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Adaptation of Black Carbon Footprint Concept Would Accelerate Mitigation of Global WarmingClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Hilkka Timonen*Hilkka Timonen*E-mail: [email protected]Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, FinlandMore by Hilkka Timonen
- Panu KarjalainenPanu KarjalainenAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, FinlandMore by Panu Karjalainen
- Pami AaltoPami AaltoPolitics Unit, Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, FinlandMore by Pami Aalto
- Sanna SaarikoskiSanna SaarikoskiAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, FinlandMore by Sanna Saarikoski
- Fanni MylläriFanni MylläriAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, FinlandMore by Fanni Mylläri
- Niko KarvosenojaNiko KarvosenojaFinnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, FinlandMore by Niko Karvosenoja
- Pasi JalavaPasi JalavaInhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, FinlandMore by Pasi Jalava
- Eija AsmiEija AsmiAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, FinlandMore by Eija Asmi
- Päivi Aakko-SaksaPäivi Aakko-SaksaVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, FinlandMore by Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- Natalia SaukkonenNatalia SaukkonenCost Management Center, Industrial Engineering and Management, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, FinlandMore by Natalia Saukkonen
- Teemu LaineTeemu LaineCost Management Center, Industrial Engineering and Management, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, FinlandMore by Teemu Laine
- Karri SaarnioKarri SaarnioAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, FinlandMore by Karri Saarnio
- Niko NiemeläNiko NiemeläAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, FinlandMore by Niko Niemelä
- Joonas Enroth
- Minna Väkevä
- Pedro Oyola
- Joakim PagelsJoakim PagelsDivision of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, 22100, Lund, SwedenMore by Joakim Pagels
- Leonidas NtziachristosLeonidas NtziachristosMechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 458, GR 541 24 Thessaloniki, GreeceMore by Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Raul CorderoRaul CorderoDepartamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, ChileMore by Raul Cordero
- Niina KuittinenNiina KuittinenAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, FinlandMore by Niina Kuittinen
- Jarkko V. NiemiJarkko V. NiemiHelsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), P.O. Box 100, FI-00066, Helsinki, FinlandMore by Jarkko V. Niemi
- Topi RönkköTopi RönkköAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, FinlandMore by Topi Rönkkö
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Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
The world urgently needs fast-tracked solutions to combat global warming, and to this end we propose the rapid adoption of the concept of Black Carbon Footprint (BC Footprint), analogous to CO2 footprint. Carbon footprint is already a well-established concept aiming to describe the climatic effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gas emissions. However, no such concepts exist for particulate black carbon (BC) emissions despite their climate and health impacts. The BC Footprint concept would be an efficient tool for BC emission mitigation and impact assessment and would support the development of new BC emission mitigation technologies and emission reduction policies.
In the Paris Agreement (Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)), 174 states and the European Union have committed to undertake ambitious efforts to mitigate global warming. The most important atmospheric climate forcers—carbon dioxide, methane, and black carbon—differ from each other in several respects. CO2 and methane are gaseous compounds with relatively long atmospheric lifetimes (years to decades), whereas BC is a primary particulate emission with a relatively short atmospheric lifetime (days to weeks). It originates mainly from anthropogenic combustion sources, such as transportation, industry, and residential combustion (Figure 1). Atmospheric BC consists mostly of agglomerated ultrafine particles, effectively absorbing solar radiation over a large wavelength range, and capable of being transported with air masses over large distances. (1) However, due to the limited atmospheric lifetime and unevenly distributed sources, atmospheric BC is characterized by large spatial and temporal variation. In the atmosphere, BC particles can change during aging process via particle growth and surface reactions (Figure 1). In addition to direct warming impacts, BC can deposit on snow and ice leading to reduction of the earth’s surface albedo. This emphasizes the importance of BC emission and induced warming in the Arctic and generally over northern latitudes. (1,2) In urban areas, BC significantly affects public health and air quality. Recent studies have highlighted BC as stronger and in some cases more robust marker of PM health effects than PM2.5. (3)
Figure 1
Figure 1. Schematic showing the complexity of sources, atmospheric transformation, and climatic and air quality impacts of particulate black carbon (BC).
