Heterogeneous Material Integration via Autogenous Transfer Printing Using a Graphene Oxide Release LayerClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Il Ryu JangIl Ryu JangDigital Health Care R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, KoreaDepartment of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, KoreaMore by Il Ryu Jang
- Junwoo YeaJunwoo YeaDepartment of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, KoreaMore by Junwoo Yea
- Kyeong Jun ParkKyeong Jun ParkDigital Health Care R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, KoreaDepartment of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, KoreaMore by Kyeong Jun Park
- Uhyeon KimUhyeon KimDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, KoreaMore by Uhyeon Kim
- Kyung-In JangKyung-In JangDepartment of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, KoreaMore by Kyung-In Jang
- Namjung KimNamjung KimDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, South KoreaMore by Namjung Kim
- Seok KimSeok KimDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, KoreaMore by Seok Kim
- Hoe Joon KimHoe Joon KimDepartment of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, KoreaMore by Hoe Joon Kim
- Hohyun Keum*Hohyun Keum*Email: (H.K.) [email protected]Digital Health Care R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, KoreaMore by Hohyun Keum
Abstract
The transfer printing method has drawn significant attention as a promising solution to overcome the limitation of substrate dependency in conventional microfabrication. However, several issues, such as pattern distortion, incompatibility of high-temperature processes, and low throughput, still pose challenges in achieving next-generation microfabrication. The present study utilizes graphene oxide (GO), with a thickness in the tens of nanometers, as the release layer to achieve stable, efficient, and highly scalable transfer printing. When an GO layer is exposed to the reducing agent, it undergoes the removal of existing functional groups, resulting in dimensional shrinkage and inducing microcrack formation. These microcracks serve as stress–concentration initiators between GO and the substrate, facilitating efficient exfoliation of the prepared layers above. The exceptional thermal stability of GO releasing layer allows the proposed method to be applied in transferring the high-temperature processed poly silicon and silicon dioxide patterns. Furthermore, the rapid processing time, confirmed through both experimental and numerical analysis, demonstrates a significant improvement in throughput compared to that of conventional transfer printing methods. Additionally, the proposed method involves a minimal aqueous process, effectively addressing pattern distortion issues in chemical sacrificial layer-releasing methods. The successful fabrication of a wearable resistance temperature detector embedded phototherapy device demonstrates the potential of the proposed method for advancing microfabrication techniques.
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1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Figure 1
Figure 1. (a) Overview of the fabrication process. (b) Schematic illustration depicting the atomic structure alteration of GO due to reduction.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Digital micrographs illustrating (a) the pickup of the Si layer using water-soluble tape and (b) the resulting transferred Si layer. (c) Optical micrograph of the transferred Si layer. EDS analysis of the transferred (d) Si and (e) SiO2 layer.
Figure 3
Figure 3. (a, b) SEM images of the pattern stacked with Au–PI–GO layers on Si substrates. Surface morphology at the edge of the pattern for (c) the pristine sample and (d) the sample with a reduction of 45 s. (e) Elemental composition and (f) mapping of the surfaces with and without patterns for elemental analysis of Si, Au, O, and C.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Surface morphology of the edge of (a) pristine GO film, (b) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (c) GO film reduced for 45 s. Raman analyses of (d) pristine GO film, (e) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (f) GO film reduced for 45 s. XRD analyses of (g) pristine GO film, (h) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (i) GO film reduced for 45 s.
Figure 5
Figure 5. (a) Contact angle measurement of DI water and EG droplets on Si and GO surfaces. The surface energy of Si and GO, and the work of adhesion in the table. (b) Required peeling force with reduction time.
Figure 6
Figure 6. FEA results depicting the induced (a) stress and (b) displacement with reduction time under an applied peeling force of 1 μN. (c) CMOD as a function of applied peeling force.
Figure 7
Figure 7. (a) Pickup yield as a function of reduction time. Inset figures show the samples after delamination. (b) Digital images showing the pickup of the patterned layer, the transferred patterned layer on the water-soluble tape (point 1 indicates the transferred patterned layer), and the donor substrate after the transfer (point 2 that the location where the patterned layer had existed). Raman analyses of (c) point 1 and (d) point 2.
Figure 8
Figure 8. (a) Composition of the device layer and overall structure along with the fabrication process flow. (b) Characterization of TCR for RTD. (c) Operation of the LED device with applied current. Phototherapy device on curved surfaces, including curved glass and human skin. (d) Resistance and temperature as a function of time with applied current. Inset figures show IR images with time under an applied current of 15 mA.
3. Conclusion
4. Methods
4.1. Preparation of GO Solution and Coating on a Si Substrate
4.2. Deposition and Patterning of Silicon Dioxide and Poly-Si
4.3. Fabrication Process of a Phototherapy Device
4.4. Delamination of the Device Layer and Integration with a PDMS Layer
4.5. LED Integration with the Device Layer and Device Characterization
4.6. Material Characterization
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.3c05028.
Surface profile and morphology of microcracks with respect to reduction time (Figures S1 and S2); geometry/parameters of the FEA model (Figure S3); FEA results illustrating the induced stress distribution (Figure S4); digital images of the sample in a HI acid solution at various reduction times (Figure S5) (PDF)
Movie S1 (MP4)
Movie S2 (MP4)
Movie S3 (MP4)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgments
This study was performed with the support of the R&D Program for Forest Science Technology (Project No. 2021396B10-2323-0107) provided by Korea Forest Service(Korea Forestry Promotion Institute), the basic science research program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2021R1C1C1011588), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea, and the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH EH-23-0014).
References
This article references 36 other publications.
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- 4Kim, K. S.; Lee, D.; Chang, C. S.; Seo, S.; Hu, Y.; Cha, S.; Kim, H.; Shin, J.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, S. Non-epitaxial single-crystal 2D material growth by geometric confinement. Nature 2023, 614 (7946), 88– 94, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05524-0Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhslKitr0%253D&md5=a04478b0a7bc9178e1b030ccb5813406Non-epitaxial single-crystal 2D material growth by geometric confinementKim, Ki Seok; Lee, Doyoon; Chang, Celesta S.; Seo, Seunghwan; Hu, Yaoqiao; Cha, Soonyoung; Kim, Hyunseok; Shin, Jiho; Lee, Ju-Hee; Lee, Sangho; Kim, Justin S.; Kim, Ki Hyun; Suh, Jun Min; Meng, Yuan; Park, Bo-In; Lee, Jung-Hoon; Park, Hyung-Sang; Kum, Hyun S.; Jo, Moon-Ho; Yeom, Geun Young; Cho, Kyeongjae; Park, Jin-Hong; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Kim, JeehwanNature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 614 (7946), 88-94CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures show a promising path for next-generation electronics1-3. Nevertheless, 2D-based electronics have not been commercialized, owing mainly to three crit. challenges: i) precise kinetic control of layer-by-layer 2D material growth, ii) maintaining a single domain during the growth, and iii) wafer-scale controllability of layer nos. and crystallinity. Here we introduce a deterministic, confined-growth technique that can tackle these three issues simultaneously, thus obtaining wafer-scale single-domain 2D monolayer arrays and their heterostructures on arbitrary substrates. We geometrically confine the growth of the first set of nuclei by defining a selective growth area via patterning SiO2 masks on two-inch substrates. Owing to substantial redn. of the growth duration at the micrometre-scale SiO2 trenches, we obtain wafer-scale single-domain monolayer WSe2 arrays on the arbitrary substrates by filling the trenches via short growth of the first set of nuclei, before the second set of nuclei is introduced, thus without requiring epitaxial seeding. Further growth of transition metal dichalcogenides with the same principle yields the formation of single-domain MoS2/WSe2 heterostructures. Our achievement will lay a strong foundation for 2D materials to fit into industrial settings.
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- 6Kim, Y.; Suh, J. M.; Shin, J.; Liu, Y.; Yeon, H.; Qiao, K.; Kum, H. S.; Kim, C.; Lee, H. E.; Choi, C. Chip-less wireless electronic skins by remote epitaxial freestanding compound semiconductors. Science 2022, 377 (6608), 859– 864, DOI: 10.1126/science.abn7325Google Scholar6https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xit1yrtLzE&md5=9b11a92503be06c4e4069847a3b43b70Chip-less wireless electronic skins by remote epitaxial freestanding compound semiconductorsKim, Yeongin; Suh, Jun Min; Shin, Jiho; Liu, Yunpeng; Yeon, Hanwool; Qiao, Kuan; Kum, Hyun S.; Kim, Chansoo; Lee, Han Eol; Choi, Chanyeol; Kim, Hyunseok; Lee, Doyoon; Lee, Jaeyong; Kang, Ji-Hoon; Park, Bo-In; Kang, Sungsu; Kim, Jihoon; Kim, Sungkyu; Perozek, Joshua A.; Wang, Kejia; Park, Yongmo; Kishen, Kumar; Kong, Lingping; Palacios, Tomas; Park, Jungwon; Park, Min-Chul; Kim, Hyung-jun; Lee, Yun Seog; Lee, Kyusang; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Kong, Wei; Han, Jiyeon; Kim, JeehwanScience (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6608), 859-864CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Recent advances in flexible and stretchable electronics have led to a surge of electronic skin (e-skin)-based health monitoring platforms. Conventional wireless e-skins rely on rigid integrated circuit chips that compromise the overall flexibility and consume considerable power. Chip-less wireless e-skins based on inductor-capacitor resonators are limited to mech. sensors with low sensitivities. We report a chip-less wireless e-skin based on surface acoustic wave sensors made of freestanding ultrathin single-cryst. piezoelec. gallium nitride membranes. Surface acoustic wave-based e-skin offers highly sensitive, low-power, and long-term sensing of strain, UV light, and ion concns. in sweat. We demonstrate weeklong monitoring of pulse. These results present routes to inexpensive and versatile low-power, high-sensitivity platforms for wireless health monitoring devices.
- 7Carlson, A.; Bowen, A. M.; Huang, Y.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Rogers, J. A. Transfer printing techniques for materials assembly and micro/nanodevice fabrication. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24 (39), 5284– 5318, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201386Google Scholar7https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht12jtrjI&md5=8e975fec101b3f033cba8bab83240a35Transfer Printing Techniques for Materials Assembly and Micro/Nanodevice FabricationCarlson, Andrew; Bowen, Audrey M.; Huang, Yonggang; Nuzzo, Ralph G.; Rogers, John A.Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2012), 24 (39), 5284-5318CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. Transfer printing represents a set of techniques for deterministic assembly of micro-and nanomaterials into spatially organized, functional arrangements with two and three-dimensional layouts. Such processes provide versatile routes not only to test structures and vehicles for scientific studies but also to high-performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems, including those in flexible electronics, three-dimensional and/or curvilinear optoelectronics, and bio-integrated sensing and therapeutic devices. This article summarizes recent advances in a variety of transfer printing techniques, ranging from the mechanics and materials aspects that govern their operation to engineering features of their use in systems with varying levels of complexity. A concluding section presents perspectives on opportunities for basic and applied research, and on emerging use of these methods in high throughput, industrial-scale manufg.
