Electrical Control of Photoluminescence in 2D Semiconductors Coupled to Plasmonic LatticesClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Antti J. Moilanen*Antti J. Moilanen*Email: [email protected]Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, SwitzerlandMore by Antti J. Moilanen
- Moritz CavigelliMoritz CavigelliPhotonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, SwitzerlandMore by Moritz Cavigelli
- Takashi TaniguchiTakashi TaniguchiResearch Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, JapanMore by Takashi Taniguchi
- Kenji WatanabeKenji WatanabeResearch Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, JapanMore by Kenji Watanabe
- Lukas Novotny
Abstract
Integrating two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors into nanophotonic structures provides a versatile platform for advanced optoelectronic devices. A key challenge in realizing these systems is to achieve control over light emission from these materials. In this work, we demonstrate the modulation of photoluminescence (PL) in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) coupled to surface lattice resonances in metal nanoparticle arrays. We show that both the intensity and the emission angle of light can be tuned by adjusting the lattice parameters. By applying gate electrodes to electrostatically dope the TMDs coupled to plasmonic lattices, we achieve PL intensity switching over 2 orders of magnitude with a low applied voltage. Our results represent an important step toward electrically powered and electrically tunable light sources based on 2D semiconductors.
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License Summary*
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Results and Discussion
Figure 1
Figure 1. Dispersion of nanoparticle arrays and monolayer MoS2. (a) Illustration of a nanoparticle array. Here, λ0 and k0 are the free-space wavelength and wave vector of incident light, respectively. Incident angle is denoted as θ, and the in-plane scattered component of the wave vector is k||. Periodic lattice with period p causes a momentum kick G that adds to the in-plane momentum. (b) Scanning electron microscope image of a nanoparticle array. (c) Schematic of Au nanoparticle (NP) array covered with two flakes of hBN on a glass substrate. (d) Schematic of the atomic structure of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). (e) Simulated transmission of a nanoparticle array in the coupled dipole approximation. White-light transmission measurements of (f) a bare array, (g) an array with two hBN flakes on top, and (h) a monolayer MoS2 sandwiched between two hBN flakes on a glass substrate. Yellow dashed lines in (e–g) show the light lines. In (h) XA and XB denote the A and B excitons, respectively. Crosscuts along k = 0 are shown in the bottom row (i–l).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of a monolayer MoS2 coupled to a nanoparticle array. (a) Microscope image of the sample consisting of a nanoparticle array and MoS2 monolayers, which partially overlap with the array and are sandwiched between hBN flakes. (b) Spatial PL map of the sample. (c) Angle-resolved white-light transmission spectrum of the MoS2 on the array and (d) crosscut along k = 0. Yellow dashed lines in (c) show the light lines and cyan dashed curves indicate the upper and lower polariton bands obtained from the coupled modes fitting. Angle-resolved PL spectra of the MoS2 monolayer (e) on array and (g) on glass. Bottom part of (e) is multiplied by 4 for better visibility of the features. Energies of the upper and lower polariton bands are indicated by cyan dashed lines, and the exciton energy by horizontal red dashed line. Figures (f,h) show the crosscuts along the vertical white dashed lines in (e,g) and the corresponding PL enhancement factors.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Gate-controlled photoluminescence (PL) of a monolayer MoS2 coupled to a nanoparticle array. (a) Schematic of the sample. (b) PL spectra from the MoS2 on array at −2.3 V versus +2.3 V applied bias and the corresponding PL enhancement factor. (c) Time trace of PL intensity recorded with APD (i.e., integrated over all collection angles and wavelengths) while sweeping the bias voltage between −2.3 and +2.3 V.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Transmission as a function of applied voltage. (a) Transmission spectrum of the MoS2 on array equipped with Gr electrodes, as a function of applied voltage. (b) Transmission spectra in (a) normalized to the 0 V spectrum.
Conclusions
Methods
Sample Fabrication
Optical Characterization
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c15459.
Electric field for the surface lattice resonance at k = 0; dispersion relation of transverse magnetic (TM) SLR mode; photoluminescence (PL) spectra using femtosecond-pulsed laser excitation; photoluminescence (PL) enhancement with the SLR band edge tuned to a higher energy; gate-controlled photoluminescence (PL); additional data; schematic of the experimental setup; coupled dipole approximation; numerical simulations of the electric field; coupled oscillator model fits; and pulsed laser excitation (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
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Acknowledgments
We thank S. Papadopoulos for wire bonding of the gated samples. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 200020_192362/1) and the ETH Grant SYNEMA ETH-15 19-1. A.J.M. acknowledges financial support by the ETH Zürich Postdoctoral Fellowship programme and the use of the cleanroom facilities at the FIRST Center for Micro- and Nanoscience at ETH Zürich. K.W. and T.T. acknowledge support from the JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers 21H05233 and 23H02052) and World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan.