BC measurements have been conducted already since the 1950s. Yet, no uniform metrics exist for emissions, concentrations, or impacts characterization and even the strict definition of BC is missing. BC in atmospheric research and emission studies is characterized by techniques varying in their operation principle, (4) producing results of different dimension and metrics. This, together with the lack of universal calibration methods for BC instruments, significantly hinders compilation of consistent BC emission inventories. Furthermore, this complicates the legislative actions for emission mitigation, and the estimation of the effects of BC on global climate and human health.
Several BC control solutions for combustion sources already exist, mainly based on process optimization, fuel choices, flue-gas cleaning, and exhaust filtration. A wider implementation of these technologies in developing countries and in the residential sector could further significantly curb the warming. (1) Due to the short atmospheric lifetime of BC, the climate benefit from these actions would be immediate. BC mitigation would also produce additional cost savings due to better air quality and consequent health benefits. (5)
Despite above-mentioned uncertainties and ambiguities in BC measurement, various initiatives to reduce BC emissions have been established by international bodies, such as the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, the Arctic Council’s Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP), International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), the UN Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Although these examples are mostly voluntary-based nonbinding instruments, it is evident that regulations with binding emission reduction targets will come into effect in the future.
To improve the communication and start developing a common understanding on BC, there is a clear need to develop simple metrics for BC, that is, establish a “BC Footprint” concept. BC Footprint would allow the comparison of different BC emissions sources and levels of atmospheric BC concentrations, and would enable more efficient communication regarding the climate, health, and air quality impacts of BC. Practical examples on the use of the BC Footprint concept are numerous. It would, for instance, allow comparing the full impacts of the new vehicle technologies. So far, particulate filters installed on diesel and, recently, gasoline vehicles are considered to increase carbon footprint, due to their impact on fuel consumption. However, the simultaneous reduction of BC emissions they offer, and thus the BC Footprint of relevant vehicles, can counterbalance the negative climate impact in the short term. Another example is residential heating with biomass, that has zero carbon footprint, but still has BC emissions and climate impacts that are not taken into account when only considering CO2 emissions.
In-line with the carbon footprint, the BC Footprint concept can be built on detailed, application-specific BC emission factors from different combustion processes. It has to overcome the discrepancies due to the measurement methodology, instruments’ features, and the sampling techniques utilized. The proposed concept needs to allow calculation of the BC Footprint of certain actions (e.g., producing a megawatt of energy or utilization of solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels), services (e.g., public transportation) or manufacturing of products, thus providing the common grounds for scientific, policy, and public communication. Importantly, the BC Footprint should use easily adoptable units to allow the quantification of climatic influences of BC and to compare the emissions.
Finally, the BC Footprint would enable simple calculation, visualization, and communication of BC emissions and their climate impacts by proving simple metrics for BC. These could be used to demonstrate climate-friendly practices and products to companies’ decision-making procedures, to consumers, and overall, to facilitate the dialogue between the scientific community, companies, political actors, and citizens. We encourage researchers across the world to participate in the development of BC Footprint and to adopt the idea into scientific research and development.
Author Information
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- Hilkka Timonen - Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland;
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-7985;
- Panu Karjalainen - Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland;http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-0033
- Fanni Mylläri - Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland;http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-1539
- Päivi Aakko-Saksa - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland;http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2995-0889
- Leonidas Ntziachristos - Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 458, GR 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5630-9686
Acknowledgments
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We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Business Finland (4831/31/2018 and 4703/31/2018).
References
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This article references 5 other publications.
