Luby Stephen P

     Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (2020), 30 (1), 205-216 ISSN:.

     Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food, soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We quantified ingestion among 30 rural Bangladeshi children < 4 years old, recording every item touched or mouthed during 6-hour video observations that occurred annually for 3 years. We calculated the frequency and duration of mouthing and the prevalence of mouth contacts with soil and feces. We compared the mouthing frequency distributions to those from US children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying the US data to the Bangladeshi context. Median hand-mouthing frequency was 43-72 times/h and object-mouthing frequency 17-34 times/h among the five age groups assessed. For half of the observations, > 75% of all hand mouthing was associated with eating. The frequency of indoor hand mouthing not related to eating was similar to the frequency of all indoor hand mouthing among children in the United States. Object-mouthing frequency was higher among Bangladeshi children compared with US children. There was low intra-child correlation of mouthing frequencies over our longitudinal visits. Our results suggest that children's hand- and object-mouthing vary by geography and culture and that future exposure assessments can be cross-sectional if the goal is to estimate population-level distributions of mouthing frequencies. Of all observations, a child consumed soil in 23% and feces in 1%.

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133. 133

     Centers for Disease Control Prevention Indoor Environmental Quality ; 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/default.html. Accessed 30th September 2021.

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     World Health Organisation WHO guidelines for indoor air quality; 2006. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/policy/who-guidelines-for-indoor-air-quality. Accessed 30th September 2021.

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     US EPA, Indoor air quality ; 2021. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality. Accessed 30th September 2021.

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     NEPM National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure; 2013. http://www.nepc.gov.au/nepms/assessment-site-contamination. Accessed 30th March 2021.

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     US EPA Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) ; 2020. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables. Accessed 29th April 2021.

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     CL:AIRE Soil Guideline Values - Soil Guideline Value Reports ; 2021. https://www.claire.co.uk/information-centre/water-and-land-library-wall/44-risk-assessment/178-soil-guideline-values?showall=&start=1. Accessed 29th April 2021.

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     Nain, P.; Kumar, A. Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals leached from end-of-life solar photovoltaics. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 267, 115393  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115393

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     140

     Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals leached from end-of-life solar photovoltaics

     Nain, Preeti; Kumar, Arun

     Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 267 (), 115393CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Photovoltaic industry has shown tremendous growth among renewable energy sector. Though, this high installation rate will eventually result in generation of large vol. of end-of-life photovoltaic waste with hazardous metals. In present study, reported leached metal contents from different photovoltaics in previous investigations were utilized for (i) potential fate and transport anal. to soil and groundwater and, (ii) estg. ecol. and human health risks via dermal and ingestion pathways for child and adult sub-populations. The results indicate that the children are at highest risk, mainly due to lead (hazard quotient from 1.2 to 2.6). Metals, such as cadmium, lead, indium, molybdenum and tellurium pose max. risks for child and adult sub-populations via soil-dermal pathway followed by soil-ingestion pathway. This is further proved by calcd. high values of contamination factor and geo-accumulation index for cadmium (102.4), indium (238.9) and molybdenum (16.12). The estd. soil contamination is significant with respect to aluminum, silver, cadmium, iron, lead, however, groundwater contamination was insignificant. Exposure to polluted soils yields an aggregate hazard index (for non-cancer effects) > 1 for all four pathways, with soil dermal pathway as the major contributor. Lead poses significant cancer risk for all scenarios (av. risk: 0.0098 to 0.047 (soil) and 2.1 x 10-5 to 3.5 x 10-5 (groundwater)), whereas acceptable non-cancer risk was obsd. for other metals from groundwater exposure. Further, variance contribution and spearman correlation coeff. anal. show that metal concn., exposure frequency and ingestion rate are the main contributors towards overall uncertainty in risk ests. More detailed assessment for environmentally-sensitive metals should be carried out by considering other field breakage scenarios also, although the assessment suggests low risk for majority of metals examd.

