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    Tissue Response and Biodistribution of Injectable Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Hydrogels
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    • Kevin J. De France
      Kevin J. De France
      Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4793
    • Maryam Badv
      Maryam Badv
      School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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    • Jonathan Dorogin
      Jonathan Dorogin
      School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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    • Emily Siebers
      Emily Siebers
      Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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    • Vishrut Panchal
      Vishrut Panchal
      School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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    • Mouhanad Babi
      Mouhanad Babi
      Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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    • Jose Moran-Mirabal
      Jose Moran-Mirabal
      Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-3085
    • Michael Lawlor
      Michael Lawlor
      Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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    • Emily D. Cranston
      Emily D. Cranston
      Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
      Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbus V6T 1Z3, Canada
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4210-9787
    • Todd Hoare*
      Todd Hoare
      Department of Chemical Engineering  and  School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
      *E-mail: [email protected]
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5698-8463
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    ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

    Cite this: ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 5, 5, 2235–2246
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00522
    Published April 25, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Interest in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-based hydrogels for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications has rapidly expanded despite the minimal in vivo research reported to date. Herein, we assess both in vitro protein adsorption and cell adhesion as well as in vivo subcutaneous tissue responses and CNC biodistribution of injectable CNC-poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) hydrogels. Hydrogels with different PEG side chain lengths, CNC loadings, and with or without in situ magnetic alignment of the CNCs are compared. CNC loading has a minimal impact on protein adsorption but significantly increases cell adhesion. In vivo, both CNC-only and CNC-POEGMA injections largely stay at their subcutaneous injection site over one month, with minimal bioaccumulation of CNCs in any typical clearance organ. CNC-POEGMA hydrogels exhibit mild acute and chronic inflammatory responses, although significant fibroblast penetration was observed with the magnetically aligned hydrogels. Collectively, these results suggest that CNC-POEGMA hydrogels offer promise in practical biomedical applications.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00522.

    • Properties of POEGMA copolymers, protein absorption, red (dead cell) channel cell adhesion confocal images, additional high-magnification cell adhesion confocal images, tissue histology at the site of injection for CNC-only injections, representative organ tissue histology for CNC-POEGMA hydrogel injection, raw data of histological scoring (PDF)

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    ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

    Cite this: ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 5, 5, 2235–2246
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00522
    Published April 25, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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