- 1AMAP. Summary for Policy-makers: Arctic Climate Issues 2015; Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): Oslo, Norway, 2015; p 16.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 2Klimont, Z.; Kupiainen, K.; Heyes, C.; Purohit, P.; Cofala, J.; Rafaj, P.; Borken-Kleefeld, J.; Schöpp, W. Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2017, 17, 8681– 8723, DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017Google Scholar2https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1ahtbnK&md5=63758734475b7aad97d3d3614c7abc63Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbonKlimont, Zbigniew; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Heyes, Chris; Purohit, Pallav; Cofala, Janusz; Rafaj, Peter; Borken-Kleefeld, Jens; Schoepp, WolfgangAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017), 17 (14), 8681-8723CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical (1990-2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calcn. of mass-based size distribution (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and org. carbon (OC). The ests. were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source- and region-specific technol. characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a no. of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total est. Spatially, emissions were calcd. for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5° × 0.5° longitude-latitude grids. No independent ests. of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included. We est. that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g.European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30% in 1990 to well below 15% in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50% to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60% of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60% for BC and OC, 45% for PM2.5, and less than 40% for PM10, where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estd. at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, resp., and represent about 15% of PM2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50%, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC nos. are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources. This PM est. fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modeling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atm. transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyond, serves better parameterization of the global integrated assessment models with respect to representation of black carbon and org. carbon emissions, and built a basis for recently published global particulate no. ests.
- 3Achilleos, S.; Kioumourtzoglou, M. A.; Wu, C. D.; Schwartz, J. D.; Koutrakis, P.; Papatheodorou, S. I. Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Environ. Int. 2017, 109, 89– 100, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.010Google Scholar3https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1Cgur3O&md5=84f9919f9d03bd10c4d8944d36dcddf5Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysisAchilleos, Souzana; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Wu, Chih-Da; Schwartz, Joel D.; Koutrakis, Petros; Papatheodorou, Stefania I.Environment International (2017), 109 (), 89-100CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)The link between PM2.5 exposure and adverse health outcomes is well documented from studies across the world. However, the reported effect ests. vary across studies, locations and constituents. We aimed to conduct a meta-anal. on assocns. between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and mortality using city-specific ests., and explore factors that may explain some of the obsd. heterogeneity. We systematically reviewed epidemiol. studies on particle constituents and mortality using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to July 2015. We included studies that examd. the assocn. between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, in the general adult population. Each study was summarized based on pre-specified study key parameters (e.g., location, time period, population, diagnostic classification std.), and we evaluated the risk of bias using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Method for each included study. We extd. city-specific mortality risk ests. for each constituent and cause of mortality. For multi-city studies, we requested the city-specific risk ests. from the authors unless reported in the article. We performed random effects meta-analyses using city-specific ests., and examd. whether the effects vary across regions and city characteristics (PM2.5 concn. levels, air temp., elevation, vegetation, size of elderly population, population d., and baseline mortality).We found a 0.89% (95% CI: 0.68, 1.10%) increase in all-cause, a 0.80% (95% CI: 0.41, 1.20%) increase in cardiovascular, and a 1.10% (95% CI: 0.59, 1.62%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Accounting for the downward bias induced by studies of single days, the all-cause mortality est. increased to 1.01% (95% CI: 0.81, 1.20%). We found significant assocns. between mortality and several PM2.5 constituents. The most consistent and stronger assocns. were obsd. for elemental carbon (EC) and potassium (K). For most of the constituents, we obsd. high variability of effect ests. across cities. Our meta-anal. suggests that (a) combustion elements such as EC and K have a stronger assocn. with mortality, (b) single lag studies underestimate effects, and (c) ests. of PM2.5 and constituents differ across regions. Accounting for PM mass in constituent's health models may lead to more stable and comparable effect ests. across different studies.PROSPERO: CRD42017055765.