References
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- 12Seyler, K. L.; Schaibley, J. R.; Gong, P.; Rivera, P.; Jones, A. M.; Wu, S.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Yao, W.; Xu, X. Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 407– 411, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.73Google Scholar12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXnvFSltbc%253D&md5=2224b2e8e29ea0f29960ba22503bf5d9Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistorSeyler, Kyle L.; Schaibley, John R.; Gong, Pu; Rivera, Pasqual; Jones, Aaron M.; Wu, Sanfeng; Yan, Jiaqiang; Mandrus, David G.; Yao, Wang; Xu, XiaodongNature Nanotechnology (2015), 10 (5), 407-411CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)A mechanism to elec. control 2nd-order optical nonlinearities in monolayer WSe2, an atomically thin semiconductor is reported. The intensity of 2nd-harmonic generation at the A-exciton resonance is tunable by over an order of magnitude at low temp. and nearly a factor of 4 at room temp. through electrostatic doping in a field-effect transistor. Such tunability arises from the strong exciton charging effects in monolayer semiconductors, which allow for exceptional control over the oscillator strengths at the exciton and trion resonances. The exciton-enhanced 2nd-harmonic generation is counter-circularly polarized to the excitation laser due to the combination of the 2-photon and 1-photon valley selection rules, which have opposite helicity in the monolayer. The study paves the way towards a new platform for chip-scale, elec. tunable nonlinear optical devices based on 2-dimensional semiconductors.
- 13Lee, B.; Liu, W.; Naylor, C. H.; Park, J.; Malek, S. C.; Berger, J. S.; Johnson, A. T. C.; Agarwal, R. Electrical Tuning of Exciton–Plasmon Polariton Coupling in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna Lattice. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 4541– 4547, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02245Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpslCku7c%253D&md5=d2d206d1b18bf6df38024154000266cdElectrical Tuning of Exciton-Plasmon Polariton Coupling in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna LatticeLee, Bumsu; Liu, Wenjing; Naylor, Carl H.; Park, Joohee; Malek, Stephanie C.; Berger, Jacob S.; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2017), 17 (7), 4541-4547CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Active control of light-matter interactions in semiconductors is crit. for realizing next generation optoelectronic devices with real-time control of the system's optical properties and hence functionalities via external fields. The ability to dynamically manipulate optical interactions by applied fields in active materials coupled to cavities with fixed geometrical parameters opens up possibilities of controlling the lifetimes, oscillator strengths, effective mass, and relaxation properties of a coupled exciton-photon (or plasmon) system. Elec. control of exciton-plasmon coupling strengths between strong and weak coupling limits in a 2-dimensional semiconductor integrated with plasmonic nanoresonators assembled in a field-effect transistor device by electrostatic doping was demonstrated. The energy-momentum dispersions of such an exciton-plasmon coupled system can be altered dynamically with applied elec. field by modulating the excitonic properties of monolayer MoS2 arising from many-body effects. Evidence of enhanced coupling between charged excitons (trions) and plasmons was also obsd. upon increased carrier injection, which can be used for fabricating Fermionic polaritonic and magnetoplasmonic devices. The ability to dynamically control the optical properties of a coupled exciton-plasmonic system with elec. fields demonstrates the versatility of the coupled system and offers a new platform for the design of optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored responses.
- 14Chakraborty, B.; Gu, J.; Sun, Z.; Khatoniar, M.; Bushati, R.; Boehmke, A. L.; Koots, R.; Menon, V. M. Control of Strong Light–Matter Interaction in Monolayer WS2 through Electric Field Gating. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 6455– 6460, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02932Google Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhs1entr%252FM&md5=b695891445ad45689915975b96da82a2Control of Strong Light-Matter Interaction in Monolayer WS2 through Electric Field GatingChakraborty, Biswanath; Gu, Jie; Sun, Zheng; Khatoniar, Mandeep; Bushati, Rezlind; Boehmke, Alexandra L.; Koots, Rian; Menon, Vinod M.Nano Letters (2018), 18 (10), 6455-6460CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Strong light-matter coupling results in the formation of half-light half-matter quasiparticles that take on the desirable properties of both systems such as small mass and large interactions. Controlling this coupling strength in real-time is highly desirable due to the large change in optical properties such as reflectivity that can be induced in strongly coupled systems. Here we demonstrate modulation of strong exciton-photon coupling in a monolayer WS2 through elec. field induced gating at room temp. The device consists of a WS2 field effect transistor embedded inside a microcavity structure which transitions from strong to weak coupling when the monolayer WS2 becomes more n-type under gating. This transition occurs due to the redn. in oscillator strength of the excitons arising from decreased Coulomb interaction in the presence of electrostatically induced free carriers. The possibility to elec. modulate a solid state system at room temp. from strong to weak coupling is highly desirable for realizing low energy optoelectronic switches and modulators operating both in quantum and classical regimes.
