Superficial or Substantial: Why Care about Microplastics in the Anthropocene?Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Johanna Kramm*Johanna Kramm*E-mail: [email protected]ISOE—Institute for Social-Ecological Research, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMore by Johanna Kramm
- Carolin Völker*Carolin Völker*E-mail: [email protected]ISOE—Institute for Social-Ecological Research, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMore by Carolin Völker
- Martin Wagner*Martin Wagner*E-mail: [email protected]Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, NorwayMore by Martin Wagner
This publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society.
Science: Why Care about Microplastics?
Societies: Why Care about (Micro)Plastics?
Why Care about Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in the Anthropocene?
Acknowledgments
M.W. acknowledges support by the German Federal Ministry for Transportation and Digital Infrastructure and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (02WRS1378, 01UU1603B, 03F0789D). J.K. and C.V. acknowledge support by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (01UU1603A-C).
References
This article references 8 other publications.
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- 2Hale, R. C. Are the risks from microplastics truly trivial?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 931– 931, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06615Google Scholar2https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslCmsL4%253D&md5=a284f22ab741e236b21f4c8b6abaa8e4Are the Risks from Microplastics Truly Trivial?Hale, Robert C.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (3), 931CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 3Lambert, S.; Scherer, C.; Wagner, M. Ecotoxicity testing of microplastics: considering the heterogeneity of physicochemical properties. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage. 2017, 13 (3), 470– 475, DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1901Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 4Rochman, C. M.; Kross, S. M.; Armstrong, J. B.; Bogan, M. T.; Darling, E. S.; Green, S. J.; Smyth, A. R.; Veríssimo, D. Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 10759– 10761, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03909Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVGjsLvL&md5=5337270bc88cae005870e35c763928afScientific Evidence Supports a Ban on MicrobeadsRochman, Chelsea M.; Kross, Sara M.; Armstrong, Jonathan B.; Bogan, Michael T.; Darling, Emily S.; Green, Stephanie J.; Smyth, Ashley R.; Verissimo, DiogoEnvironmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (18), 10759-10761CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 5Montibeller, G.; von Winterfeldt, D. Cognitive and motivational biases in decision and risk analysis. Risk Anal. 2015, 35 (7), 1230– 1251, DOI: 10.1111/risa.12360Google Scholar5https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjktVGrsA%253D%253D&md5=d9cb771d09f0e7830312c7bd9be4b8ccCognitive and Motivational Biases in Decision and Risk AnalysisMontibeller Gilberto; von Winterfeldt DetlofRisk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis (2015), 35 (7), 1230-51 ISSN:.Behavioral decision research has demonstrated that judgments and decisions of ordinary people and experts are subject to numerous biases. Decision and risk analysis were designed to improve judgments and decisions and to overcome many of these biases. However, when eliciting model components and parameters from decisionmakers or experts, analysts often face the very biases they are trying to help overcome. When these inputs are biased they can seriously reduce the quality of the model and resulting analysis. Some of these biases are due to faulty cognitive processes; some are due to motivations for preferred analysis outcomes. This article identifies the cognitive and motivational biases that are relevant for decision and risk analysis because they can distort analysis inputs and are difficult to correct. We also review and provide guidance about the existing debiasing techniques to overcome these biases. In addition, we describe some biases that are less relevant because they can be corrected by using logic or decomposing the elicitation task. We conclude the article with an agenda for future research.
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References
This article references 8 other publications.