- 4Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kärcher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofim, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2013, 118, 5380– 5552, DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50171Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVyrtbrF&md5=d1cbe00667e64195f11ac44fb316637eBounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessmentBond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kaercher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofim, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013), 118 (11), 5380-5552CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of phys. properties. This assessment provides an evaluation of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quant. in providing best ests. and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liq., mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice. These effects are calcd. with climate models, but when possible, they are evaluated with both microphys. measurements and field observations. Predominant sources are combustion related, namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid fuels for industrial and residential uses, and open burning of biomass. Total global emissions of black carbon using bottom-up inventory methods are 7500 Gg yr-1 in the year 2000 with an uncertainty range of 2000 to 29000. However, global atm. absorption attributable to black carbon is too low in many models and should be increased by a factor of almost 3. After this scaling, the best est. for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atm. black carbon is +0.71 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W m-2. Total direct forcing by all black carbon sources, without subtracting the preindustrial background, is estd. as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W m-2. Direct radiative forcing alone does not capture important rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework is described and used for quantifying climate forcings, including rapid adjustments. The best est. of industrial-era climate forcing of black carbon through all forcing mechanisms, including clouds and cryosphere forcing, is +1.1 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of +0.17 to +2.1 W m-2. Thus, there is a very high probability that black carbon emissions, independent of co-emitted species, have a pos. forcing and warm the climate. We est. that black carbon, with a total climate forcing of +1.1 W m-2, is the second most important human emission in terms of its climate forcing in the present-day atm.; only carbon dioxide is estd. to have a greater forcing. Sources that emit black carbon also emit other short-lived species that may either cool or warm climate. Climate forcings from co-emitted species are estd. and used in the framework described herein. When the principal effects of short-lived co-emissions, including cooling agents such as sulfur dioxide, are included in net forcing, energy-related sources (fossil fuel and biofuel) have an industrial-era climate forcing of +0.22 (-0.50 to +1.08) W m-2 during the first year after emission. For a few of these sources, such as diesel engines and possibly residential biofuels, warming is strong enough that eliminating all short-lived emissions from these sources would reduce net climate forcing (i.e., produce cooling). When open burning emissions, which emit high levels of org. matter, are included in the total, the best est. of net industrial-era climate forcing by all short-lived species from black-carbon-rich sources becomes slightly neg. (-0.06 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of -1.45 to +1.29 W m-2). The uncertainties in net climate forcing from black-carbon-rich sources are substantial, largely due to lack of knowledge about cloud interactions with both black carbon and co-emitted org. carbon. In prioritizing potential black-carbon mitigation actions, non-science factors, such as tech. feasibility, costs, policy design, and implementation feasibility play important roles. The major sources of black carbon are presently in different stages with regard to the feasibility for near-term mitigation. This assessment, by evaluating the large no. and complexity of the assocd. phys. and radiative processes in black-carbon climate forcing, sets a baseline from which to improve future climate forcing ests.
- 5Segersson, D.; Eneroth, K.; Gidhagen, L.; Johansson, C.; Omstedt, G.; Nylén, A. E.; Forsberg, B. Health impact of PM10, PM2. 5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14 (7), 742, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070742Google Scholar5https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVSkurnL&md5=fe7b7af5ea3e0befb449fdde17017708Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, SwedenSegersson, David; Eneroth, Kristina; Gidhagen, Lars; Johansson, Christer; Omstedt, gunnar; Nylen, Anders Engstroem; Forsberg, BertilInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2017), 14 (7), 742/1-742/21CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. (MDPI AG)The most important anthropogenic sources of primary particulate matter (PM) in ambient air in Europe are exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from road traffic and combustion of solid biomass. There is convincing evidence that PM, almost regardless of source, has detrimental health effects. An important issue in health impact assessments is what metric, indicator and exposure-response function to use for different types of PM. The aim of this study is to describe sectorial contributions to PM exposure and related premature mortality for three Swedish cities: Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umea. Exposure is calcd. with high spatial resoln. using atm. dispersion models. Attributed premature mortality is calcd. sep. for the main local sources and the contribution from long-range transport (LRT), applying different relative risks. In general, the main part of the exposure is due to LRT, while for black carbon, the local sources are equally or more important. The major part of the premature deaths is in our assessment related to local emissions, with road traffic and residential wood combustion having the largest impact. This emphasizes the importance to resolve within-city concn. gradients when assessing exposure. It also implies that control actions on local PM emissions have a strong potential in abatement strategies.
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- Sampsa Martikainen, Panu Karjalainen, Topi Rönkkö, Anssi Järvinen, Joni Kalliokoski, Jorma Keskinen, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Kimmo Teinilä, Sanna Saarikoski, Minna Aurela, Hilkka Timonen, Henna Saveljeff, Mika Lauren. Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Particulate Emissions of a Modern Diesel-Powered Tractor under Real Driving Conditions. 2020https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2204
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. Schematic showing the complexity of sources, atmospheric transformation, and climatic and air quality impacts of particulate black carbon (BC).
References
This article references 5 other publications.