- 8Kim, T.-H.; Cho, K.-S.; Lee, E. K.; Lee, S. J.; Chae, J.; Kim, J. W.; Kim, D. H.; Kwon, J.-Y.; Amaratunga, G.; Lee, S. Y. Full-colour quantum dot displays fabricated by transfer printing. Nat. Photonics 2011, 5 (3), 176– 182, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.12Google Scholar8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXisFWqsrg%253D&md5=49897b18889f033c745e6db58625a01fFull-colour quantum dot displays fabricated by transfer printingKim, Tae-Ho; Cho, Kyung-Sang; Lee, Eun Kyung; Lee, Sang Jin; Chae, Jungseok; Kim, Jung Woo; Kim, Do Hwan; Kwon, Jang-Yeon; Amaratunga, Gehan; Lee, Sang Yoon; Choi, Byoung Lyong; Kuk, Young; Kim, Jong Min; Kim, KinamNature Photonics (2011), 5 (3), 176-182CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)Light-emitting diodes with quantum dot luminophores show promise in the development of next-generation displays, because quantum dot luminophores demonstrate high quantum yields, extremely narrow emission, spectral tunability and high stability, among other beneficial characteristics. However, the inability to achieve size-selective quantum dot patterning by conventional methods hinders the realization of full-color quantum dot displays. Here, we report the first demonstration of a large-area, full-color quantum dot display, including in flexible form, using optimized quantum dot films, and with control of the nano-interfaces and carrier behavior. Printed quantum dot films exhibit excellent morphol., well-ordered quantum dot structure and clearly defined interfaces. These characteristics are achieved through the solvent-free transfer of quantum dot films and the compact structure of the quantum dot networks. Significant enhancements in charge transport/balance in the quantum dot layer improve electroluminescent performance. A method using plasmonic coupling is also suggested to further enhance luminous efficiency. The results suggest routes towards creating large-scale optoelectronic devices in displays, solid-state lighting and photovoltaics.
- 9Park, J. K.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, B.; Kim, S. Pattern transfer of large-scale thin membranes with controllable self-delamination interface for integrated functional systems. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 6882, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27208-5Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXisFyrtLbO&md5=25c35894c534eccbab6b2257b004b416Pattern transfer of large-scale thin membranes with controllable self-delamination interface for integrated functional systemsPark, Jun Kyu; Zhang, Yue; Xu, Baoxing; Kim, SeokNature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 6882CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Direct transfer of pre-patterned device-grade nano-to-microscale materials highly benefits many existing and potential, high performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems over conventional lithog.-based microfabrication. We present, in combined theory and expt., a self-delamination-driven pattern transfer of a single cryst. silicon thin membrane via well-controlled interfacial design in liq. media. This pattern transfer allows the usage of an intermediate or mediator substrate where both front and back sides of a thin membrane are capable of being integrated with std. lithog. processing, thereby achieving deterministic assembly of the thin membrane into a multi-functional system. Implementations of these capabilities are demonstrated in broad variety of applications ranging from electronics to microelectromech. systems, wetting and filtration, and metamaterials.
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- 12Li, H.; Xu, Y.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Lu, B.; Wang, J.; Ma, Y.; Chen, Y. Epidermal inorganic optoelectronics for blood oxygen measurement. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2017, 6 (9), 1601013, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201770044Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 13Song, Y. M.; Xie, Y.; Malyarchuk, V.; Xiao, J.; Jung, I.; Choi, K.-J.; Liu, Z.; Park, H.; Lu, C.; Kim, R.-H. Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye. Nature 2013, 497 (7447), 95– 99, DOI: 10.1038/nature12083Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXmvFyntb0%253D&md5=0c9eab02e44c148a6aa88092f42e0820Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eyeSong, Young Min; Xie, Yizhu; Malyarchuk, Viktor; Xiao, Jianliang; Jung, Inhwa; Choi, Ki-Joong; Liu, Zhuangjian; Park, Hyunsung; Lu, Chaofeng; Kim, Rak-Hwan; Li, Rui; Crozier, Kenneth B.; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 497 (7447), 95-99CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)In arthropods, evolution has created a remarkably sophisticated class of imaging systems, with a wide-angle field of view, low aberrations, high acuity to motion and an infinite depth of field. A challenge in building digital cameras with the hemispherical, compd. apposition layouts of arthropod eyes is that essential design requirements cannot be met with existing planar sensor technologies or conventional optics. Here we present materials, mechanics and integration schemes that afford scalable pathways to working, arthropod-inspired cameras with nearly full hemispherical shapes (about 160 degrees). Their surfaces are densely populated by imaging elements (artificial ommatidia), which are comparable in no. (180) to those of the eyes of fire ants (Solenopsis fugax) and bark beetles (Hylastes nigrinus). The devices combine elastomeric compd. optical elements with deformable arrays of thin silicon photodetectors into integrated sheets that can be elastically transformed from the planar geometries in which they are fabricated to hemispherical shapes for integration into apposition cameras. Our imaging results and quant. ray-tracing-based simulations illustrate key features of operation. These general strategies seem to be applicable to other compd. eye devices, such as those inspired by moths and lacewings (refracting superposition eyes), lobster and shrimp (reflecting superposition eyes), and houseflies (neural superposition eyes).
- 14Kim, C. H.; Lee, D. H.; Youn, J.; Lee, H.; Jeong, J. Simple and cost-effective microfabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable multi-functional electrophysiological monitoring. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11 (1), 14823, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94397-wGoogle Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1Clt7rE&md5=a13d8fdaff71fd22d79f02dd670011bdSimple and cost-effective microfabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable multi-functional electrophysiological monitoringKim, Chae Hyun; Lee, Dong Hyeon; Youn, Jiman; Lee, Hongje; Jeong, JoonsooScientific Reports (2021), 11 (1), 14823CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)Abstr.: The fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics is a crit. requirement for the successful application of wearable healthcare devices. Although such flexible electronics have been commonly fabricated by microelectromech. system (MEMS) technologies, they require a specialised equipment for vacuum deposition, photolithog., and wet and dry etching. A photolithog.-free simple patterning method using a desktop plotter cutter has been proposed; however, the metal formation and electrode opening still rely on the MEMS technol. To address this issue, we demonstrate a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and a complete microfabrication process for flexible and stretchable sensor platforms encompassing conductor formation and patterning to encapsulate and open sensing windows, which only require an economic plotter cutter and readily available supplies. Despite its simplicity, the proposed process could stably create microscale features of 200 μm wide conductor lines and 1 mm window openings, which are in the useful range for various wearable applications. The feasibility of the simple fabrication of multi-functional sensors for various physiol. monitoring applications was successfully demonstrated in electrochem. (glucose), elec. (ECG), mech. (strain), and thermal (body temp.) modalities.
- 15Cha, S.; Cha, M.; Lee, S.; Kang, J. H.; Kim, C. Low-temperature, dry transfer-printing of a patterned graphene monolayer. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5 (1), 17877, DOI: 10.1038/srep17877Google Scholar15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvF2msLnL&md5=19046c4f908f9db50bde55249c0ca3c1Low-Temperature, Dry Transfer-Printing of a Patterned Graphene MonolayerCha, Sugkyun; Cha, Minjeong; Lee, Seojun; Kang, Jin Hyoun; Kim, ChangsoonScientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 17877CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Graphene has recently attracted much interest as a material for flexible, transparent electrodes or active layers in electronic and photonic devices. However, realization of such graphene-based devices is limited due to difficulties in obtaining patterned graphene monolayers on top of materials that are degraded when exposed to a high-temp. or wet process. We demonstrate a low-temp., dry process capable of transfer-printing a patterned graphene monolayer grown on Cu foil onto a target substrate using an elastomeric stamp. A challenge in realizing this is to obtain a high-quality graphene layer on a hydrophobic stamp made of poly(dimethylsiloxane), which is overcome by introducing two crucial modifications to the conventional wet-transfer method - the use of a support layer composed of Au and the decrease in surface tension of the liq. bath. Using this technique, patterns of a graphene monolayer were transfer-printed on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate and MoO3, both of which are easily degraded when exposed to an aq. or aggressive patterning process. We discuss the range of application of this technique, which is currently limited by oligomer contaminants, and possible means to expand it by eliminating the contamination problem.
- 16Abhilash, T.; De Alba, R.; Zhelev, N.; Craighead, H. G.; Parpia, J. M. Transfer printing of CVD graphene FETs on patterned substrates. Nanoscale 2015, 7 (33), 14109– 14113, DOI: 10.1039/C5NR03501EGoogle Scholar16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXht1Cgs7vM&md5=4581a56c5870c38cd0ba8147e11c9cb8Transfer printing of CVD graphene FETs on patterned substratesAbhilash, T. S.; De Alba, R.; Zhelev, N.; Craighead, H. G.; Parpia, J. M.Nanoscale (2015), 7 (33), 14109-14113CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)We describe a simple and scalable method for the transfer of CVD graphene for the fabrication of field effect transistors. This is a dry process that uses a modified RCA-cleaning step to improve the surface quality. In contrast to conventional fabrication routes where lithog. steps are performed after the transfer, here graphene is transferred to a pre-patterned substrate. The resulting FET devices display nearly zero Dirac voltage, and the contact resistance between the graphene and metal contacts is on the order of 910 ± 340 Ω μm. This approach enables formation of conducting graphene channel lengths up to one millimeter. The resist-free transfer process provides a clean graphene surface that is promising for use in high sensitivity graphene FET biosensors.
- 17Wang, C.; Linghu, C.; Nie, S.; Li, C.; Lei, Q.; Tao, X.; Zeng, Y.; Du, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yu, K. Programmable and scalable transfer printing with high reliability and efficiency for flexible inorganic electronics. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6 (25), eabb2393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2393Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Park, J.; Yoo, J.-H.; Grigoropoulos, C. P. Multi-scale graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates via laser-assisted transfer-printing process. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101 (4), 043110, DOI: 10.1063/1.4738883Google Scholar18https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtVOqtL3P&md5=f28af11f96784da720666564083078deMulti-scale graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates via laser-assisted transfer-printing processPark, J. B.; Yoo, J.-H.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.Applied Physics Letters (2012), 101 (4), 043110/1-043110/4CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)A laser radiation-assisted transfer-printing process is developed for multi-scale(coating process) graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates using femtosecond laser scanning on a graphene/metal substrate and transfer techniques without using multi-step patterning processes. The short pulse nature of a femtosecond laser radiation on a graphene/copper sheet enables fabrication of high-resoln. graphene patterns. Thanks to the scale(coating process) up, fast, direct writing, multi-scale with high resoln., and reliable process characteristics, it can be an alternative pathway to the multi-step photolithog. methods for printing arbitrary graphene patterns on desired substrates. We also demonstrate transparent strain devices without expensive photomasks and multi-step patterning process. (c) 2012 American Institute of Physics.
- 19Luo, H.; Wang, C.; Linghu, C.; Yu, K.; Wang, C.; Song, J. Laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing of objects onto arbitrary receivers via an active elastomeric microstructured stamp. National science review 2020, 7 (2), 296– 304, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz109Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhs1Slt7rM&md5=1e1c21a2a54173c116f5e741dd2be296Laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing of objects onto arbitrary receivers via an active elastomeric microstructured stampLuo, Hongyu; Wang, Chengjun; Linghu, Changhong; Yu, Kaixin; Wang, Chao; Song, JizhouNational Science Review (2020), 7 (2), 296-304CODEN: NSRACI; ISSN:2053-714X. (Oxford University Press)Transfer printing, as an important assembly technique, has attracted much attention due to its valuable merits to develop novel forms of electronics such as stretchable inorg. electronics requiring the heterogeneous integration of inorg. materials with soft elastomers. Here, we report on a laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing technique via a simple yet robust design of active elastomeric microstructured stamp that features cavities filled with air and embedded under the contacting surface, a micro-patterned surface membrane that encapsulates the air cavities and a metal layer on the inner-cavity surfaces serving as the laser-absorbing layer. The micro-patterned surface membrane can be inflated dynamically to control the interfacial adhesion, which can be switched from strong state to weak state by more than three orders of magnitude by local laser heating of the air in the cavity with a temp. increase below 100°C. Theor. and exptl. studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the design and fabrication of the active elastomeric microstructured stamp and the operation of non-contact transfer printing. Demonstrations in the programmable transfer printing of micro-scale silicon platelets and micro-scale LED chips onto various challenging receivers illustrate the extraordinary capabilities for deterministic assembly that are difficult to address by existing printing schemes, thereby creating engineering opportunities in areas requiring the heterogeneous integration of diverse materials such as curvilinear electronics and MicroLED displays.