- 15Dibos, A. M.; Zhou, Y.; Jauregui, L. A.; Scuri, G.; Wild, D. S.; High, A. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Lukin, M. D.; Kim, P.; Park, H. Electrically Tunable Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in a WSe2Monolayer Embedded in a Plasmonic Crystal Cavity. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 3543– 3547, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00484Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 16Luo, Y.; Zhao, J.; Fieramosca, A.; Guo, Q.; Kang, H.; Liu, X.; Liew, T. C. H.; Sanvitto, D.; An, Z.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, Z.; Xu, H.; Xiong, Q. Strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials. Light: Sci. Appl. 2024, 13, 203, DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01523-0Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Ma, X.; Youngblood, N.; Liu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Cunha, P.; Kudtarkar, K.; Wang, X.; Lan, S. Engineering photonic environments for two-dimensional materials. Nanophotonics 2021, 10, 1031– 1058, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0524Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Gao, M.; Yu, L.; Lv, Q.; Kang, F.; Huang, Z.-H.; Lv, R. Photoluminescence manipulation in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Journal of Materiomics 2023, 9, 768– 786, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmat.2023.02.005Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Ardizzone, V.; Marco, L. D.; Giorgi, M. D.; Dominici, L.; Ballarini, D.; Sanvitto, D. Emerging 2D materials for room-temperature polaritonics. Nanophotonics 2019, 8, 1547– 1558, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-0114Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs12ku7nL&md5=bb5531973d4c7242a9515c3c398a6213Emerging 2D materials for room-temperature polaritonicsArdizzone, Vincenzo; De Marco, Luisa; De Giorgi, Milena; Dominici, Lorenzo; Ballarini, Dario; Sanvitto, DanieleNanophotonics (2019), 8 (9), 1547-1558CODEN: NANOLP; ISSN:2192-8614. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)A review. Two-dimensional semiconductors are considered intriguing materials for photonic applications, thanks to their stunning optical properties and the possibility to manipulate them at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on transition metal dichalcogenides and low-dimensional hybrid org.-inorg. perovskites, which possess the same characteristics related to planar confinement of their excitons: large binding energies, wide exciton extension, and high oscillator strength. We describe their optoelectronic properties and their capability to achieve strong coupling with light, with particular attention to polariton-polariton interactions. These aspects make them very attractive for polaritonic devices working at room temp., in view of the realization of all-optical logic circuits in low-cost and easy-to-synthesize innovative materials.
- 20Guo, C.; Yu, J.; Deng, S. Hybrid Metasurfaces of Plasmonic Lattices and 2D Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2302265 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302265Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Dufferwiel, S. Exciton–polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8579, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9579Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1elu7bM&md5=c22801485efeb79a5c324c8c7d2fcc98Exciton-polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavitiesDufferwiel, S.; Schwarz, S.; Withers, F.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Li, F.; Sich, M.; Del Pozo-Zamudio, O.; Clark, C.; Nalitov, A.; Solnyshkov, D. D.; Malpuech, G.; Novoselov, K. S.; Smith, J. M.; Skolnick, M. S.; Krizhanovskii, D. N.; Tartakovskii, A. I.Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8579CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Layered materials can be assembled vertically to fabricate a new class of van der Waals heterostructures a few at. layers thick, compatible with a wide range of substrates and optoelectronic device geometries, enabling new strategies for control of light-matter coupling. Here, we incorporate molybdenum diselenide/hexagonal boron nitride (MoSe2/hBN) quantum wells in a tunable optical microcavity. Part-light-part-matter polariton eigenstates are obsd. as a result of the strong coupling between MoSe2 excitons and cavity photons, evidenced from a clear anticrossing between the neutral exciton and the cavity modes with a splitting of 20 meV for a single MoSe2 monolayer, enhanced to 29 meV in MoSe2/hBN/MoSe2 double-quantum wells. The splitting at resonance provides an est. of the exciton radiative lifetime of 0.4 ps. Our results pave the way for room-temp. polaritonic devices based on multiple-quantum-well van der Waals heterostructures, where polariton condensation and elec. polariton injection through the incorporation of graphene contacts may be realized.