- 1AMAP. Summary for Policy-makers: Arctic Climate Issues 2015; Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): Oslo, Norway, 2015; p 16.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 2Klimont, Z.; Kupiainen, K.; Heyes, C.; Purohit, P.; Cofala, J.; Rafaj, P.; Borken-Kleefeld, J.; Schöpp, W. Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2017, 17, 8681– 8723, DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8681-20172https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1ahtbnK&md5=63758734475b7aad97d3d3614c7abc63Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbonKlimont, Zbigniew; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Heyes, Chris; Purohit, Pallav; Cofala, Janusz; Rafaj, Peter; Borken-Kleefeld, Jens; Schoepp, WolfgangAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017), 17 (14), 8681-8723CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical (1990-2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calcn. of mass-based size distribution (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and org. carbon (OC). The ests. were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source- and region-specific technol. characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a no. of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total est. Spatially, emissions were calcd. for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5° × 0.5° longitude-latitude grids. No independent ests. of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included. We est. that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g.European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30% in 1990 to well below 15% in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50% to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60% of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60% for BC and OC, 45% for PM2.5, and less than 40% for PM10, where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estd. at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, resp., and represent about 15% of PM2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50%, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC nos. are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources. This PM est. fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modeling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atm. transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyond, serves better parameterization of the global integrated assessment models with respect to representation of black carbon and org. carbon emissions, and built a basis for recently published global particulate no. ests.
- 3Achilleos, S.; Kioumourtzoglou, M. A.; Wu, C. D.; Schwartz, J. D.; Koutrakis, P.; Papatheodorou, S. I. Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Environ. Int. 2017, 109, 89– 100, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.0103https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1Cgur3O&md5=84f9919f9d03bd10c4d8944d36dcddf5Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysisAchilleos, Souzana; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Wu, Chih-Da; Schwartz, Joel D.; Koutrakis, Petros; Papatheodorou, Stefania I.Environment International (2017), 109 (), 89-100CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)The link between PM2.5 exposure and adverse health outcomes is well documented from studies across the world. However, the reported effect ests. vary across studies, locations and constituents. We aimed to conduct a meta-anal. on assocns. between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and mortality using city-specific ests., and explore factors that may explain some of the obsd. heterogeneity. We systematically reviewed epidemiol. studies on particle constituents and mortality using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to July 2015. We included studies that examd. the assocn. between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, in the general adult population. Each study was summarized based on pre-specified study key parameters (e.g., location, time period, population, diagnostic classification std.), and we evaluated the risk of bias using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Method for each included study. We extd. city-specific mortality risk ests. for each constituent and cause of mortality. For multi-city studies, we requested the city-specific risk ests. from the authors unless reported in the article. We performed random effects meta-analyses using city-specific ests., and examd. whether the effects vary across regions and city characteristics (PM2.5 concn. levels, air temp., elevation, vegetation, size of elderly population, population d., and baseline mortality).We found a 0.89% (95% CI: 0.68, 1.10%) increase in all-cause, a 0.80% (95% CI: 0.41, 1.20%) increase in cardiovascular, and a 1.10% (95% CI: 0.59, 1.62%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Accounting for the downward bias induced by studies of single days, the all-cause mortality est. increased to 1.01% (95% CI: 0.81, 1.20%). We found significant assocns. between mortality and several PM2.5 constituents. The most consistent and stronger assocns. were obsd. for elemental carbon (EC) and potassium (K). For most of the constituents, we obsd. high variability of effect ests. across cities. Our meta-anal. suggests that (a) combustion elements such as EC and K have a stronger assocn. with mortality, (b) single lag studies underestimate effects, and (c) ests. of PM2.5 and constituents differ across regions. Accounting for PM mass in constituent's health models may lead to more stable and comparable effect ests. across different studies.PROSPERO: CRD42017055765.