- 20Heo, S.; Ha, J.; Son, S. J.; Choi, I. S.; Lee, H.; Oh, S.; Jekal, J.; Kang, M. H.; Lee, G. J.; Jung, H. H. Instant, multiscale dry transfer printing by atomic diffusion control at heterogeneous interfaces. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 (28), eabh0040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0040Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Zheng, S.; Tu, Q.; Urban, J. J.; Li, S.; Mi, B. Swelling of graphene oxide membranes in aqueous solution: characterization of interlayer spacing and insight into water transport mechanisms. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (6), 6440– 6450, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02999Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXptFemur0%253D&md5=89d43a32b4905b3cf0a929c9a9f940b6Swelling of Graphene Oxide Membranes in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Interlayer Spacing and Insight into Water Transport MechanismsZheng, Sunxiang; Tu, Qingsong; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Li, Shaofan; Mi, BaoxiaACS Nano (2017), 11 (6), 6440-6450CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Graphene oxide (GO) has recently emerged as a promising 2D nanomaterial to make high-performance membranes for important applications. However, the aq.-phase sepn. capability of a layer-stacked GO membrane can be significantly limited by its natural tendency to swell, i.e., absorb water into the GO channel and form an enlarged interlayer spacing (d-spacing). In this study, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in an aq. environment was exptl. characterized using an integrated quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and ellipsometry. This method can accurately quantify a d-spacing in liq. and well beyond the typical measurement limit of ∼2 nm. Mol. simulations were conducted to fundamentally understand the structure and mobility of water in the GO channel, and a theor. model was developed to predict the d-spacing. It was found that, as a dry GO membrane was soaked in water, it initially maintained a d-spacing of 0.76 nm, and water mols. in the GO channel formed a semiordered network with a d. 30% higher than that of bulk water but 20% lower than that of the rhombus-shaped water network formed in a graphene channel. The corresponding mobility of water in the GO channel was much lower than in the graphene channel, where water exhibited almost the same mobility as in the bulk. As the GO membrane remained in water, its d-spacing increased and reached 6 to 7 nm at equil. In comparison, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in NaCl and Na2SO4 solns. decreased as the ionic strength increased and was ∼2 nm at 100 mM.
- 22Qian, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liu, C.; Zhou, C.; Huang, A. Tuning interlayer spacing of graphene oxide membranes with enhanced desalination performance. Desalination 2019, 460, 56– 63, DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.03.009Google Scholar22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXlsFCisL8%253D&md5=a1998852b5e6fe02bfec0002d370b08dTuning interlayer spacing of graphene oxide membranes with enhanced desalination performanceQian, Yunlong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Liu, Chuanyao; Zhou, Chen; Huang, AishengDesalination (2019), 460 (), 56-63CODEN: DSLNAH; ISSN:0011-9164. (Elsevier B.V.)A series of aliph. terminal diamines with different kinetic diam. length, including 1,2-diaminoethane (A2), 1,3-diaminopropane (A3), 1,4-diaminobutane (A4), 1,5-diaminopentane (A5), 1,6-diaminlhexane (A6), 1,7-diaminoheptane (A7), and 1,8-diaminooctane (A8), were selected as built-in mols. of graphene oxide (GO) to fabricate diamine modified graphene oxide nanosheets (Ax-GO). Through vacuum filtration method, diamine modified Ax-GO membranes with tunable interlayer spacing were deposited on the polydopamine (PDA) modified α-Al2O3 supports. The sepn. performances of the Ax-GO membranes were evaluated for seawater desalination by pervaporation. It is found that the water fluxes of the Ax-GO membranes increase with the enhancement of the interlayer spacing of the Ax-GO. Impressively, A4-GO membrane displays the best performance with water flux of 19.7 kg·m-2·h-1 and ion rejection of 99.9% at 90°C for desalination of 3.5 wt% seawater. Further, A4-GO membrane shows high stability for seawater desalination, and the desalination performance keeps unchanged up to 168 h at 75°C.
- 23Pei, S.; Cheng, H.-M. The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 2012, 50 (9), 3210– 3228, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010Google Scholar23https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xms1ertLw%253D&md5=ef65d8d276335b8681fc3d9616726bf2The reduction of graphene oxidePei, Songfeng; Cheng, Hui-MingCarbon (2012), 50 (9), 3210-3228CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)A review. Graphene has attracted great interest for its excellent mech., elec., thermal and optical properties. It can be produced by micro-mech. exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, epitaxial growth, CVD, and the redn. of graphene oxide (GO). The 1st 3 methods can produce graphene with a relatively perfect structure and excellent properties, but in comparison, GO has 2 important characteristics: (a) it can be produced using inexpensive graphite as raw material by cost-effective chem. methods with a high yield, and (b) it is highly hydrophilic and can form stable aq. colloids to facilitate the assembly of macroscopic structures by simple and cheap soln. processes, both of which are important to the large-scale uses of graphene. A key topic in the research and applications of GO is the redn., which partly restores the structure and properties of graphene. Different redn. processes result in different properties of reduced GO (rGO), which in turn affect the final performance of materials or devices composed of rGO. In this contribution, the authors review the state-of-art status of the redn. of GO on both techniques and mechanisms. The development in this field will speed the applications of graphene.
- 24Barcelo, L.; Moranville, M.; Clavaud, B. Autogenous shrinkage of concrete: a balance between autogenous swelling and self-desiccation. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35 (1), 177– 183, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.050Google Scholar24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXmtFKqsQ%253D%253D&md5=1c8af2b3994ebdd0c50664cca9319e71Autogenous shrinkage of concrete: a balance between autogenous swelling and self-desiccationBarcelo, Laurent; Moranville, Micheline; Clavaud, BernardCement and Concrete Research (2005), 35 (1), 177-183CODEN: CCNRAI; ISSN:0008-8846. (Elsevier Ltd.)According to phys. analyses, the driving force of autogenous shrinkage of concrete is the change in the capillary pressure induced by self-desiccation in its cement matrix. Self-desiccation is caused by the balance between the abs. vol. redn. (chem. shrinkage) and the building up of the capillary network. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the cement characteristics on the chain of mechanisms leading from hydration to autogenous deformations. Four parameters were selected: (i) for clinker, the amt. of C3A and free lime and the SO3/K2O ratio; (ii) for cement, the fineness. To master the exptl. area, 16 cements were prepd. at the lab. from pure raw materials. An important no. of characterizing techniques were used in the exptl. study. Their choice was based on the important parameters drawn from the phys. anal.: setting time, suspension-solid transition, hydration kinetics through isothermal calorimetry and nonevaporable water, chem. shrinkage, evolution of relative humidity, capillary porosity and autogenous shrinkage. Using different techniques allowed to det. the precise mechanism of action of each parameter. Results showed that these mechanisms are generally different, even if their macroscopic consequences may be identical. This point will probably be useful for modeling and detg. the industrial keys reducing the autogenous shrinkage. The phys. mechanisms involved in autogenous deformations were further understood. In particular, this study shows that initial autogenous shrinkage should be considered as a balance between the self-desiccation and an initial swelling phase. The influence of the four parameters considered on this last phenomenon were also characterized.
- 25Wu, L.; Farzadnia, N.; Shi, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, H. Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 149, 62– 75, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.064Google Scholar25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFCrs7jO&md5=8925b9874250d9ab9747c258ef77c3d1Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: A reviewWu, Linmei; Farzadnia, Nima; Shi, Caijun; Zhang, Zuhua; Wang, HaoConstruction and Building Materials (2017), 149 (), 62-75CODEN: CBUMEZ; ISSN:1879-0526. (Elsevier Ltd.)A review. Autogenous shrinkage is a major concern in early age cracking of high performance concrete (HPC). Low water-to-binder ratio and incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can remarkably affect the pore structure, relative humidity, self-stress, degree of hydration, and interface structure; hence, increase the shrinkage in the matrix. In this paper, the mechanism of autogenous shrinkage of HPC and influential factors in its development are discussed. In general, autogenous shrinkage is more pronounced in HPC, albeit, using low heat cement, fly ash, shrinkage reducing agents, lightwt. aggregates, and fibers can effectively reduce it. The effects of SCMs on autogenous shrinkage, relationship between different types of shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage as well as the effect of internal curing on autogenous shrinkage need to be further studied.
- 26Tang, S.; Huang, D.; He, Z. A review of autogenous shrinkage models of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 44, 103412, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103412Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Wu, J.-B.; Lin, M.-L.; Cong, X.; Liu, H.-N.; Tan, P.-H. Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47 (5), 1822– 1873, DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00915HGoogle Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhs1OltrY%253D&md5=13f0431096f138275f9324a63490d937Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devicesWu, Jiang-Bin; Lin, Miao-Ling; Cong, Xin; Liu, He-Nan; Tan, Ping-HengChemical Society Reviews (2018), 47 (5), 1822-1873CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Graphene-based materials exhibit remarkable electronic, optical, and mech. properties, which has resulted in both high scientific interest and huge potential for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the family of graphene-based materials is growing because of developments in prepn. methods. Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool to identify and characterize the chem. and phys. properties of these materials, both at the lab. and mass-prodn. scale. This technique is so important that most of the papers published concerning these materials contain at least one Raman spectrum. Thus, here, we systematically review the developments in Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials from both fundamental research and practical (i.e., device applications) perspectives. We describe the essential Raman scattering processes of the entire first- and second-order modes in intrinsic graphene. Furthermore, the shear, layer-breathing, G and 2D modes of multilayer graphene with different stacking orders are discussed. Techniques to det. the no. of graphene layers, to probe resonance Raman spectra of monolayer and multilayer graphenes and to obtain Raman images of graphene-based materials are also presented. The extensive capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of the fundamental properties of graphene under external perturbations are described, which have also been extended to other graphene-based materials, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon dots, graphene oxide, nanoribbons, chem. vapor deposition-grown and SiC epitaxially grown graphene flakes, composites, and graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures. These fundamental properties have been used to probe the states, effects, and mechanisms of graphene materials present in the related heterostructures and devices. We hope that this review will be beneficial in all the aspects of graphene investigations, from basic research to material synthesis and device applications.
- 28Moon, I. K.; Lee, J.; Ruoff, R. S.; Lee, H. Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1 (1), 1– 6, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1067Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsVGht7zL&md5=92bb2bf2a810f7308bbd1f53685876a7Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitizationMoon, In Kyu; Lee, Junghyun; Ruoff, Rodney S.; Lee, HyoyoungNature Communications (2010), 1 (Sept.), Moo1/1-Moo1/6,SMoo1/1-SMoo1/15CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Reduced graphene oxides (RG-Os) have attracted considerable interest, given their potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits. However, very little is known regarding the chem. induced redn. method of graphene oxide (G-O) in both soln. and gas phases, with the exception of the hydrazine-reducing agent, even though it is essential to use the vapor phase for the patterning of hydrophilic G-Os on prepatterned substrates and in situ redn. to hydrophobic RG-Os. The authors report a novel reducing agent system (hydriodic acid with acetic acid (HI-AcOH)) that allows for an efficient, 1-pot redn. of a soln.-phased RG-O powder and vapor-phased RG-O (VRG-O) paper and thin film. The reducing agent system provided highly qualified RG-Os by mass prodn., resulting in highly conducting RG-OHI-AcOH. Also, VRG-OHI-AcOH paper and thin films were prepd. at low temps. (40 °C) and are applicable to flexible devices. This 1-pot method is expected to advance research on highly conducting graphene platelets.