- 22Liu, X.; Galfsky, T.; Sun, Z.; Xia, F.; Lin, E.-C.; Lee, Y.-H.; Kéna-Cohen, S.; Menon, V. M. Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nat. Photonics 2015, 9, 30– 34, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.304Google Scholar22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFKltbjF&md5=d7a3691668f4cf585188eee01f7ce356Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystalsLiu, Xiaoze; Galfsky, Tal; Sun, Zheng; Xia, Fengnian; Lin, Erh-chen; Lee, Yi-Hsien; Kena-Cohen, Stephane; Menon, Vinod M.Nature Photonics (2015), 9 (1), 30-34CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)Two-dimensional at. crystals of graphene, as well as transition-metal dichalcogenides, have emerged as a class of materials that demonstrate strong interaction with light. This interaction can be further controlled by embedding such materials into optical microcavities. When the interaction rate is engineered to be faster than dissipation from the light and matter entities, one reaches the 'strong coupling' regime. This results in the formation of half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles called microcavity polaritons. Here, we report evidence of strong light-matter coupling and the formation of microcavity polaritons in a two-dimensional at. crystal of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) embedded inside a dielec. microcavity at room temp. A Rabi splitting of 46 ± 3 meV is obsd. in angle-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence spectra due to coupling between the two-dimensional excitons and the cavity photons. Realizing strong coupling at room temp. in two-dimensional materials that offer a disorder-free potential landscape provides an attractive route for the development of practical polaritonic devices.
- 23Flatten, L. C.; He, Z.; Coles, D. M.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Powell, A. W.; Taylor, R. A.; Warner, J. H.; Smith, J. M. Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 33134 DOI: 10.1038/srep33134Google Scholar23https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFCmtrzN&md5=2b0d02d82db918cd5330f2d364894723Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2Flatten, L. C.; He, Z.; Coles, D. M.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Powell, A. W.; Taylor, R. A.; Warner, J. H.; Smith, J. M.Scientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 33134CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit strong optical transitions with significant potential for optoelectronic devices. In particular, they are suited for cavity quantum electrodynamics in which strong coupling leads to polariton formation as a root to realization of inversionless lasing, polariton condensation and superfluidity. Demonstrations of such strongly correlated phenomena to date have often relied on cryogenic temps., high excitation densities and were frequently impaired by strong material disorder. At room-temp., expts. approaching the strong coupling regime with transition metal dichalcogenides have been reported, but well resolved exciton-polaritons have yet to be achieved. Here, we report a study of monolayer WS2 coupled to an open Fabry-Perot cavity at room-temp., in which polariton eigenstates are unambiguously displayed. In-situ tunability of the cavity length results in a maximal Rabi splitting of hΩRabi = 70 meV, exceeding the exciton linewidth. Our data are well described by a transfer matrix model appropriate for the large linewidth regime. This work provides a platform towards observing strongly correlated polariton phenomena in compact photonic devices for ambient temp. applications.
- 24Zhang, L.; Gogna, R.; Burg, W.; Tutuc, E.; Deng, H. Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductors. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 713, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03188-xGoogle Scholar24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1Mrjt1CksA%253D%253D&md5=7a12e1891296b184a33b923648c455c6Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductorsZhang Long; Deng Hui; Gogna Rahul; Deng Hui; Burg Will; Tutuc EmanuelNature communications (2018), 9 (1), 713 ISSN:.Semiconductor microcavity polaritons, formed via strong exciton-photon coupling, provide a quantum many-body system on a chip, featuring rich physics phenomena for better photonic technology. However, conventional polariton cavities are bulky, difficult to integrate, and inflexible for mode control, especially for room-temperature materials. Here we demonstrate sub-wavelength-thick, one-dimensional photonic crystals as a designable, compact, and practical platform for strong coupling with atomically thin van der Waals crystals. Polariton dispersions and mode anti-crossings are measured up to room temperature. Non-radiative decay to dark excitons is suppressed due to polariton enhancement of the radiative decay. Unusual features, including highly anisotropic dispersions and adjustable Fano resonances in reflectance, may facilitate high temperature polariton condensation in variable dimensions. Combining slab photonic crystals and van der Waals crystals in the strong coupling regime allows unprecedented engineering flexibility for exploring novel polariton phenomena and device concepts.