- 1Burton, G. A., Jr. Stressor exposures determine risk: So, why do fellow scientists continue to focus on superficial microplastics risk?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 13515– 13516, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b054631https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhvVWrsL%252FP&md5=0ab358d3dca01a2a4f7c77c352a58ee5Stressor Exposures Determine Risk: So, Why Do Fellow Scientists Continue To Focus on Superficial Microplastics Risk?Burton, G. Allen, Jr.Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (23), 13515-13516CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)There are likely much higher exposures from nanoplastics/nanoparticles (less than the lowest size of 100 μm often measured for microplastics), but few have attempted to study this small size because of methodol. challenges. Perhaps these ultrasmall particles are an environmental risk, but we do not know. Recent papers, suggest they share many traits of nanosize C and metal compds. and quickly aggregate in the environment. Much is to be learned from previous nanomaterial research. The process of detg. microplastics risk should be an anal. of true risk (realistic exposure relations to adverse effects). It should be documented in the field. Much greater and pervasive ecosystem risks often occur where microplastics are at their highest concns. and are well-documented and rampant globally; including excess nutrients, low dissolved O, solids from erosion, pathogens, altered flows, degraded habitats, temp., and loss of shading. These common and major stressors should 1st be dealt with by regulators and environmental advocacy groups before focusing on the minor and questionable threats.
- 2Hale, R. C. Are the risks from microplastics truly trivial?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 931– 931, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b066152https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslCmsL4%253D&md5=a284f22ab741e236b21f4c8b6abaa8e4Are the Risks from Microplastics Truly Trivial?Hale, Robert C.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (3), 931CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 3Lambert, S.; Scherer, C.; Wagner, M. Ecotoxicity testing of microplastics: considering the heterogeneity of physicochemical properties. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage. 2017, 13 (3), 470– 475, DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1901There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 4Rochman, C. M.; Kross, S. M.; Armstrong, J. B.; Bogan, M. T.; Darling, E. S.; Green, S. J.; Smyth, A. R.; Veríssimo, D. Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 10759– 10761, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b039094https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVGjsLvL&md5=5337270bc88cae005870e35c763928afScientific Evidence Supports a Ban on MicrobeadsRochman, Chelsea M.; Kross, Sara M.; Armstrong, Jonathan B.; Bogan, Michael T.; Darling, Emily S.; Green, Stephanie J.; Smyth, Ashley R.; Verissimo, DiogoEnvironmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (18), 10759-10761CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 5Montibeller, G.; von Winterfeldt, D. Cognitive and motivational biases in decision and risk analysis. Risk Anal. 2015, 35 (7), 1230– 1251, DOI: 10.1111/risa.123605https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjktVGrsA%253D%253D&md5=d9cb771d09f0e7830312c7bd9be4b8ccCognitive and Motivational Biases in Decision and Risk AnalysisMontibeller Gilberto; von Winterfeldt DetlofRisk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis (2015), 35 (7), 1230-51 ISSN:.Behavioral decision research has demonstrated that judgments and decisions of ordinary people and experts are subject to numerous biases. Decision and risk analysis were designed to improve judgments and decisions and to overcome many of these biases. However, when eliciting model components and parameters from decisionmakers or experts, analysts often face the very biases they are trying to help overcome. When these inputs are biased they can seriously reduce the quality of the model and resulting analysis. Some of these biases are due to faulty cognitive processes; some are due to motivations for preferred analysis outcomes. This article identifies the cognitive and motivational biases that are relevant for decision and risk analysis because they can distort analysis inputs and are difficult to correct. We also review and provide guidance about the existing debiasing techniques to overcome these biases. In addition, we describe some biases that are less relevant because they can be corrected by using logic or decomposing the elicitation task. We conclude the article with an agenda for future research.
- 6Syberg, K.; Hansen, S. F.; Christensen, T. B.; Khan, F. R. Risk perception of plastic pollution: Importance of stakeholder involvement and citizen science. In Freshwater Microplastics. Emerging Environmental Contaminants?; Wagner, M., Lambert, S., Eds.; Springer: Cham, 2018; pp 203.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 7A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions; European Commission: Brussels, 2018; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2df5d1d2-fac7-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Tickner, J. A. Science of problems, science of solutions or both? A case example of bisphenol A. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2011, 65 (8), 649– 650, DOI: 10.1136/jech.2010.1127068https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3MnltlKnsg%253D%253D&md5=e4f2fc9bc140997acdd58e1c5d20c678Science of problems, science of solutions or both? A case example of bisphenol aTickner Joel AJournal of epidemiology and community health (2011), 65 (8), 649-50 ISSN:.There is no expanded citation for this reference.