- 4Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kärcher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofim, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2013, 118, 5380– 5552, DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.501714https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVyrtbrF&md5=d1cbe00667e64195f11ac44fb316637eBounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessmentBond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kaercher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofim, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013), 118 (11), 5380-5552CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of phys. properties. This assessment provides an evaluation of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quant. in providing best ests. and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liq., mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice. These effects are calcd. with climate models, but when possible, they are evaluated with both microphys. measurements and field observations. Predominant sources are combustion related, namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid fuels for industrial and residential uses, and open burning of biomass. Total global emissions of black carbon using bottom-up inventory methods are 7500 Gg yr-1 in the year 2000 with an uncertainty range of 2000 to 29000. However, global atm. absorption attributable to black carbon is too low in many models and should be increased by a factor of almost 3. After this scaling, the best est. for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atm. black carbon is +0.71 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W m-2. Total direct forcing by all black carbon sources, without subtracting the preindustrial background, is estd. as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W m-2. Direct radiative forcing alone does not capture important rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework is described and used for quantifying climate forcings, including rapid adjustments. The best est. of industrial-era climate forcing of black carbon through all forcing mechanisms, including clouds and cryosphere forcing, is +1.1 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of +0.17 to +2.1 W m-2. Thus, there is a very high probability that black carbon emissions, independent of co-emitted species, have a pos. forcing and warm the climate. We est. that black carbon, with a total climate forcing of +1.1 W m-2, is the second most important human emission in terms of its climate forcing in the present-day atm.; only carbon dioxide is estd. to have a greater forcing. Sources that emit black carbon also emit other short-lived species that may either cool or warm climate. Climate forcings from co-emitted species are estd. and used in the framework described herein. When the principal effects of short-lived co-emissions, including cooling agents such as sulfur dioxide, are included in net forcing, energy-related sources (fossil fuel and biofuel) have an industrial-era climate forcing of +0.22 (-0.50 to +1.08) W m-2 during the first year after emission. For a few of these sources, such as diesel engines and possibly residential biofuels, warming is strong enough that eliminating all short-lived emissions from these sources would reduce net climate forcing (i.e., produce cooling). When open burning emissions, which emit high levels of org. matter, are included in the total, the best est. of net industrial-era climate forcing by all short-lived species from black-carbon-rich sources becomes slightly neg. (-0.06 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of -1.45 to +1.29 W m-2). The uncertainties in net climate forcing from black-carbon-rich sources are substantial, largely due to lack of knowledge about cloud interactions with both black carbon and co-emitted org. carbon. In prioritizing potential black-carbon mitigation actions, non-science factors, such as tech. feasibility, costs, policy design, and implementation feasibility play important roles. The major sources of black carbon are presently in different stages with regard to the feasibility for near-term mitigation. This assessment, by evaluating the large no. and complexity of the assocd. phys. and radiative processes in black-carbon climate forcing, sets a baseline from which to improve future climate forcing ests.
- 5Segersson, D.; Eneroth, K.; Gidhagen, L.; Johansson, C.; Omstedt, G.; Nylén, A. E.; Forsberg, B. Health impact of PM10, PM2. 5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14 (7), 742, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph140707425https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVSkurnL&md5=fe7b7af5ea3e0befb449fdde17017708Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, SwedenSegersson, David; Eneroth, Kristina; Gidhagen, Lars; Johansson, Christer; Omstedt, gunnar; Nylen, Anders Engstroem; Forsberg, BertilInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2017), 14 (7), 742/1-742/21CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. (MDPI AG)The most important anthropogenic sources of primary particulate matter (PM) in ambient air in Europe are exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from road traffic and combustion of solid biomass. There is convincing evidence that PM, almost regardless of source, has detrimental health effects. An important issue in health impact assessments is what metric, indicator and exposure-response function to use for different types of PM. The aim of this study is to describe sectorial contributions to PM exposure and related premature mortality for three Swedish cities: Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umea. Exposure is calcd. with high spatial resoln. using atm. dispersion models. Attributed premature mortality is calcd. sep. for the main local sources and the contribution from long-range transport (LRT), applying different relative risks. In general, the main part of the exposure is due to LRT, while for black carbon, the local sources are equally or more important. The major part of the premature deaths is in our assessment related to local emissions, with road traffic and residential wood combustion having the largest impact. This emphasizes the importance to resolve within-city concn. gradients when assessing exposure. It also implies that control actions on local PM emissions have a strong potential in abatement strategies.