- 25Kleemann, M.-E.; Chikkaraddy, R.; Alexeev, E. M.; Kos, D.; Carnegie, C.; Deacon, W.; de Pury, A. C.; Große, C.; de Nijs, B.; Mertens, J.; Tartakovskii, A. I.; Baumberg, J. J. Strong-coupling of WSe2 in ultra-compact plasmonic nanocavities at room temperature. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1296, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01398-3Google Scholar25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7nsFyhsg%253D%253D&md5=5ea7136926605d75a8e046fed683d92cStrong-coupling of WSe2 in ultra-compact plasmonic nanocavities at room temperatureKleemann Marie-Elena; Chikkaraddy Rohit; Kos Dean; Carnegie Cloudy; Deacon Will; de Pury Alex Casalis; Grosse Christoph; de Nijs Bart; Mertens Jan; Baumberg Jeremy J; Alexeev Evgeny M; Tartakovskii Alexander INature communications (2017), 8 (1), 1296 ISSN:.Strong coupling of monolayer metal dichalcogenide semiconductors with light offers encouraging prospects for realistic exciton devices at room temperature. However, the nature of this coupling depends extremely sensitively on the optical confinement and the orientation of electronic dipoles and fields. Here, we show how plasmon strong coupling can be achieved in compact, robust, and easily assembled gold nano-gap resonators at room temperature. We prove that strong-coupling is impossible with monolayers due to the large exciton coherence size, but resolve clear anti-crossings for greater than 7 layer devices with Rabi splittings exceeding 135 meV. We show that such structures improve on prospects for nonlinear exciton functionalities by at least 10(4), while retaining quantum efficiencies above 50%, and demonstrate evidence for superlinear light emission.
- 26Sun, J.; Li, Y.; Hu, H.; Chen, W.; Zheng, D.; Zhang, S.; Xu, H. Strong plasmon–exciton coupling in transition metal dichalcogenides and plasmonic nanostructures. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 4408– 4419, DOI: 10.1039/D0NR08592HGoogle Scholar26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvFGqtbo%253D&md5=34473e741cb345e3db0a81852c5c3e04Strong plasmon-exciton coupling in transition metal dichalcogenides and plasmonic nanostructuresSun, Jiawei; Li, Yang; Hu, Huatian; Chen, Wen; Zheng, Di; Zhang, Shunping; Xu, HongxingNanoscale (2021), 13 (8), 4408-4419CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. Achieving strong coupling between emitters and cavity photons holds an important position in the light-matter interaction due to its applications such as polariton lasing, all-optical switches, and quantum information processing. However, room-temp. polaritonic devices with subwavelength dimensions based on strong light-matter coupling are difficult to realize using traditional emitter-cavity coupled systems. In recent years, coupled systems constructed from plasmonic nanostructures and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have shown their potential in achieving room-temp. strong coupling and robustness in the nanofabrication processes. This mini presents the recent progress in strong plasmon-exciton coupling in such plasmonic-TMD hybrid structures. Differing from a broader scope of strong coupling, we focus on the plasmon-exciton coupling between excitons in TMDs and plasmons in single nanoparticles, nanoparticle-over-mirrors, and plasmonic arrays. In addn., we discuss the future perspectives on the strong plasmon-exciton coupling at few-excitons level and the nonlinear response of these hybrid structures in the strong coupling regime.
- 27Förg, M.; Colombier, L.; Patel, R. K.; Lindlau, J.; Mohite, A. D.; Yamaguchi, H.; Glazov, M. M.; Hunger, D.; Högele, A. Cavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3697, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11620-zGoogle Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MvoslKksA%253D%253D&md5=4114487937ce8e1f824e65197e07847dCavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructuresForg Michael; Colombier Leo; Patel Robin K; Lindlau Jessica; Hogele Alexander; Mohite Aditya D; Yamaguchi Hisato; Glazov Mikhail M; Glazov Mikhail M; Hunger David; Hogele AlexanderNature communications (2019), 10 (1), 3697 ISSN:.Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides integrated in optical microcavities host exciton-polaritons as a hallmark of the strong light-matter coupling regime. Analogous concepts for hybrid light-matter systems employing spatially indirect excitons with a permanent electric dipole moment in heterobilayer crystals promise realizations of exciton-polariton gases and condensates with inherent dipolar interactions. Here, we implement cavity-control of interlayer excitons in vertical MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructures. Our experiments demonstrate the Purcell effect for heterobilayer emission in cavity-modified photonic environments, and quantify the light-matter coupling strength of interlayer excitons. The results will facilitate further developments of dipolar exciton-polariton gases and condensates in hybrid cavity - van der Waals heterostructure systems.