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140. 140

     Saha, N.; Rahman, M. S.; Ahmed, M. B.; Zhou, J. L.; Ngo, H. H.; Guo, W. Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. J. Environ. Manage. 2017, 185, 70– 78,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.023

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     141

     Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk

     Saha, Narottam; Rahman, M. Safiur; Ahmed, Mohammad Boshir; Zhou, John L.; Ngo, Huu Hao; Guo, Wenshan

     Journal of Environmental Management (2017), 185 (), 70-78CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Concn. of eight heavy metals in surface and groundwater around Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) industrial area were investigated, and the health risk posed to local children and adult residents via ingestion and dermal contact was evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Metal concns. (except Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in Bangshi River water were above the drinking water quality guidelines, while in groundwater were less than the recommended limits. Concn. of metals in surface water decreased as a function of distance. Estns. of non-carcinogenic health risk for surface water revealed that mean hazard index (HI) values of As, Cr, Cu, and Pb for combined pathways (i.e., ingestion and dermal contact) were >1.0 for both age groups. The estd. risk mainly came from the ingestion pathway. However, the HI values for all the examd. metals in groundwater were <1.0, indicating no possible human health hazard. Deterministically estd. total cancer risk (TCR) via Bangshi River water exceeded the acceptable limit of 1 × 10-4 for adult and children. Although, probabilistically estd. 95th percentile values of TCR exceeded the benchmark, mean TCR values were less than 1 × 10-4. Simulated results showed that 20.13% and 5.43% values of TCR for surface water were >1 × 10-4 for adult and children, resp. Deterministic and probabilistic estns. of cancer risk through exposure to groundwater were well below the safety limit. Overall, the population exposed to Bangshi River water remained at carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health threat and the risk was higher for adults. Sensitivity anal. identified exposure duration (ED) and ingestion rate (IR) of water as the most relevant variables affecting the probabilistic risk estn. model outcome.

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141. 141

     Glorennec, P.; Shendell, D. G.; Rasmussen, P. E.; Waeber, R.; Egeghy, P.; Azuma, K.; Pelfrêne, A.; Le Bot, B.; Esteve, W.; Perouel, G. Toward setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust?. Indoor Air 2021, 31, 112– 115,  DOI: 10.1111/ina.12722

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     142

     Toward setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust?

     Glorennec, Philippe; Shendell, Derek G.; Rasmussen, Pat E.; Waeber, Roger; Egeghy, Peter; Azuma, Kenichi; Pelfrene, Aurelie; Le Bot, Barbara; Esteve, Williams; Perouel, Guillaume; Pernelet Joly, Valerie; Noack, Yves; Delannoy, Matthieu; Keirsbulck, Marion; Mandin, Corinne

     Indoor Air (2021), 31 (1), 112-115CODEN: INAIE5; ISSN:1600-0668. (Wiley-Blackwell)

     Indoor settled dust may result in substantial human exposure to chems., esp. by ingestion following hand-to-mouth or hand-to-object-to-mouth contact. As with other environmental media related to exposure, dust may thus be subject to regulation. An international scientific workshop was convened in Paris in Sept. 2019 firstly to assess the relevance for public health of setting guidelines for indoor settled dust, and secondly to discuss scientific and tech. challenges related to such guidelines. The main discussions and conclusions, with consensus achieved, are reported herein. Discussions concerned general considerations, objectives and definitions, relevance for a health-based guideline, units of measure, and finally derivation of the guideline. These points should be addressed when considering an indoor settled dust guideline as part of a policy to reduce exposure indoors to a given chem. or group of chems.

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142. 142

     National Environment Protection Council Guideline on investigation levels for soil and groundwater; 2013. http://www.nepc.gov.au/system/files/resources/93ae0e77-e697-e494-656f-afaaf9fb4277/files/schedule-b1-guideline-investigation-levels-soil-and-groundwater-sep10.pdf. Accessed 30th March 2021.

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143. 143

     Sowers, T. D.; Nelson, C. M.; Diamond, G. L.; Blackmon, M. D.; Jerden, M. L.; Kirby, A. M.; Noerpel, M. R.; Scheckel, K. G.; Thomas, D. J.; Bradham, K. D. High Lead Bioavailability of Indoor Dust Contaminated with Paint Lead Species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 402– 411,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06908

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     144

     High lead bioavailability of indoor dust contaminated with paint lead species

     Sowers, Tyler D.; Nelson, Clay M.; Diamond, Gary L.; Blackmon, Matthew D.; Jerden, Marissa L.; Kirby, Alicia M.; Noerpel, Matthew R.; Scheckel, Kirk G.; Thomas, David J.; Bradham, Karen D.