- 29Kozbial, A.; Li, Z.; Conaway, C.; McGinley, R.; Dhingra, S.; Vahdat, V.; Zhou, F.; D’Urso, B.; Liu, H.; Li, L. Study on the surface energy of graphene by contact angle measurements. Langmuir 2014, 30 (28), 8598– 8606, DOI: 10.1021/la5018328Google Scholar29https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtVymtr%252FM&md5=f22c665847f5ad1930d48b5dd2e791ffSurface energy of graphene by contact angle measurementKozbial, Andrew; Li, Zhiting; Conaway, Caitlyn; McGinley, Rebecca; Dhingra, Shonali; Vahdat, Vahid; Zhou, Feng; D'Urso, Brian; Liu, Haitao; Li, LeiLangmuir (2014), 30 (28), 8598-8606CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)Because of the at. thinness of graphene, its integration into a device will always involve its interaction with at least one supporting substrate, making the surface energy of graphene crit. to its real-life applications. In the current paper, the contact angle of graphene synthesized by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) was monitored temporally after synthesis using water, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol, and glycerol. The surface energy was then calcd. based on the contact angle data by the Fowkes, Owens-Wendt (extended Fowkes), and Neumann models. The surface energy of fresh CVD graphene grown on a copper substrate (G/Cu) immediately after synthesis was detd. to be 62.2 ± 3.1 mJ/m2 (Fowkes), 53.0 ± 4.3 mJ/m2 (Owens-Wendt) and 63.8 ± 2.0 mJ/m2 (Neumann), which decreased to 45.6 ± 3.9, 37.5 ± 2.3, and 57.4 ± 2.1 mJ/m2, resp., after 24 h of air exposure. The ellipsometry characterization indicates that the surface energy of G/Cu is affected by airborne hydrocarbon contamination. G/Cu exhibits the highest surface energy immediately after synthesis, and the surface energy decreases after airborne contamination occurs. The root cause of intrinsically mild polarity of G/Cu surface is discussed.
- 30Dalal, E. N. Calculation of solid surface tensions. Langmuir 1987, 3 (6), 1009– 1015, DOI: 10.1021/la00078a023Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaL2sXmtVGrs7w%253D&md5=8b4faa54169932d71bf77c9c80d0ddb9Calculation of solid surface tensionsDalal, Eddy N.Langmuir (1987), 3 (6), 1009-15CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.The harmonic mean and geometric mean equations were evaluated for calcg. solid surface tensions γs from contact-angle data. In the application of these equations to many liqs. to obtain an over-detd. set of equations, pairwise and simultaneous soln. methods were developed. Stability problems arise with the pairwise soln. method, but can be overcome by rejecting ill-conditioned pairs of equations. These methods were used to calc. γs for 12 common polymers, using published contact angle data for a set of 6 testing liqs. The geometric mean equation fits the data better than the harmonic mean equation does, but in either case the resulting values of γs have low std. deviations and are in good agreement with each other and with γs values obtained by other independent methods. The commonly used crit. surface tension γc is always lower than γs.
- 31Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2013, 499 (7459), 419– 425, DOI: 10.1038/nature12385Google Scholar31https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtFKnu7rN&md5=58b3fc8bf8d8e656719bfaa23ab0e99bVan der Waals heterostructuresGeim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 499 (7459), 419-425CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. Research on graphene and other two-dimensional at. crystals is intense and is likely to remain one of the leading topics in condensed matter physics and materials science for many years. Looking beyond this field, isolated at. planes can also be reassembled into designer heterostructures made layer by layer in a precisely chosen sequence. The first, already remarkably complex, such heterostructures (often referred to as van der Waals') have recently been fabricated and investigated, revealing unusual properties and new phenomena. Here we review this emerging research area and identify possible future directions. With steady improvement in fabrication techniques and using graphene's springboard, van der Waals heterostructures should develop into a large field of their own.
- 32Polfus, J. M.; Muñiz, M. B.; Ali, A.; Barragan-Yani, D. A.; Vullum, P. E.; Sunding, M. F.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Belle, B. D. Temperature-Dependent Adhesion in van der Waals Heterostructures. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2021, 8 (20), 2100838, DOI: 10.1002/admi.202100838Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFamurnP&md5=d440fb05a95247a62b5cc5d9187e9444Temperature-Dependent Adhesion in van der Waals HeterostructuresPolfus, Jonathan M.; Muniz, Marta Benthem; Ali, Ayaz; Barragan-Yani, Daniel A.; Vullum, Per Erik; Sunding, Martin F.; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Belle, Branson D.Advanced Materials Interfaces (2021), 8 (20), 2100838CODEN: AMIDD2; ISSN:2196-7350. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The interlayer coupling between 2D materials is immensely important for both the fundamental understanding of these systems, and for the development of transfer techniques for the fabrication of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures. A no. of uncertainties remain with respect to their adhesion characteristics due to the elusive nature of measured adhesion interactions. Moreover, it is theor. predicted that the intrinsic ripples in 2D materials give rise to a temp. dependence in adhesion, although the vdW interactions themselves are principally independent of temp. Here, direct measurements of the adhesion between reduced graphene oxide - coated by soln. deposition on at. force microscopy tips - and graphene, h-BN, and MoS2 supported on SiO2 substrates and as freestanding membranes are presented. The in situ nanomech. characterization reveals a prominent redn. in the adhesion energies with increasing temp. which is ascribed to the thermally induced ripples in the 2D materials.
- 33Rokni, H.; Lu, W. Direct measurements of interfacial adhesion in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures in ambient air. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 5607, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19411-7Google Scholar33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXit12hsrbI&md5=328de29cd6767031e2949983c85b4720Direct measurements of interfacial adhesion in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures in ambient airRokni, Hossein; Lu, WeiNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 5607CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Interfacial adhesion energy is a fundamental property of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and van der Waals heterostructures due to their intrinsic ultrahigh surface to vol. ratio, making adhesion forces very strong in many processes related to fabrication, integration and performance of devices incorporating 2D crystals. However, direct quant. characterization of adhesion behavior of fresh and aged homo/heterointerfaces at nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we use an at. force microscopy technique to report precise adhesion measurements in ambient air through well-defined interactions of tip-attached 2D crystal nanomesas with 2D crystal and SiOx substrates. We quantify how different levels of short-range dispersive and long-range electrostatic interactions respond to airborne contaminants and humidity upon thermal annealing. We show that a simple but very effective precooling treatment can protect 2D crystal substrates against the airborne contaminants and thus boost the adhesion level at the interface of similar and dissimilar van der Waals heterostructures. Our combined exptl. and computational anal. also reveals a distinctive interfacial behavior in transition metal dichalcogenides and graphite/SiOx heterostructures beyond the widely accepted van der Waals interaction.
- 34Lee, C. H.; Kim, J.-H.; Zou, C.; Cho, I. S.; Weisse, J. M.; Nemeth, W.; Wang, Q.; Van Duin, A. C.; Kim, T.-S.; Zheng, X. Peel-and-stick: mechanism study for efficient fabrication of flexible/transparent thin-film electronics. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3 (1), 2917, DOI: 10.1038/srep02917Google Scholar34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2c%252FnsV2iug%253D%253D&md5=2e4d09af2a9c7ef1da58b743c287d63cPeel-and-stick: mechanism study for efficient fabrication of flexible/transparent thin-film electronicsLee Chi Hwan; Kim Jae-Han; Zou Chenyu; Cho In Sun; Weisse Jeffery M; Nemeth William; Wang Qi; van Duin Adri C T; Kim Taek-Soo; Zheng XiaolinScientific reports (2013), 3 (), 2917 ISSN:.Peel-and-stick process, or water-assisted transfer printing (WTP), represents an emerging process for transferring fully fabricated thin-film electronic devices with high yield and fidelity from a SiO2/Si wafer to various non-Si based substrates, including papers, plastics and polymers. This study illustrates that the fundamental working principle of the peel-and-stick process is based on the water-assisted subcritical debonding, for which water reduces the critical adhesion energy of metal-SiO2 interface by 70 ~ 80%, leading to clean and high quality transfer of thin-film electronic devices. Water-assisted subcritical debonding is applicable for a range of metal-SiO2 interfaces, enabling the peel-and-stick process as a general and tunable method for fabricating flexible/transparent thin-film electronic devices.
- 35Kendall, K. Thin-film peeling-the elastic term. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1975, 8 (13), 1449, DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/8/13/005Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Bhattacharyya, P. Technological journey towards reliable microheater development for MEMS gas sensors: A review. IEEE Transactions on device and materials reliability 2014, 14 (2), 589– 599, DOI: 10.1109/TDMR.2014.2311801Google Scholar36https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1CqtrbE&md5=fedae12a2c4b5430db1f5a4befc34b56Technological journey towards reliable microheater development for MEMS gas sensors: a reviewBhattacharyya, P.IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability (2014), 14 (2), 589-599, 11CODEN: ITDMA2; ISSN:1530-4388. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)A review. Micromachined silicon platforms, owing to some of its inherent advantages including miniaturized dimensions, ultralow power consumption, reduced batch fabrication cost, long-term reliability, and compatibility with std. CMOS fabrication technol., attracted the attention of solid-state gas sensor researchers, particularly since the last decade. As the semiconducting gas sensing thin film on top of micromachined platforms often needs an elevated temp. to activate the sensing mechanism, the suitable electrothermal and structural design of a microheater, i.e., having fast response, uniform temp. distribution over sensing area, and minimal residual/thermal-stress-induced membrane deflection, are of prime concern. In this paper, the technol. developments related to the various designs and geometries of microheaters and their fabrication technol. employing different suitable heating materials, for closed- and suspended-type silicon membranes have been discussed critically with particular emphasis on the relative merits and demerits with ref. to heater parameters such as power consumption, temp. distribution, response time, and mech. stability/reliability.
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. (a) Overview of the fabrication process. (b) Schematic illustration depicting the atomic structure alteration of GO due to reduction.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Digital micrographs illustrating (a) the pickup of the Si layer using water-soluble tape and (b) the resulting transferred Si layer. (c) Optical micrograph of the transferred Si layer. EDS analysis of the transferred (d) Si and (e) SiO2 layer.
Figure 3
Figure 3. (a, b) SEM images of the pattern stacked with Au–PI–GO layers on Si substrates. Surface morphology at the edge of the pattern for (c) the pristine sample and (d) the sample with a reduction of 45 s. (e) Elemental composition and (f) mapping of the surfaces with and without patterns for elemental analysis of Si, Au, O, and C.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Surface morphology of the edge of (a) pristine GO film, (b) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (c) GO film reduced for 45 s. Raman analyses of (d) pristine GO film, (e) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (f) GO film reduced for 45 s. XRD analyses of (g) pristine GO film, (h) GO film reduced for 20 s, and (i) GO film reduced for 45 s.
Figure 5
Figure 5. (a) Contact angle measurement of DI water and EG droplets on Si and GO surfaces. The surface energy of Si and GO, and the work of adhesion in the table. (b) Required peeling force with reduction time.
Figure 6
Figure 6. FEA results depicting the induced (a) stress and (b) displacement with reduction time under an applied peeling force of 1 μN. (c) CMOD as a function of applied peeling force.
Figure 7
Figure 7. (a) Pickup yield as a function of reduction time. Inset figures show the samples after delamination. (b) Digital images showing the pickup of the patterned layer, the transferred patterned layer on the water-soluble tape (point 1 indicates the transferred patterned layer), and the donor substrate after the transfer (point 2 that the location where the patterned layer had existed). Raman analyses of (c) point 1 and (d) point 2.