- 28Butun, S.; Tongay, S.; Aydin, K. Enhanced Light Emission from Large-Area Monolayer MoS2 Using Plasmonic Nanodisc Arrays. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 2700– 2704, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00407Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjs1Gjtb8%253D&md5=ea948f82bc2f69e4aeff31bd417f97a8Enhanced Light Emission from Large-Area Monolayer MoS2 Using Plasmonic Nanodisc ArraysButun, Serkan; Tongay, Sefaattin; Aydin, KorayNano Letters (2015), 15 (4), 2700-2704CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Single-layer direct band gap semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides are quite attractive for a wide range of electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics applications. Their monolayer thickness provides significant advantages in many applications such as field-effect transistors for high-performance electronics, sensor/detector applications, and flexible electronics. For optoelectronics and photonics applications, inherent monolayer thickness poses a significant challenge for the interaction of light with the material, which therefore results in poor light emission and absorption behavior. Enhanced light emission from large-area monolayer MoS2 was demonstrated using plasmonic Ag nanodisk arrays, where enhanced luminescence up to 12-times was measured. Obsd. phenomena stem from the fact that plasmonic resonance couples to both excitation and emission fields and thus boosts the light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. Reported results allow one to engineer light-matter interactions in 2-dimensional materials and could enable highly efficient photodetectors, sensors, and photovoltaic devices, where photon absorption and emission efficiency highly dictate the device performance.
- 29Lee, B.; Park, J.; Han, G. H.; Ee, H.-S.; Naylor, C. H.; Liu, W.; Johnson, A. C.; Agarwal, R. Fano Resonance and Spectrally Modified Photoluminescence Enhancement in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna Array. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3646– 3653, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01563Google Scholar29https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntlCmurw%253D&md5=6acd485d30bfeabbd944107e0ae3da1eFano Resonance and Spectrally Modified Photoluminescence Enhancement in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna ArrayLee, Bumsu; Park, Joohee; Han, Gang Hee; Ee, Ho-Seok; Naylor, Carl H.; Liu, Wenjing; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2015), 15 (5), 3646-3653CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)The manipulation of light-matter interactions in two-dimensional atomically thin crystals is crit. for obtaining new optoelectronic functionalities in these strongly confined materials. Here, by integrating chem. grown monolayers of MoS2 with a silver-bowtie nanoantenna array supporting narrow surface-lattice plasmonic resonances, a unique two-dimensional optical system has been achieved. The enhanced exciton-plasmon coupling enables profound changes in the emission and excitation processes leading to spectrally tunable, large photoluminescence enhancement as well as surface-enhanced Raman scattering at room temp. Furthermore, due to the decreased damping of MoS2 excitons interacting with the plasmonic resonances of the bowtie array at low temps. stronger exciton-plasmon coupling is achieved resulting in a Fano line shape in the reflection spectrum. The Fano line shape, which is due to the interference between the pathways involving the excitation of the exciton and plasmon, can be tuned by altering the coupling strengths between the two systems via changing the design of the bowties lattice. The ability to manipulate the optical properties of two-dimensional systems with tunable plasmonic resonators offers a new platform for the design of novel optical devices with precisely tailored responses.
- 30Wu, S.; Buckley, S.; Schaibley, J. R.; Feng, L.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Hatami, F.; Yao, W.; Vučković, J.; Majumdar, A.; Xu, X. Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholds. Nature 2015, 520, 69– 72, DOI: 10.1038/nature14290Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXks1yqsLk%253D&md5=8974ac8d2c9bbe8c436ea80b02d54976Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholdsWu, Sanfeng; Buckley, Sonia; Schaibley, John R.; Feng, Liefeng; Yan, Jiaqiang; Mandrus, David G.; Hatami, Fariba; Yao, Wang; Vuckovic, Jelena; Majumdar, Arka; Xu, XiaodongNature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 520 (7545), 69-72CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)Engineering the electromagnetic environment of a nanometer-scale light emitter using a photonic cavity can significantly enhance its spontaneous emission rate, through cavity quantum electrodynamics in the Purcell regime. This effect can greatly reduce the lasing threshold of the emitter, providing a low-threshold laser system with small footprint, low power consumption and ultrafast modulation. An ultralow-threshold nanoscale laser was successfully developed by embedding quantum dots into a photonic crystal cavity (PCC). However, several challenges impede the practical application of this architecture, including the random positions and compositional fluctuations of the dots, extreme difficulty in current injection, and lack of compatibility with electronic circuits. Here the authors report a new lasing strategy: an atomically thin cryst. semiconductor-i.e., a W diselenide monolayer-is nondestructively and deterministically introduced as a gain medium at the surface of a pre-fabricated PCC. A continuous-wave nanolaser operating in the visible regime is thereby achieved with an optical pumping threshold ≥27 nW at 130 K, similar to the value achieved in quantum-dot PCC lasers. The key to the lasing action lies in the monolayer nature of the gain medium, which confines direct-gap excitons to within 1 nm of the PCC surface. The surface-gain geometry gives unprecedented accessibility and hence the ability to tailor gain properties via external controls such as electrostatic gating and current injection, enabling elec. pumped operation. Scheme is scalable and compatible with integrated photonics for on-chip optical communication technologies.