     Environmental Science & Technology (2021), 55 (1), 402-411CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

     House dust and soils can be major sources of lead (Pb) exposure for children. The American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS) was developed to est. Pb exposure from house dust and soil, in addn. to other potential household contaminants and allergens. We have combined X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) fingerprinting and in vivo mouse relative bioavailability (RBA) measurements for a subset of house dust and residential soils collected in the AHHS, with the primary objective of gaining a better understanding of determinants of house dust Pb bioavailability. Lead speciation was well related to variations in RBA results and revealed that highly bioavailable Pb (hydroxy)carbonate (indicative of Pb-based paint) was the major Pb species present in house dusts. Measured Pb RBA was up to 100% and is likely driven by paint Pb. To our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo Pb RBA for U.S. house dust contaminated in situ with paint Pb and corroborates results from a previous study that demonstrated high RBA of paint Pb added to soil. We also report a relatively low RBA (23%) in a residential soil where the major Pb species was found to be plumbojarosite, consistent with a previous report that plumbojarosite lowers Pb RBA in soils.

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144. 144

     Dong, C.; Taylor, M. P. Applying geochemical signatures of atmospheric dust to distinguish current mine emissions from legacy sources. Atmos. Environ. 2017, 161, 82– 89,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.024

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     145

     Applying geochemical signatures of atmospheric dust to distinguish current mine emissions from legacy sources

     Dong, Chenyin; Taylor, Mark Patrick

     Atmospheric Environment (2017), 161 (), 82-89CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Resolving the source of environmental contamination is the crit. first step in remediation and exposure prevention. Australia's oldest silver-zinc-lead mine at Broken Hill (>130 years old) has generated a legacy of contamination and is assocd. with persistent elevated childhood blood lead (Pb) levels. However, the source of environmental Pb remains in dispute: current mine emissions; remobilized mine-legacy lead in soils and dusts; and natural lead from geol. weathering of the gossan ore body. Multiple lines of evidence used to resolve this conundrum at Broken Hill include spatial and temporal variations in dust Pb concns. and bioaccessibility, Pb isotopic compns., particle morphol. and mineralogy. Total dust Pb loading (mean 255μg/m2/day) and its bioaccessibility (mean 75% of total Pb) is greatest adjacent to the active mining operations. Unweathered galena (PbS) found in contemporary dust deposits contrast markedly to Pb-bearing particles from mine-tailings and weathered gossan samples. Dust adjacent to the mine has Pb isotopic compns. (208Pb/207Pb: 2.3197; 206Pb/207Pb: 1.0406) that are a close match (99%) to the ore body with values slightly lower (94%) at the edge of the city. The wt. of evidence supports the conclusion that contemporary dust Pb contamination in Broken Hill is sourced primarily from current mining activities and not from weathering or legacy sources.

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145. 145

     Hong, J.; Wang, Y.; McDermott, S.; Cai, B.; Aelion, C. M.; Lead, J. The use of a physiologically-based extraction test to assess relationships between bioaccessible metals in urban soil and neurodevelopmental conditions in children. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 212, 9– 17,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.001

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     146

     The use of a physiologically-based extraction test to assess relationships between bioaccessible metals in urban soil and neurodevelopmental conditions in children

     Hong, Jie; Wang, Yinding; McDermott, Suzanne; Cai, Bo; Aelion, C. Marjorie; Lead, Jamie

     Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 212 (), 9-17CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

     Intellectual disability (ID) and cerebral palsy (CP) are serious neurodevelopment conditions and low birth wt. (LBW) is correlated with both ID and CP. The actual causes and mechanisms for each of these child outcomes are not well understood. In this study, the relationship between bioaccessible metal concns. in urban soil and these child conditions were investigated. A physiol. based extn. test (PBET) mimicking gastric and intestinal processes was applied to measure the bio-accessibility of four metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)) in urban soil, and a Bayesian Kriging method was used to est. metal concns. in geocoded maternal residential sites. The results showed that bioaccessible metal concns. of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the intestinal phase were statistically significantly assocd. with the child outcomes. Lead and nickel were assocd. with ID, lead and cadmium was assocd. with LBW, and cadmium was assocd. with CP. The total concns. and stomach concns. were not correlated to significant effects in any of the analyses. For lead, an estd. threshold value was found that was statistically significant in predicting low birth wt. The change point test was statistically significant (p value = 0.045) at an intestine threshold level of 9.2 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 8.9-9.4, p value = 0.0016), which corresponds to 130.6 mg/kg of total Pb concn. in the soil. This is a narrow confidence interval for an important relationship.