Figure 8
Figure 8. (a) Composition of the device layer and overall structure along with the fabrication process flow. (b) Characterization of TCR for RTD. (c) Operation of the LED device with applied current. Phototherapy device on curved surfaces, including curved glass and human skin. (d) Resistance and temperature as a function of time with applied current. Inset figures show IR images with time under an applied current of 15 mA.
References
This article references 36 other publications.
- 1Kim, S.; Wu, J.; Carlson, A.; Jin, S. H.; Kovalsky, A.; Glass, P.; Liu, Z.; Ahmed, N.; Elgan, S. L.; Chen, W. Microstructured elastomeric surfaces with reversible adhesion and examples of their use in deterministic assembly by transfer printing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (40), 17095– 17100, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.10058281071https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtlSjur3M&md5=dc76ddf41a58ff7298f346604dd76e6cMicrostructured elastomeric surfaces-with reversible adhesion and examples of their use in deterministic assembly by transfer printingKim, Seok; Wu, Jian; Carlson, Andrew; Jin, Sung Hun; Kovalsky, Anton; Glass, Paul; Liu, Zhuangjian; Ahmed, Numair; Elgan, Steven L.; Chen, Weiqiu; Ferreira, Placid M.; Sitti, Metin; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (40), 17095-17100, S17095/1-S17095/8CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)Reversible control of adhesion is an important feature of many desired, existing, and potential systems, including climbing robots, medical tapes, and stamps for transfer printing. We present exptl. and theor. studies of pressure modulated adhesion between flat, stiff objects and elastomeric surfaces with sharp features of surface relief in optimized geometries. Here, the strength of nonspecific adhesion can be switched by more than three orders of magnitude, from strong to weak, in a reversible fashion. Implementing these concepts in advanced stamps for transfer printing enables versatile modes for deterministic assembly of solid materials in micro/nanostructured forms. Demonstrations in printed two- and three-dimensional collections of silicon platelets and membranes illustrate some capabilities. An unusual type of transistor that incorporates a printed gate electrode, an air gap dielec., and an aligned array of single walled carbon nanotubes provides a device example.
- 2Linghu, C.; Zhang, S.; Wang, C.; Song, J. Transfer printing techniques for flexible and stretchable inorganic electronics. npj Flexible Electronics 2018, 2 (1), 26, DOI: 10.1038/s41528-018-0037-xThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 3Zumeit, A.; Dahiya, A. S.; Christou, A.; Shakthivel, D.; Dahiya, R. Direct roll transfer printed silicon nanoribbon arrays based high-performance flexible electronics. npj Flexible Electronics 2021, 5 (1), 18, DOI: 10.1038/s41528-021-00116-w3https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhslKnsb7I&md5=025b904c5b69cda2395aea99566aa29cDirect roll transfer printed silicon nanoribbon arrays based high-performance flexible electronicsZumeit, Ayoub; Dahiya, Abhishek Singh; Christou, Adamos; Shakthivel, Dhayalan; Dahiya, Ravindernpj Flexible Electronics (2021), 5 (1), 18CODEN: NFEPB8; ISSN:2397-4621. (Nature Research)Transfer printing of high mobility inorg. nanostructures, using an elastomeric transfer stamp, is a potential route for high-performance printed electronics. Using this method to transfer nanostructures with high yield, uniformity and excellent registration over large area remain a challenge. Herein, we present the direct roll transfer as a single-step process, i.e., without using any elastomeric stamp, to print nanoribbons (NRs) on different substrates with excellent registration (retaining spacing, orientation, etc.) and transfer yield (∼95%). The silicon NR based field-effect transistors printed using direct roll transfer consistently show high performance i.e., high on-state current (Ion) >1 mA, high mobility (μeff) >600 cm2/Vs, high on/off ratio (Ion/off) of around 106, and low hysteresis (<0.4 V). The developed versatile and transformative method can also print nanostructures based on other materials such as GaAs and thus could pave the way for direct printing of high-performance electronics on large-area flexible substrates.
- 4Kim, K. S.; Lee, D.; Chang, C. S.; Seo, S.; Hu, Y.; Cha, S.; Kim, H.; Shin, J.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, S. Non-epitaxial single-crystal 2D material growth by geometric confinement. Nature 2023, 614 (7946), 88– 94, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05524-04https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhslKitr0%253D&md5=a04478b0a7bc9178e1b030ccb5813406Non-epitaxial single-crystal 2D material growth by geometric confinementKim, Ki Seok; Lee, Doyoon; Chang, Celesta S.; Seo, Seunghwan; Hu, Yaoqiao; Cha, Soonyoung; Kim, Hyunseok; Shin, Jiho; Lee, Ju-Hee; Lee, Sangho; Kim, Justin S.; Kim, Ki Hyun; Suh, Jun Min; Meng, Yuan; Park, Bo-In; Lee, Jung-Hoon; Park, Hyung-Sang; Kum, Hyun S.; Jo, Moon-Ho; Yeom, Geun Young; Cho, Kyeongjae; Park, Jin-Hong; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Kim, JeehwanNature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 614 (7946), 88-94CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures show a promising path for next-generation electronics1-3. Nevertheless, 2D-based electronics have not been commercialized, owing mainly to three crit. challenges: i) precise kinetic control of layer-by-layer 2D material growth, ii) maintaining a single domain during the growth, and iii) wafer-scale controllability of layer nos. and crystallinity. Here we introduce a deterministic, confined-growth technique that can tackle these three issues simultaneously, thus obtaining wafer-scale single-domain 2D monolayer arrays and their heterostructures on arbitrary substrates. We geometrically confine the growth of the first set of nuclei by defining a selective growth area via patterning SiO2 masks on two-inch substrates. Owing to substantial redn. of the growth duration at the micrometre-scale SiO2 trenches, we obtain wafer-scale single-domain monolayer WSe2 arrays on the arbitrary substrates by filling the trenches via short growth of the first set of nuclei, before the second set of nuclei is introduced, thus without requiring epitaxial seeding. Further growth of transition metal dichalcogenides with the same principle yields the formation of single-domain MoS2/WSe2 heterostructures. Our achievement will lay a strong foundation for 2D materials to fit into industrial settings.
- 5Park, J.; Lee, Y.; Lee, H.; Ko, H. Transfer printing of electronic functions on arbitrary complex surfaces. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (1), 12– 20, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b098465https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkvFygtw%253D%253D&md5=3a13c4b4f1d1f3f6049e76843a31a2ffTransfer Printing of Electronic Functions on Arbitrary Complex SurfacesPark, Jonghwa; Lee, Youngsu; Lee, Hochan; Ko, HyunhyubACS Nano (2020), 14 (1), 12-20CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Transfer printing of electronic functions on arbitrary surfaces is essential for next-generation applications of skin-attachable electronics, wearable sensors, and implantable/medical devices. For transfer printing of electronic functions on multidimensional surfaces, such as curved regions of the skin and different objects, various strategies have been devised based on the materials and structural design of electronic components and transfer stamps, such as ultrathin membranes or in-plane structures of electronic components, soft interfacial glues or adhesives between devices and surfaces, and smart transfer adhesives with bioinspired micro/nanostructures. These techniques enable high conformity of adhesion, mech. robustness, and high compliance of electronic devices on arbitrary surfaces under mech. deformation. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent transfer printing techniques and discuss their advantages and challenges. In addn., we report a recently developed transfer printing technique based on bioinspired smart adhesives with reversible adhesion, which enables compliant electronics on various arbitrary complex surfaces without performance degrdn., providing solns. for various tech. challenges remaining in transfer printing. Finally, we present potential applications of transfer printing and future perspectives for this emerging field.
- 6Kim, Y.; Suh, J. M.; Shin, J.; Liu, Y.; Yeon, H.; Qiao, K.; Kum, H. S.; Kim, C.; Lee, H. E.; Choi, C. Chip-less wireless electronic skins by remote epitaxial freestanding compound semiconductors. Science 2022, 377 (6608), 859– 864, DOI: 10.1126/science.abn73256https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xit1yrtLzE&md5=9b11a92503be06c4e4069847a3b43b70Chip-less wireless electronic skins by remote epitaxial freestanding compound semiconductorsKim, Yeongin; Suh, Jun Min; Shin, Jiho; Liu, Yunpeng; Yeon, Hanwool; Qiao, Kuan; Kum, Hyun S.; Kim, Chansoo; Lee, Han Eol; Choi, Chanyeol; Kim, Hyunseok; Lee, Doyoon; Lee, Jaeyong; Kang, Ji-Hoon; Park, Bo-In; Kang, Sungsu; Kim, Jihoon; Kim, Sungkyu; Perozek, Joshua A.; Wang, Kejia; Park, Yongmo; Kishen, Kumar; Kong, Lingping; Palacios, Tomas; Park, Jungwon; Park, Min-Chul; Kim, Hyung-jun; Lee, Yun Seog; Lee, Kyusang; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Kong, Wei; Han, Jiyeon; Kim, JeehwanScience (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6608), 859-864CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Recent advances in flexible and stretchable electronics have led to a surge of electronic skin (e-skin)-based health monitoring platforms. Conventional wireless e-skins rely on rigid integrated circuit chips that compromise the overall flexibility and consume considerable power. Chip-less wireless e-skins based on inductor-capacitor resonators are limited to mech. sensors with low sensitivities. We report a chip-less wireless e-skin based on surface acoustic wave sensors made of freestanding ultrathin single-cryst. piezoelec. gallium nitride membranes. Surface acoustic wave-based e-skin offers highly sensitive, low-power, and long-term sensing of strain, UV light, and ion concns. in sweat. We demonstrate weeklong monitoring of pulse. These results present routes to inexpensive and versatile low-power, high-sensitivity platforms for wireless health monitoring devices.
- 7Carlson, A.; Bowen, A. M.; Huang, Y.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Rogers, J. A. Transfer printing techniques for materials assembly and micro/nanodevice fabrication. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24 (39), 5284– 5318, DOI: 10.1002/adma.2012013867https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht12jtrjI&md5=8e975fec101b3f033cba8bab83240a35Transfer Printing Techniques for Materials Assembly and Micro/Nanodevice FabricationCarlson, Andrew; Bowen, Audrey M.; Huang, Yonggang; Nuzzo, Ralph G.; Rogers, John A.Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2012), 24 (39), 5284-5318CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. Transfer printing represents a set of techniques for deterministic assembly of micro-and nanomaterials into spatially organized, functional arrangements with two and three-dimensional layouts. Such processes provide versatile routes not only to test structures and vehicles for scientific studies but also to high-performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems, including those in flexible electronics, three-dimensional and/or curvilinear optoelectronics, and bio-integrated sensing and therapeutic devices. This article summarizes recent advances in a variety of transfer printing techniques, ranging from the mechanics and materials aspects that govern their operation to engineering features of their use in systems with varying levels of complexity. A concluding section presents perspectives on opportunities for basic and applied research, and on emerging use of these methods in high throughput, industrial-scale manufg.