- 31Du, W.; Li, C.; Sun, J.; Xu, H.; Yu, P.; Ren, A.; Wu, J.; Wang, Z. Nanolasers Based on 2D Materials. Laser Photon. Rev. 2020, 14, 2000271 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000271Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Wen, W.; Wu, L.; Yu, T. Excitonic Lasers in Atomically Thin 2D Semiconductors. ACS Materials Letters 2020, 2, 1328– 1342, DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00277Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 33Qian, C.; Troue, M.; Figueiredo, J.; Soubelet, P.; Villafañe, V.; Beierlein, J.; Klembt, S.; Stier, A. V.; Höfling, S.; Holleitner, A. W.; Finley, J. J. Lasing of moiré trapped MoSe2/WSe2 interlayer excitons coupled to a nanocavity. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadk6359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6359Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 34Zhao, J.; Su, R.; Fieramosca, A.; Zhao, W.; Du, W.; Liu, X.; Diederichs, C.; Sanvitto, D.; Liew, T. C. H.; Xiong, Q. Ultralow Threshold Polariton Condensate in a Monolayer Semiconductor Microcavity at Room Temperature. Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 3331– 3339, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01162Google Scholar34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXnsl2kt7c%253D&md5=ff05fbe9d65553e84f508e217aca0911Ultralow Threshold Polariton Condensate in a Monolayer Semiconductor Microcavity at Room TemperatureZhao, Jiaxin; Su, Rui; Fieramosca, Antonio; Zhao, Weijie; Du, Wei; Liu, Xue; Diederichs, Carole; Sanvitto, Daniele; Liew, Timothy C. H.; Xiong, QihuaNano Letters (2021), 21 (7), 3331-3339CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Exciton-polaritons, hybrid light-matter bosonic quasiparticles, can condense into a single quantum state, i.e., forming a polariton Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), which represents a crucial step for the development of nanophotonic technol. Recently, atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) emerged as promising candidates for novel polaritonic devices. Although the formation of robust valley-polaritons has been realized up to room temp., the demonstration of polariton lasing remains elusive. Herein, we report for the first time the realization of this important milestone in a TMD microcavity at room temp. Continuous wave pumped polariton lasing is evidenced by the macroscopic occupation of the ground state, which undergoes a nonlinear increase of the emission along with the emergence of temporal coherence, the presence of an exciton fraction-controlled threshold and the buildup of linear polarization. Our work presents a critically important step toward exploiting nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, as well as offering a new platform for thresholdless lasing.
- 35Fan, Y.; Wan, Q.; Yao, Q.; Chen, X.; Guan, Y.; Alnatah, H.; Vaz, D.; Beaumariage, J.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Wu, J.; Sun, Z.; Snoke, D. High Efficiency of Exciton-Polariton Lasing in a 2D Multilayer Structure. ACS Photonics 2024, 11, 2722– 2728, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00549Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Wang, W.; Ramezani, M.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Törmä, P.; Rivas, J. G.; Odom, T. W. The Rich Photonic World of Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays. Mater. Today 2018, 21, 303– 314, DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.09.002Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Wang, D.; Wang, W.; Knudson, M. P.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Structural Engineering in Plasmon Nanolasers. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 2865– 2881, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00424Google Scholar37https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1KjsLzK&md5=65ad92ac2ce1ebb0296c81e15a7cd144Structural Engineering in Plasmon NanolasersWang, Danqing; Wang, Weijia; Knudson, Michael P.; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2018), 118 (6), 2865-2881CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)A review. This review focuses on structural engineering of lasers from the macroscale to the nanoscale, with an emphasis on plasmon nanolasers. Conventional lasers based on Fabry-P´erot cavities are limited in device size. In contrast, plasmon nanolasers can overcome the diffraction limit of light and incorporate unique structural designs to engineer cavity geometries and optical band structure. Since the spaser concept was introduced in 2003, tremendous progress in nanolasing has been made on architectures that exploit metal films and nanoparticles. Theor. approaches in both frequency and time domains have inspired the development of plasmon nanolasers based on mode anal. and time-dependent lasing buildup. Plasmon nanolasers designed by band-structure engineering open prospects for manipulation of lasing characteristics such as directional emission, real-time tunable wavelengths, and controlled multimode lasing.
