Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica RiceClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Eriko YamazakiEriko YamazakiResearch Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, JapanNational Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, JapanMore by Eriko Yamazaki
- Heesoo Eun*Heesoo Eun*Email: [email protected]. Tel.: +81-29-838-8339. Fax: +81-29-838-8248.Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, JapanMore by Heesoo Eun
- Sachi TaniyasuSachi TaniyasuNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, JapanMore by Sachi Taniyasu
- Toshihiro SakamotoToshihiro SakamotoInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, JapanMore by Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Nobuyasu HanariNobuyasu HanariNational Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, JapanMore by Nobuyasu Hanari
- Hideyuki InuiHideyuki InuiResponse to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMore by Hideyuki Inui
- Rongben WuRongben WuState Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaMore by Rongben Wu
- Huiju LinHuiju LinState Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaMore by Huiju Lin
- Paul K.S. LamPaul K.S. LamState Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaMore by Paul K.S. Lam
- Jerzy FalandyszJerzy FalandyszDepartment of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Lodz, PolandMore by Jerzy Falandysz
- Nobuyoshi YamashitaNobuyoshi YamashitaNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, JapanMore by Nobuyoshi Yamashita
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have excellent chemical stability but have adverse environmental impacts of concern. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of PFAS in rice varieties─which is the essential staple food crop in Asia─has not been verified. Therefore, we cultivated Indica (Kasalath) and Japonica rice (Koshihikari) in the same Andosol (volcanic ash soil) paddy field and analyzed the air, rainwater, irrigated water, soil, and rice plants for 32 PFAS residues, throughout the cultivation to human consumption. During the rice cultivation period, the cultivation environment in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), with minimal perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Furthermore, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) migrates at a PM > 10 to drop in a cultivation field and was conducive to leakage and accumulation of PFCAs in air particles in the field environment. Moreover, precipitation was a sources of irrigation water contamination, and cultivated soil with a high carbon content could capture PFSAs and PFCAs (over C10). There were no major differences in residual PFAS trends in the rice varieties, but the distribution of PFAS in the growing soil, air, and rainwater differed. The edible white rice part was mainly affected by irrigation water in both varieties. Monte Carlo simulations of daily exposure assessments of PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanic acid showed similar results for Indians consuming Indica rice and Japanese consuming Japonica rice. The results indicate that the ultratrace PFAS residue concentrations and their daily exposure were not cultivar-specific.
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