- 8Kim, T.-H.; Cho, K.-S.; Lee, E. K.; Lee, S. J.; Chae, J.; Kim, J. W.; Kim, D. H.; Kwon, J.-Y.; Amaratunga, G.; Lee, S. Y. Full-colour quantum dot displays fabricated by transfer printing. Nat. Photonics 2011, 5 (3), 176– 182, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.128https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXisFWqsrg%253D&md5=49897b18889f033c745e6db58625a01fFull-colour quantum dot displays fabricated by transfer printingKim, Tae-Ho; Cho, Kyung-Sang; Lee, Eun Kyung; Lee, Sang Jin; Chae, Jungseok; Kim, Jung Woo; Kim, Do Hwan; Kwon, Jang-Yeon; Amaratunga, Gehan; Lee, Sang Yoon; Choi, Byoung Lyong; Kuk, Young; Kim, Jong Min; Kim, KinamNature Photonics (2011), 5 (3), 176-182CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)Light-emitting diodes with quantum dot luminophores show promise in the development of next-generation displays, because quantum dot luminophores demonstrate high quantum yields, extremely narrow emission, spectral tunability and high stability, among other beneficial characteristics. However, the inability to achieve size-selective quantum dot patterning by conventional methods hinders the realization of full-color quantum dot displays. Here, we report the first demonstration of a large-area, full-color quantum dot display, including in flexible form, using optimized quantum dot films, and with control of the nano-interfaces and carrier behavior. Printed quantum dot films exhibit excellent morphol., well-ordered quantum dot structure and clearly defined interfaces. These characteristics are achieved through the solvent-free transfer of quantum dot films and the compact structure of the quantum dot networks. Significant enhancements in charge transport/balance in the quantum dot layer improve electroluminescent performance. A method using plasmonic coupling is also suggested to further enhance luminous efficiency. The results suggest routes towards creating large-scale optoelectronic devices in displays, solid-state lighting and photovoltaics.
- 9Park, J. K.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, B.; Kim, S. Pattern transfer of large-scale thin membranes with controllable self-delamination interface for integrated functional systems. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 6882, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27208-59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXisFyrtLbO&md5=25c35894c534eccbab6b2257b004b416Pattern transfer of large-scale thin membranes with controllable self-delamination interface for integrated functional systemsPark, Jun Kyu; Zhang, Yue; Xu, Baoxing; Kim, SeokNature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 6882CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Direct transfer of pre-patterned device-grade nano-to-microscale materials highly benefits many existing and potential, high performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems over conventional lithog.-based microfabrication. We present, in combined theory and expt., a self-delamination-driven pattern transfer of a single cryst. silicon thin membrane via well-controlled interfacial design in liq. media. This pattern transfer allows the usage of an intermediate or mediator substrate where both front and back sides of a thin membrane are capable of being integrated with std. lithog. processing, thereby achieving deterministic assembly of the thin membrane into a multi-functional system. Implementations of these capabilities are demonstrated in broad variety of applications ranging from electronics to microelectromech. systems, wetting and filtration, and metamaterials.
- 10Cok, R. S.; Hamer, J. W.; Bower, C. A.; Menard, E.; Bonafede, S. AMOLED displays with transfer-printed integrated circuits. J. Soc. Inf. Dispersion 2011, 19 (4), 335– 341, DOI: 10.1889/JSID19.4.335There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 11Yoon, J.; Lee, S. M.; Kang, D.; Meitl, M. A.; Bower, C. A.; Rogers, J. A. Heterogeneously integrated optoelectronic devices enabled by micro-transfer printing. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2015, 3 (10), 1313– 1335, DOI: 10.1002/adom.20150036511https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVOnu7bK&md5=9fc394eb6d87e5faadd55800bf69ed5bHeterogeneously Integrated Optoelectronic Devices Enabled by Micro-Transfer PrintingYoon, Jongseung; Lee, Sung-Min; Kang, Dongseok; Meitl, Matthew A.; Bower, Christopher A.; Rogers, John A.Advanced Optical Materials (2015), 3 (10), 1313-1335CODEN: AOMDAX; ISSN:2195-1071. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. Transfer printing is a materials assembly technique that uses elastomeric stamps for heterogeneous integration of various classes of micro- and nanostructured materials into two- and three-dimensionally organized layouts on virtually any type of substrate. Work over the past decade demonstrates that the capabilities of this approach create opportunities for a wide range of device platforms, including component- and system-level embodiments in unusual optoelectronic technologies with characteristics that cannot be replicated easily using conventional manufg. or growth techniques. This review presents recent progress in functional materials and advanced transfer printing methods, with a focus on active components that emit, absorb, and/or transport light, ranging from solar cells to light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and integrated collections of these in functional systems, where the key ideas provide unique solns. that address limitations in performance and/or functionality assocd. with traditional technologies. High-concn. photovoltaic modules based on multijunction, micro- and millimeter-scale solar cells and high-resoln. emissive displays based on microscale inorg. light-emitting diodes provide examples of some of the most sophisticated systems, geared toward commercialization.
- 12Li, H.; Xu, Y.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Lu, B.; Wang, J.; Ma, Y.; Chen, Y. Epidermal inorganic optoelectronics for blood oxygen measurement. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2017, 6 (9), 1601013, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201770044There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 13Song, Y. M.; Xie, Y.; Malyarchuk, V.; Xiao, J.; Jung, I.; Choi, K.-J.; Liu, Z.; Park, H.; Lu, C.; Kim, R.-H. Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye. Nature 2013, 497 (7447), 95– 99, DOI: 10.1038/nature1208313https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXmvFyntb0%253D&md5=0c9eab02e44c148a6aa88092f42e0820Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eyeSong, Young Min; Xie, Yizhu; Malyarchuk, Viktor; Xiao, Jianliang; Jung, Inhwa; Choi, Ki-Joong; Liu, Zhuangjian; Park, Hyunsung; Lu, Chaofeng; Kim, Rak-Hwan; Li, Rui; Crozier, Kenneth B.; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 497 (7447), 95-99CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)In arthropods, evolution has created a remarkably sophisticated class of imaging systems, with a wide-angle field of view, low aberrations, high acuity to motion and an infinite depth of field. A challenge in building digital cameras with the hemispherical, compd. apposition layouts of arthropod eyes is that essential design requirements cannot be met with existing planar sensor technologies or conventional optics. Here we present materials, mechanics and integration schemes that afford scalable pathways to working, arthropod-inspired cameras with nearly full hemispherical shapes (about 160 degrees). Their surfaces are densely populated by imaging elements (artificial ommatidia), which are comparable in no. (180) to those of the eyes of fire ants (Solenopsis fugax) and bark beetles (Hylastes nigrinus). The devices combine elastomeric compd. optical elements with deformable arrays of thin silicon photodetectors into integrated sheets that can be elastically transformed from the planar geometries in which they are fabricated to hemispherical shapes for integration into apposition cameras. Our imaging results and quant. ray-tracing-based simulations illustrate key features of operation. These general strategies seem to be applicable to other compd. eye devices, such as those inspired by moths and lacewings (refracting superposition eyes), lobster and shrimp (reflecting superposition eyes), and houseflies (neural superposition eyes).
- 14Kim, C. H.; Lee, D. H.; Youn, J.; Lee, H.; Jeong, J. Simple and cost-effective microfabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable multi-functional electrophysiological monitoring. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11 (1), 14823, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94397-w14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1Clt7rE&md5=a13d8fdaff71fd22d79f02dd670011bdSimple and cost-effective microfabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable multi-functional electrophysiological monitoringKim, Chae Hyun; Lee, Dong Hyeon; Youn, Jiman; Lee, Hongje; Jeong, JoonsooScientific Reports (2021), 11 (1), 14823CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)Abstr.: The fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics is a crit. requirement for the successful application of wearable healthcare devices. Although such flexible electronics have been commonly fabricated by microelectromech. system (MEMS) technologies, they require a specialised equipment for vacuum deposition, photolithog., and wet and dry etching. A photolithog.-free simple patterning method using a desktop plotter cutter has been proposed; however, the metal formation and electrode opening still rely on the MEMS technol. To address this issue, we demonstrate a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and a complete microfabrication process for flexible and stretchable sensor platforms encompassing conductor formation and patterning to encapsulate and open sensing windows, which only require an economic plotter cutter and readily available supplies. Despite its simplicity, the proposed process could stably create microscale features of 200 μm wide conductor lines and 1 mm window openings, which are in the useful range for various wearable applications. The feasibility of the simple fabrication of multi-functional sensors for various physiol. monitoring applications was successfully demonstrated in electrochem. (glucose), elec. (ECG), mech. (strain), and thermal (body temp.) modalities.
- 15Cha, S.; Cha, M.; Lee, S.; Kang, J. H.; Kim, C. Low-temperature, dry transfer-printing of a patterned graphene monolayer. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5 (1), 17877, DOI: 10.1038/srep1787715https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvF2msLnL&md5=19046c4f908f9db50bde55249c0ca3c1Low-Temperature, Dry Transfer-Printing of a Patterned Graphene MonolayerCha, Sugkyun; Cha, Minjeong; Lee, Seojun; Kang, Jin Hyoun; Kim, ChangsoonScientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 17877CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Graphene has recently attracted much interest as a material for flexible, transparent electrodes or active layers in electronic and photonic devices. However, realization of such graphene-based devices is limited due to difficulties in obtaining patterned graphene monolayers on top of materials that are degraded when exposed to a high-temp. or wet process. We demonstrate a low-temp., dry process capable of transfer-printing a patterned graphene monolayer grown on Cu foil onto a target substrate using an elastomeric stamp. A challenge in realizing this is to obtain a high-quality graphene layer on a hydrophobic stamp made of poly(dimethylsiloxane), which is overcome by introducing two crucial modifications to the conventional wet-transfer method - the use of a support layer composed of Au and the decrease in surface tension of the liq. bath. Using this technique, patterns of a graphene monolayer were transfer-printed on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate and MoO3, both of which are easily degraded when exposed to an aq. or aggressive patterning process. We discuss the range of application of this technique, which is currently limited by oligomer contaminants, and possible means to expand it by eliminating the contamination problem.
- 16Abhilash, T.; De Alba, R.; Zhelev, N.; Craighead, H. G.; Parpia, J. M. Transfer printing of CVD graphene FETs on patterned substrates. Nanoscale 2015, 7 (33), 14109– 14113, DOI: 10.1039/C5NR03501E16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXht1Cgs7vM&md5=4581a56c5870c38cd0ba8147e11c9cb8Transfer printing of CVD graphene FETs on patterned substratesAbhilash, T. S.; De Alba, R.; Zhelev, N.; Craighead, H. G.; Parpia, J. M.Nanoscale (2015), 7 (33), 14109-14113CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)We describe a simple and scalable method for the transfer of CVD graphene for the fabrication of field effect transistors. This is a dry process that uses a modified RCA-cleaning step to improve the surface quality. In contrast to conventional fabrication routes where lithog. steps are performed after the transfer, here graphene is transferred to a pre-patterned substrate. The resulting FET devices display nearly zero Dirac voltage, and the contact resistance between the graphene and metal contacts is on the order of 910 ± 340 Ω μm. This approach enables formation of conducting graphene channel lengths up to one millimeter. The resist-free transfer process provides a clean graphene surface that is promising for use in high sensitivity graphene FET biosensors.
- 17Wang, C.; Linghu, C.; Nie, S.; Li, C.; Lei, Q.; Tao, X.; Zeng, Y.; Du, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yu, K. Programmable and scalable transfer printing with high reliability and efficiency for flexible inorganic electronics. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6 (25), eabb2393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2393There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Park, J.; Yoo, J.-H.; Grigoropoulos, C. P. Multi-scale graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates via laser-assisted transfer-printing process. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101 (4), 043110, DOI: 10.1063/1.473888318https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtVOqtL3P&md5=f28af11f96784da720666564083078deMulti-scale graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates via laser-assisted transfer-printing processPark, J. B.; Yoo, J.-H.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.Applied Physics Letters (2012), 101 (4), 043110/1-043110/4CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)A laser radiation-assisted transfer-printing process is developed for multi-scale(coating process) graphene patterns on arbitrary substrates using femtosecond laser scanning on a graphene/metal substrate and transfer techniques without using multi-step patterning processes. The short pulse nature of a femtosecond laser radiation on a graphene/copper sheet enables fabrication of high-resoln. graphene patterns. Thanks to the scale(coating process) up, fast, direct writing, multi-scale with high resoln., and reliable process characteristics, it can be an alternative pathway to the multi-step photolithog. methods for printing arbitrary graphene patterns on desired substrates. We also demonstrate transparent strain devices without expensive photomasks and multi-step patterning process. (c) 2012 American Institute of Physics.