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146. 146

     Reis, A.; Patinha, C.; Wragg, J.; Dias, A.; Cave, M.; Sousa, A.; Costa, C.; Cachada, A.; Da Silva, E. F.; Rocha, F.; Duarte, A. Geochemistry, mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and oral bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils of Lisbon. Environ. Geochem. Health 2014, 36, 867– 881,  DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9605-8

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     147

     Geochemistry, mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and oral bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils of Lisbon

     Reis, A. P.; Patinha, C.; Wragg, J.; Dias, A. C.; Cave, M.; Sousa, A. J.; Costa, C.; Cachada, A.; Ferreira da Silva, E.; Rocha, F.; Duarte, A.

     Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2014), 36 (5), 867-881CODEN: EGHEE3; ISSN:0269-4042. (Springer)

     An urban survey of Lisbon, the largest city in Portugal, was carried out to investigate its environmental burden, emphasizing metallic elements, and their public health impacts. This paper examines the geochem. of Pb and its influence on human health data. A total of 51 soil samples were collected from urban recreational areas used by children to play outdoors. The semi-quant. anal. of Pb was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after an acid digestion. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the soil mineralogy. The solid-phase distribution of Pb in the urban soils was investigated on a subset of 7 soils, out of a total of 51 samples, using a non-specific sequential extn. method coupled with chemometric anal. Oral bioaccessibility measurements were obtained using the Unified BARGE Method developed by the Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe. The objectives of the study are as follows: (i) investigation of Pb solid-phase distribution; (ii) interpretation of Pb oral bioaccessibility measurements; (iii) integration of metal geochem. with human health data; and (iv) understanding the influence of geochem. and mineralogy on oral bioaccessibility. The results show that the bioaccessible fraction of Pb is lower when major metal fractions are assocd. with less sol. soil phases such as Fe oxyhydroxides, and more increased when the metal is in the highly sol. carbonate phase. However, there is some evidence that the proportion of carbonates in the soil environment is also a key control over the oral bioaccessibility of Pb, irresp. of its solid-phase fractionation.

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147. 147

     Entwistle, J.; Bramwell, L.; Wragg, J.; Cave, M.; Hamilton, E.; Gardner, A.; Dean, J. R. Investigating the Geochemical Controls on Pb Bioaccessibility in Urban Agricultural Soils to Inform Sustainable Site Management. Geosciences 2020, 10, 398  DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10100398

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     148

     Investigating the geochemical controls on Pb bioaccessibility in urban agricultural soils to inform sustainable site management

     Entwistle, Jane; Bramwell, Lindsay; Wragg, Joanna; Cave, Mark; Hamilton, Elliott; Gardner, Amanda; Dean, John R.

     Geosciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2020), 10 (10), 398CODEN: GBSEDA; ISSN:2076-3263. (MDPI AG)

     The solid-phase speciation of contaminants in soil plays a major role in regulating both the environmental mobility of contaminants and their bioavailability in biol. receptors such as humans. With the increasing prevalence of urban agriculture, in tandem with growing evidence of the neg. health impacts of even low levels of exposure to Pb, there is a pressing need to provide regulators with a relevant evidence base on which to build human health risk assessments and construct sustainable site management plans. We detail how the solid-phase fractionation of Pb from selected urban agricultural soil samples, using sequential extn., can be utilized to interpret the bioaccessible fraction of Pb and ultimately inform sustainable site management plans. Our sequential extn. data shows that the Pb in our urban soils is primarily assocd. with Al oxide phases, with the second most important phase assocd. with either Fe oxyhydroxide or cryst. FeO, and only to a limited extent with Ca carbonates. We interpret the co-presence of a P component with the Al oxide cluster to indicate the soils contain Pb phosphate type minerals, such as plumbogummite (PbAl3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O), as a consequence of natural "soil aging" processes. The presence of Pb phosphates, in conjunction with our biomonitoring data, which indicates the lack of elevated blood Pb levels in our gardeners compared to their non-gardening neighbors, suggests the (legacy) Pb in these soils has been rendered relatively immobile. This study has given confidence to the local authority regulators, and the gardeners, that these urban gardens can be safe to use, even where soil Pb levels are up to ten times above the UK's recommended lead screening level. The advice to our urban gardeners, based on our findings, is to carry on gardening but follow recommended good land management and hygiene practices.

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148. 148

     Hayhow, C.; Brabander, D.; Filippelli, G. M. Addressing the need for just GeoHealth engagement: Evolving models for actionable research that transform communities. GeoHealth In press.

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149. 149

     Isley, C. F.; Fry, K. L.; Sharp, E. L.; Taylor, M. P. Bringing citizen science to life: Evaluation of a national citizen science program for public benefit, unpublished.

