Chemical Bath Deposition of ZnO Nanowires Using Copper Nitrate as an Additive for Compensating DopingClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Clément LauseckerClément LauseckerUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI-Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38054 Grenoble, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38054 Grenoble, FranceMore by Clément Lausecker
- Bassem Salem*Bassem Salem*Email: [email protected]Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI-Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38054 Grenoble, FranceMore by Bassem Salem
- Xavier Baillin
- Odette Chaix-PlucheryOdette Chaix-PlucheryUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, FranceMore by Odette Chaix-Pluchery
- Hervé RousselHervé RousselUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, FranceMore by Hervé Roussel
- Sébastien LabauSébastien LabauUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI-Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38054 Grenoble, FranceMore by Sébastien Labau
- Bernard PelissierBernard PelissierUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI-Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38054 Grenoble, FranceMore by Bernard Pelissier
- Estelle AppertEstelle AppertUniversité Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, FranceMore by Estelle Appert
- Vincent Consonni*Vincent Consonni*Email: [email protected]Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, FranceMore by Vincent Consonni
Abstract
The controlled incorporation of dopants like copper into ZnO nanowires (NWs) grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) is still challenging despite its critical importance for the development of piezoelectric devices. In this context, the effects of the addition of copper nitrate during the CBD of ZnO NWs grown on Au seed layers are investigated in detail, where zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine are used as standard chemical precursors and ammonia as an additive to tune the pH. By combining thermodynamic simulations with chemical and structural analyses, we show that copper oxide nanocrystals simultaneously form with ZnO NWs during the CBD process in the low-pH region associated with large supersaturation of Cu species. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) speciation diagrams reveal that both species show very similar behaviors, as they predominantly form either X2+ ions (with X = Cu or Zn) or X(NH3)42+ ion complexes, depending on the pH value. Owing to their similar ionic structures, Cu2+ and Cu(NH3)42+ ions preferentially formed in the low- and high-pH regions, respectively, are able to compete with the corresponding Zn2+ and Zn(NH3)42+ ions to adsorb on the c-plane top facets of ZnO NWs despite repulsive electrostatic interactions, yielding the significant incorporation of Cu. At the highest pH value, additional attractive electrostatic interactions between the Cu(NH3)42+ ion complexes and negatively charged c-plane top facets further enhance the incorporation of Cu into ZnO NWs. The present findings provide a deep insight into the physicochemical processes at work during the CBD of ZnO NWs following the addition of copper nitrate, as well as a detailed analysis of the incorporation mechanisms of Cu into ZnO NWs, which are considered beyond the only electrostatic forces usually driving the incorporation of dopants such as Al and Ga.
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