- 19Luo, H.; Wang, C.; Linghu, C.; Yu, K.; Wang, C.; Song, J. Laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing of objects onto arbitrary receivers via an active elastomeric microstructured stamp. National science review 2020, 7 (2), 296– 304, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz10919https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhs1Slt7rM&md5=1e1c21a2a54173c116f5e741dd2be296Laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing of objects onto arbitrary receivers via an active elastomeric microstructured stampLuo, Hongyu; Wang, Chengjun; Linghu, Changhong; Yu, Kaixin; Wang, Chao; Song, JizhouNational Science Review (2020), 7 (2), 296-304CODEN: NSRACI; ISSN:2053-714X. (Oxford University Press)Transfer printing, as an important assembly technique, has attracted much attention due to its valuable merits to develop novel forms of electronics such as stretchable inorg. electronics requiring the heterogeneous integration of inorg. materials with soft elastomers. Here, we report on a laser-driven programmable non-contact transfer printing technique via a simple yet robust design of active elastomeric microstructured stamp that features cavities filled with air and embedded under the contacting surface, a micro-patterned surface membrane that encapsulates the air cavities and a metal layer on the inner-cavity surfaces serving as the laser-absorbing layer. The micro-patterned surface membrane can be inflated dynamically to control the interfacial adhesion, which can be switched from strong state to weak state by more than three orders of magnitude by local laser heating of the air in the cavity with a temp. increase below 100°C. Theor. and exptl. studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the design and fabrication of the active elastomeric microstructured stamp and the operation of non-contact transfer printing. Demonstrations in the programmable transfer printing of micro-scale silicon platelets and micro-scale LED chips onto various challenging receivers illustrate the extraordinary capabilities for deterministic assembly that are difficult to address by existing printing schemes, thereby creating engineering opportunities in areas requiring the heterogeneous integration of diverse materials such as curvilinear electronics and MicroLED displays.
- 20Heo, S.; Ha, J.; Son, S. J.; Choi, I. S.; Lee, H.; Oh, S.; Jekal, J.; Kang, M. H.; Lee, G. J.; Jung, H. H. Instant, multiscale dry transfer printing by atomic diffusion control at heterogeneous interfaces. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 (28), eabh0040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0040There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Zheng, S.; Tu, Q.; Urban, J. J.; Li, S.; Mi, B. Swelling of graphene oxide membranes in aqueous solution: characterization of interlayer spacing and insight into water transport mechanisms. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (6), 6440– 6450, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b0299921https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXptFemur0%253D&md5=89d43a32b4905b3cf0a929c9a9f940b6Swelling of Graphene Oxide Membranes in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Interlayer Spacing and Insight into Water Transport MechanismsZheng, Sunxiang; Tu, Qingsong; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Li, Shaofan; Mi, BaoxiaACS Nano (2017), 11 (6), 6440-6450CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Graphene oxide (GO) has recently emerged as a promising 2D nanomaterial to make high-performance membranes for important applications. However, the aq.-phase sepn. capability of a layer-stacked GO membrane can be significantly limited by its natural tendency to swell, i.e., absorb water into the GO channel and form an enlarged interlayer spacing (d-spacing). In this study, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in an aq. environment was exptl. characterized using an integrated quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and ellipsometry. This method can accurately quantify a d-spacing in liq. and well beyond the typical measurement limit of ∼2 nm. Mol. simulations were conducted to fundamentally understand the structure and mobility of water in the GO channel, and a theor. model was developed to predict the d-spacing. It was found that, as a dry GO membrane was soaked in water, it initially maintained a d-spacing of 0.76 nm, and water mols. in the GO channel formed a semiordered network with a d. 30% higher than that of bulk water but 20% lower than that of the rhombus-shaped water network formed in a graphene channel. The corresponding mobility of water in the GO channel was much lower than in the graphene channel, where water exhibited almost the same mobility as in the bulk. As the GO membrane remained in water, its d-spacing increased and reached 6 to 7 nm at equil. In comparison, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in NaCl and Na2SO4 solns. decreased as the ionic strength increased and was ∼2 nm at 100 mM.
- 22Qian, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liu, C.; Zhou, C.; Huang, A. Tuning interlayer spacing of graphene oxide membranes with enhanced desalination performance. Desalination 2019, 460, 56– 63, DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.03.00922https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXlsFCisL8%253D&md5=a1998852b5e6fe02bfec0002d370b08dTuning interlayer spacing of graphene oxide membranes with enhanced desalination performanceQian, Yunlong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Liu, Chuanyao; Zhou, Chen; Huang, AishengDesalination (2019), 460 (), 56-63CODEN: DSLNAH; ISSN:0011-9164. (Elsevier B.V.)A series of aliph. terminal diamines with different kinetic diam. length, including 1,2-diaminoethane (A2), 1,3-diaminopropane (A3), 1,4-diaminobutane (A4), 1,5-diaminopentane (A5), 1,6-diaminlhexane (A6), 1,7-diaminoheptane (A7), and 1,8-diaminooctane (A8), were selected as built-in mols. of graphene oxide (GO) to fabricate diamine modified graphene oxide nanosheets (Ax-GO). Through vacuum filtration method, diamine modified Ax-GO membranes with tunable interlayer spacing were deposited on the polydopamine (PDA) modified α-Al2O3 supports. The sepn. performances of the Ax-GO membranes were evaluated for seawater desalination by pervaporation. It is found that the water fluxes of the Ax-GO membranes increase with the enhancement of the interlayer spacing of the Ax-GO. Impressively, A4-GO membrane displays the best performance with water flux of 19.7 kg·m-2·h-1 and ion rejection of 99.9% at 90°C for desalination of 3.5 wt% seawater. Further, A4-GO membrane shows high stability for seawater desalination, and the desalination performance keeps unchanged up to 168 h at 75°C.
- 23Pei, S.; Cheng, H.-M. The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 2012, 50 (9), 3210– 3228, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.01023https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xms1ertLw%253D&md5=ef65d8d276335b8681fc3d9616726bf2The reduction of graphene oxidePei, Songfeng; Cheng, Hui-MingCarbon (2012), 50 (9), 3210-3228CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)A review. Graphene has attracted great interest for its excellent mech., elec., thermal and optical properties. It can be produced by micro-mech. exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, epitaxial growth, CVD, and the redn. of graphene oxide (GO). The 1st 3 methods can produce graphene with a relatively perfect structure and excellent properties, but in comparison, GO has 2 important characteristics: (a) it can be produced using inexpensive graphite as raw material by cost-effective chem. methods with a high yield, and (b) it is highly hydrophilic and can form stable aq. colloids to facilitate the assembly of macroscopic structures by simple and cheap soln. processes, both of which are important to the large-scale uses of graphene. A key topic in the research and applications of GO is the redn., which partly restores the structure and properties of graphene. Different redn. processes result in different properties of reduced GO (rGO), which in turn affect the final performance of materials or devices composed of rGO. In this contribution, the authors review the state-of-art status of the redn. of GO on both techniques and mechanisms. The development in this field will speed the applications of graphene.
- 24Barcelo, L.; Moranville, M.; Clavaud, B. Autogenous shrinkage of concrete: a balance between autogenous swelling and self-desiccation. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35 (1), 177– 183, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.05024https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXmtFKqsQ%253D%253D&md5=1c8af2b3994ebdd0c50664cca9319e71Autogenous shrinkage of concrete: a balance between autogenous swelling and self-desiccationBarcelo, Laurent; Moranville, Micheline; Clavaud, BernardCement and Concrete Research (2005), 35 (1), 177-183CODEN: CCNRAI; ISSN:0008-8846. (Elsevier Ltd.)According to phys. analyses, the driving force of autogenous shrinkage of concrete is the change in the capillary pressure induced by self-desiccation in its cement matrix. Self-desiccation is caused by the balance between the abs. vol. redn. (chem. shrinkage) and the building up of the capillary network. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the cement characteristics on the chain of mechanisms leading from hydration to autogenous deformations. Four parameters were selected: (i) for clinker, the amt. of C3A and free lime and the SO3/K2O ratio; (ii) for cement, the fineness. To master the exptl. area, 16 cements were prepd. at the lab. from pure raw materials. An important no. of characterizing techniques were used in the exptl. study. Their choice was based on the important parameters drawn from the phys. anal.: setting time, suspension-solid transition, hydration kinetics through isothermal calorimetry and nonevaporable water, chem. shrinkage, evolution of relative humidity, capillary porosity and autogenous shrinkage. Using different techniques allowed to det. the precise mechanism of action of each parameter. Results showed that these mechanisms are generally different, even if their macroscopic consequences may be identical. This point will probably be useful for modeling and detg. the industrial keys reducing the autogenous shrinkage. The phys. mechanisms involved in autogenous deformations were further understood. In particular, this study shows that initial autogenous shrinkage should be considered as a balance between the self-desiccation and an initial swelling phase. The influence of the four parameters considered on this last phenomenon were also characterized.
- 25Wu, L.; Farzadnia, N.; Shi, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, H. Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 149, 62– 75, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.06425https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFCrs7jO&md5=8925b9874250d9ab9747c258ef77c3d1Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: A reviewWu, Linmei; Farzadnia, Nima; Shi, Caijun; Zhang, Zuhua; Wang, HaoConstruction and Building Materials (2017), 149 (), 62-75CODEN: CBUMEZ; ISSN:1879-0526. (Elsevier Ltd.)A review. Autogenous shrinkage is a major concern in early age cracking of high performance concrete (HPC). Low water-to-binder ratio and incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can remarkably affect the pore structure, relative humidity, self-stress, degree of hydration, and interface structure; hence, increase the shrinkage in the matrix. In this paper, the mechanism of autogenous shrinkage of HPC and influential factors in its development are discussed. In general, autogenous shrinkage is more pronounced in HPC, albeit, using low heat cement, fly ash, shrinkage reducing agents, lightwt. aggregates, and fibers can effectively reduce it. The effects of SCMs on autogenous shrinkage, relationship between different types of shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage as well as the effect of internal curing on autogenous shrinkage need to be further studied.
- 26Tang, S.; Huang, D.; He, Z. A review of autogenous shrinkage models of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 44, 103412, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103412There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Wu, J.-B.; Lin, M.-L.; Cong, X.; Liu, H.-N.; Tan, P.-H. Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47 (5), 1822– 1873, DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00915H27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhs1OltrY%253D&md5=13f0431096f138275f9324a63490d937Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devicesWu, Jiang-Bin; Lin, Miao-Ling; Cong, Xin; Liu, He-Nan; Tan, Ping-HengChemical Society Reviews (2018), 47 (5), 1822-1873CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Graphene-based materials exhibit remarkable electronic, optical, and mech. properties, which has resulted in both high scientific interest and huge potential for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the family of graphene-based materials is growing because of developments in prepn. methods. Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool to identify and characterize the chem. and phys. properties of these materials, both at the lab. and mass-prodn. scale. This technique is so important that most of the papers published concerning these materials contain at least one Raman spectrum. Thus, here, we systematically review the developments in Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials from both fundamental research and practical (i.e., device applications) perspectives. We describe the essential Raman scattering processes of the entire first- and second-order modes in intrinsic graphene. Furthermore, the shear, layer-breathing, G and 2D modes of multilayer graphene with different stacking orders are discussed. Techniques to det. the no. of graphene layers, to probe resonance Raman spectra of monolayer and multilayer graphenes and to obtain Raman images of graphene-based materials are also presented. The extensive capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of the fundamental properties of graphene under external perturbations are described, which have also been extended to other graphene-based materials, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon dots, graphene oxide, nanoribbons, chem. vapor deposition-grown and SiC epitaxially grown graphene flakes, composites, and graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures. These fundamental properties have been used to probe the states, effects, and mechanisms of graphene materials present in the related heterostructures and devices. We hope that this review will be beneficial in all the aspects of graphene investigations, from basic research to material synthesis and device applications.