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     NSW Environment Protection Authority Managing Lead Contamination in Home Maintenance, Renovation and Demolition Practices. A Guide for Councils; 2003. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pesticides/03004managinglead.pdf. Accessed 20th April 2021.

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     Jacobs, D. E.; Mielke, H.; Pavur, N. The high cost of improper removal of lead-based paint from housing: a case report. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 185– 186,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5761

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     The high cost of improper removal of lead-based paint from housing: a case report

     Jacobs David E; Mielke Howard; Pavur Nancy

     Environmental health perspectives (2003), 111 (2), 185-6 ISSN:0091-6765.

     The costs of lead-based paint hazard control in housing are well documented, but the costs of cleanup after improper, inherently dangerous, methods of removing lead-based paint are not. In this article we report a case of childhood lead poisoning and document the costs of decontamination after uncontained power sanding was used to remove paint down to bare wood from approximately 3,000 ft(2) of exterior siding on a large, well-maintained 75-year-old house in a middle-income neighborhood. After the uncontrolled removal of lead-based paint, interior dust lead levels ranged from 390 to 27,600 micro g Pb/ft(2) (on floors and windowsills) and bare soil lead levels ranged from 360 ppm in the yard to 3,900 ppm along the foundation to 130,000 ppm in the child's play area, well above applicable U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. The hard costs of decontamination were over $195,000, which greatly exceeds the incremental cost of incorporating lead-safe work practices into repainting. This case report highlights the need to incorporate lead-safe work practices into routine repainting, remodeling, and other renovation and maintenance jobs that may disturb lead-based paint.

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152. 152

     Cho, H.-w.; Yoon, C.-S.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, S.-j.; Viner, A.; Johnson, E. W. Comparison of Pressure Drop and Filtration Efficiency of Particulate Respirators using Welding Fumes and Sodium Chloride. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2011, 55, 666– 680,  DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer032

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     Comparison of Pressure Drop and Filtration Efficiency of Particulate Respirators using Welding Fumes and Sodium Chloride

     Cho, Hyun-woo; Yoon, Chung-Sik; Lee, Jin-Ho; Lee, Seung-joo; Viner, Andrew; Johnson, Erik W.

     Annals of Occupational Hygiene (2011), 55 (6), 666-680CODEN: AOHYA3; ISSN:0003-4878. (Oxford University Press)

     Respirators are used to help reduce exposure to a variety of contaminants in workplaces. Test aerosols used for certification of particulate respirators (PRs) include sodium chloride (NaCl), dioctyl phthalate, and paraffin oil. These aerosols are generally assumed to be worst case surrogates for aerosols found in the workplace. No data have been published to date on the performance of PRs with welding fumes, a hazardous aerosol that exists in real workplace settings. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of respirators and filters against a NaCl aerosol and a welding fume aerosol and det. whether or not a correlation between the two could be made. Fifteen com. PRs and filters (seven filtering facepiece, two replaceable single-type filters, and six replaceable dual-type filters) were chosen for investigation. Four of the filtering facepiece respirators, one of the single-type filters, and all of the dual-type filters contained carbon to help reduce exposure to ozone and other vapors generated during the welding process. For the NaCl test, a modified National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health protocol was adopted for use with the TSI Model 8130 automated filter tester. For the welding fume test, welding fumes from mild steel flux-cored arcs were generated and measured with a SIBATA filter tester (AP-634A, Japan) and a manometer in the upstream and downstream sections of the test chamber. Size distributions of the two aerosols were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Penetration and pressure drop were measured over a period of aerosol loading onto the respirator or filter. Photos and scanning electron microscope images of clean and exposed respirators were taken. The count median diam. (CMD) and mass median diam. (MMD) for the NaCl aerosol were smaller than the welding fumes (CMD: 74 vs. 216 nm; MMD: 198 vs. 528 nm, resp.). Initial penetration and peak penetration were higher with the NaCl aerosol. However, pressure drop increased much more rapidly in the welding fume test than the NaCl aerosol test. The data and images clearly show differences in performance trends between respirator models. Therefore, general correlations between NaCl and weld fume data could not be made. These findings suggest that respirators certified with a surrogate test aerosol such as NaCl are appropriate for filtering welding fume (based on penetration). However, some respirators may have a more rapid increase in pressure drop from the welding fume accumulating on the filter. Therefore, welders will need to choose which models are easier to breathe through for the duration of their use and replace respirators or filters according to the user instructions and local regulations.

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