- 28Moon, I. K.; Lee, J.; Ruoff, R. S.; Lee, H. Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1 (1), 1– 6, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms106728https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsVGht7zL&md5=92bb2bf2a810f7308bbd1f53685876a7Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitizationMoon, In Kyu; Lee, Junghyun; Ruoff, Rodney S.; Lee, HyoyoungNature Communications (2010), 1 (Sept.), Moo1/1-Moo1/6,SMoo1/1-SMoo1/15CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Reduced graphene oxides (RG-Os) have attracted considerable interest, given their potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits. However, very little is known regarding the chem. induced redn. method of graphene oxide (G-O) in both soln. and gas phases, with the exception of the hydrazine-reducing agent, even though it is essential to use the vapor phase for the patterning of hydrophilic G-Os on prepatterned substrates and in situ redn. to hydrophobic RG-Os. The authors report a novel reducing agent system (hydriodic acid with acetic acid (HI-AcOH)) that allows for an efficient, 1-pot redn. of a soln.-phased RG-O powder and vapor-phased RG-O (VRG-O) paper and thin film. The reducing agent system provided highly qualified RG-Os by mass prodn., resulting in highly conducting RG-OHI-AcOH. Also, VRG-OHI-AcOH paper and thin films were prepd. at low temps. (40 °C) and are applicable to flexible devices. This 1-pot method is expected to advance research on highly conducting graphene platelets.
- 29Kozbial, A.; Li, Z.; Conaway, C.; McGinley, R.; Dhingra, S.; Vahdat, V.; Zhou, F.; D’Urso, B.; Liu, H.; Li, L. Study on the surface energy of graphene by contact angle measurements. Langmuir 2014, 30 (28), 8598– 8606, DOI: 10.1021/la501832829https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtVymtr%252FM&md5=f22c665847f5ad1930d48b5dd2e791ffSurface energy of graphene by contact angle measurementKozbial, Andrew; Li, Zhiting; Conaway, Caitlyn; McGinley, Rebecca; Dhingra, Shonali; Vahdat, Vahid; Zhou, Feng; D'Urso, Brian; Liu, Haitao; Li, LeiLangmuir (2014), 30 (28), 8598-8606CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)Because of the at. thinness of graphene, its integration into a device will always involve its interaction with at least one supporting substrate, making the surface energy of graphene crit. to its real-life applications. In the current paper, the contact angle of graphene synthesized by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) was monitored temporally after synthesis using water, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol, and glycerol. The surface energy was then calcd. based on the contact angle data by the Fowkes, Owens-Wendt (extended Fowkes), and Neumann models. The surface energy of fresh CVD graphene grown on a copper substrate (G/Cu) immediately after synthesis was detd. to be 62.2 ± 3.1 mJ/m2 (Fowkes), 53.0 ± 4.3 mJ/m2 (Owens-Wendt) and 63.8 ± 2.0 mJ/m2 (Neumann), which decreased to 45.6 ± 3.9, 37.5 ± 2.3, and 57.4 ± 2.1 mJ/m2, resp., after 24 h of air exposure. The ellipsometry characterization indicates that the surface energy of G/Cu is affected by airborne hydrocarbon contamination. G/Cu exhibits the highest surface energy immediately after synthesis, and the surface energy decreases after airborne contamination occurs. The root cause of intrinsically mild polarity of G/Cu surface is discussed.
- 30Dalal, E. N. Calculation of solid surface tensions. Langmuir 1987, 3 (6), 1009– 1015, DOI: 10.1021/la00078a02330https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaL2sXmtVGrs7w%253D&md5=8b4faa54169932d71bf77c9c80d0ddb9Calculation of solid surface tensionsDalal, Eddy N.Langmuir (1987), 3 (6), 1009-15CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.The harmonic mean and geometric mean equations were evaluated for calcg. solid surface tensions γs from contact-angle data. In the application of these equations to many liqs. to obtain an over-detd. set of equations, pairwise and simultaneous soln. methods were developed. Stability problems arise with the pairwise soln. method, but can be overcome by rejecting ill-conditioned pairs of equations. These methods were used to calc. γs for 12 common polymers, using published contact angle data for a set of 6 testing liqs. The geometric mean equation fits the data better than the harmonic mean equation does, but in either case the resulting values of γs have low std. deviations and are in good agreement with each other and with γs values obtained by other independent methods. The commonly used crit. surface tension γc is always lower than γs.
- 31Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2013, 499 (7459), 419– 425, DOI: 10.1038/nature1238531https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtFKnu7rN&md5=58b3fc8bf8d8e656719bfaa23ab0e99bVan der Waals heterostructuresGeim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 499 (7459), 419-425CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. Research on graphene and other two-dimensional at. crystals is intense and is likely to remain one of the leading topics in condensed matter physics and materials science for many years. Looking beyond this field, isolated at. planes can also be reassembled into designer heterostructures made layer by layer in a precisely chosen sequence. The first, already remarkably complex, such heterostructures (often referred to as van der Waals') have recently been fabricated and investigated, revealing unusual properties and new phenomena. Here we review this emerging research area and identify possible future directions. With steady improvement in fabrication techniques and using graphene's springboard, van der Waals heterostructures should develop into a large field of their own.
- 32Polfus, J. M.; Muñiz, M. B.; Ali, A.; Barragan-Yani, D. A.; Vullum, P. E.; Sunding, M. F.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Belle, B. D. Temperature-Dependent Adhesion in van der Waals Heterostructures. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2021, 8 (20), 2100838, DOI: 10.1002/admi.20210083832https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFamurnP&md5=d440fb05a95247a62b5cc5d9187e9444Temperature-Dependent Adhesion in van der Waals HeterostructuresPolfus, Jonathan M.; Muniz, Marta Benthem; Ali, Ayaz; Barragan-Yani, Daniel A.; Vullum, Per Erik; Sunding, Martin F.; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Belle, Branson D.Advanced Materials Interfaces (2021), 8 (20), 2100838CODEN: AMIDD2; ISSN:2196-7350. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The interlayer coupling between 2D materials is immensely important for both the fundamental understanding of these systems, and for the development of transfer techniques for the fabrication of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures. A no. of uncertainties remain with respect to their adhesion characteristics due to the elusive nature of measured adhesion interactions. Moreover, it is theor. predicted that the intrinsic ripples in 2D materials give rise to a temp. dependence in adhesion, although the vdW interactions themselves are principally independent of temp. Here, direct measurements of the adhesion between reduced graphene oxide - coated by soln. deposition on at. force microscopy tips - and graphene, h-BN, and MoS2 supported on SiO2 substrates and as freestanding membranes are presented. The in situ nanomech. characterization reveals a prominent redn. in the adhesion energies with increasing temp. which is ascribed to the thermally induced ripples in the 2D materials.
- 33Rokni, H.; Lu, W. Direct measurements of interfacial adhesion in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures in ambient air. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 5607, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19411-733https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXit12hsrbI&md5=328de29cd6767031e2949983c85b4720Direct measurements of interfacial adhesion in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures in ambient airRokni, Hossein; Lu, WeiNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 5607CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Interfacial adhesion energy is a fundamental property of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and van der Waals heterostructures due to their intrinsic ultrahigh surface to vol. ratio, making adhesion forces very strong in many processes related to fabrication, integration and performance of devices incorporating 2D crystals. However, direct quant. characterization of adhesion behavior of fresh and aged homo/heterointerfaces at nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we use an at. force microscopy technique to report precise adhesion measurements in ambient air through well-defined interactions of tip-attached 2D crystal nanomesas with 2D crystal and SiOx substrates. We quantify how different levels of short-range dispersive and long-range electrostatic interactions respond to airborne contaminants and humidity upon thermal annealing. We show that a simple but very effective precooling treatment can protect 2D crystal substrates against the airborne contaminants and thus boost the adhesion level at the interface of similar and dissimilar van der Waals heterostructures. Our combined exptl. and computational anal. also reveals a distinctive interfacial behavior in transition metal dichalcogenides and graphite/SiOx heterostructures beyond the widely accepted van der Waals interaction.
- 34Lee, C. H.; Kim, J.-H.; Zou, C.; Cho, I. S.; Weisse, J. M.; Nemeth, W.; Wang, Q.; Van Duin, A. C.; Kim, T.-S.; Zheng, X. Peel-and-stick: mechanism study for efficient fabrication of flexible/transparent thin-film electronics. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3 (1), 2917, DOI: 10.1038/srep0291734https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2c%252FnsV2iug%253D%253D&md5=2e4d09af2a9c7ef1da58b743c287d63cPeel-and-stick: mechanism study for efficient fabrication of flexible/transparent thin-film electronicsLee Chi Hwan; Kim Jae-Han; Zou Chenyu; Cho In Sun; Weisse Jeffery M; Nemeth William; Wang Qi; van Duin Adri C T; Kim Taek-Soo; Zheng XiaolinScientific reports (2013), 3 (), 2917 ISSN:.Peel-and-stick process, or water-assisted transfer printing (WTP), represents an emerging process for transferring fully fabricated thin-film electronic devices with high yield and fidelity from a SiO2/Si wafer to various non-Si based substrates, including papers, plastics and polymers. This study illustrates that the fundamental working principle of the peel-and-stick process is based on the water-assisted subcritical debonding, for which water reduces the critical adhesion energy of metal-SiO2 interface by 70 ~ 80%, leading to clean and high quality transfer of thin-film electronic devices. Water-assisted subcritical debonding is applicable for a range of metal-SiO2 interfaces, enabling the peel-and-stick process as a general and tunable method for fabricating flexible/transparent thin-film electronic devices.
- 35Kendall, K. Thin-film peeling-the elastic term. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1975, 8 (13), 1449, DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/8/13/005There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Bhattacharyya, P. Technological journey towards reliable microheater development for MEMS gas sensors: A review. IEEE Transactions on device and materials reliability 2014, 14 (2), 589– 599, DOI: 10.1109/TDMR.2014.231180136https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1CqtrbE&md5=fedae12a2c4b5430db1f5a4befc34b56Technological journey towards reliable microheater development for MEMS gas sensors: a reviewBhattacharyya, P.IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability (2014), 14 (2), 589-599, 11CODEN: ITDMA2; ISSN:1530-4388. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)A review. Micromachined silicon platforms, owing to some of its inherent advantages including miniaturized dimensions, ultralow power consumption, reduced batch fabrication cost, long-term reliability, and compatibility with std. CMOS fabrication technol., attracted the attention of solid-state gas sensor researchers, particularly since the last decade. As the semiconducting gas sensing thin film on top of micromachined platforms often needs an elevated temp. to activate the sensing mechanism, the suitable electrothermal and structural design of a microheater, i.e., having fast response, uniform temp. distribution over sensing area, and minimal residual/thermal-stress-induced membrane deflection, are of prime concern. In this paper, the technol. developments related to the various designs and geometries of microheaters and their fabrication technol. employing different suitable heating materials, for closed- and suspended-type silicon membranes have been discussed critically with particular emphasis on the relative merits and demerits with ref. to heater parameters such as power consumption, temp. distribution, response time, and mech. stability/reliability.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.3c05028.
Surface profile and morphology of microcracks with respect to reduction time (Figures S1 and S2); geometry/parameters of the FEA model (Figure S3); FEA results illustrating the induced stress distribution (Figure S4); digital images of the sample in a HI acid solution at various reduction times (Figure S5) (PDF)
Movie S1 (MP4)
Movie S2 (MP4)
Movie S3 (MP4)
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