- 38Kravets, V. G.; Kabashin, A. V.; Barnes, W. L.; Grigorenko, A. N. Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 5912– 5951, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00243Google Scholar38https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVGiu7nF&md5=30c7c77a16e981f896f768de62411558Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and ApplicationsKravets, V. G.; Kabashin, A. V.; Barnes, W. L.; Grigorenko, A. N.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2018), 118 (12), 5912-5951CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)When metal nanoparticles are arranged in an ordered array, they may scatter light to produce diffracted waves. If one of the diffracted waves then propagates in the plane of the array, it may couple the localized plasmon resonances assocd. with individual nanoparticles together, leading to an exciting phenomenon, the drastic narrowing of plasmon resonances, down to 1-2 nm in spectral width. This presents a dramatic improvement compared to a typical single particle resonance line width of >80 nm. The very high quality factors of these diffractively coupled plasmon resonances, often referred to as plasmonic surface lattice resonances, and related effects have made this topic a very active and exciting field for fundamental research, and increasingly, these resonances have been investigated for their potential in the development of practical devices for communications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, data storage, biosensing, and other applications. In the present review article, we describe the basic phys. principles and properties of plasmonic surface lattice resonances: the width and quality of the resonances, singularities of the light phase, elec. field enhancement, etc. We pay special attention to the conditions of their excitation in different exptl. architectures by considering the following: in-plane and out-of-plane polarizations of the incident light, sym. and asym. optical (refractive index) environments, the presence of substrate cond., and the presence of an active or magnetic medium. Finally, we review recent progress in applications of plasmonic surface lattice resonances in various fields.
- 39Guo, R.; Nečada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Törmä, P. Lasing at K Points of a Honeycomb Plasmonic Lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019, 122, 013901 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.013901Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvFSguro%253D&md5=c5f9082ae686aa17bc5445cafb60081cLasing at K Points of a Honeycomb Plasmonic LatticeGuo, R.; Necada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Vakevainen, A. I.; Torma, P.Physical Review Letters (2019), 122 (1), 013901CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We study lasing at the high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone in a honeycomb plasmonic lattice. We use symmetry arguments to define singlet and doublet modes at the K points of the reciprocal space. We exptl. demonstrate lasing at the K points that is based on plasmonic lattice modes and two-dimensional feedback. By comparing polarization properties to T-matrix simulations, we identify the lasing mode as one of the singlets with an energy min. at the K point enabling feedback. Our results offer prospects for studies of topol. lasing in radiatively coupled systems.
- 40Guan, J. Quantum Dot-Plasmon Lasing with Controlled Polarization Patterns. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 3426– 3433, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09466Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXislWhsLw%253D&md5=37a108c2aab3823f9b197e7c81b499f8Quantum Dot-Plasmon Lasing with Controlled Polarization PatternsGuan, Jun; Sagar, Laxmi Kishore; Li, Ran; Wang, Danqing; Bappi, Golam; Wang, Weijia; Watkins, Nicolas; Bourgeois, Marc R.; Levina, Larissa; Fan, Fengjia; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; de Pina, Joao Martins; Schaller, Richard D.; Schatz, George C.; Sargent, Edward H.; Odom, Teri W.ACS Nano (2020), 14 (3), 3426-3433CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The tailored spatial polarization of coherent light beams is important for applications ranging from microscopy to biophysics to quantum optics. Miniaturized light sources are needed for integrated, on-chip photonic devices with desired vector beams; however, this issue is unresolved because most lasers rely on bulky optical elements to achieve such polarization control. Here, we report on quantum dot-plasmon lasers with engineered polarization patterns controllable by near-field coupling of colloidal quantum dots to metal nanoparticles. Conformal coating of CdSe-CdS core-shell quantum dot films on Ag nanoparticle lattices enables the formation of hybrid waveguide-surface lattice resonance (W-SLR) modes. The sidebands of these hybrid modes at nonzero wavevectors facilitate directional lasing emission with either radial or azimuthal polarization depending on the thickness of the quantum dot film.
- 41Tran, T. T.; Wang, D.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Yang, A.; Toth, M.; Odom, T. W.; Aharonovich, I. Deterministic Coupling of Quantum Emitters in 2D Materials to Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 2634– 2639, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00444Google Scholar41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXksVyrtLc%253D&md5=15532348180484800afd0403e5ce57a4Deterministic Coupling of Quantum Emitters in 2D Materials to Plasmonic Nanocavity ArraysTran, Toan Trong; Wang, Danqing; Xu, Zai-Quan; Yang, Ankun; Toth, Milos; Odom, Teri W.; Aharonovich, IgorNano Letters (2017), 17 (4), 2634-2639CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Quantum emitters in 2-dimensional materials are promising candidates for studies of light-matter interaction and next generation, integrated on-chip quantum nanophotonics. The realization of integrated nanophotonic systems requires the coupling of emitters to optical cavities and resonators. Hybrid systems in which quantum emitters in 2D hexagonal B nitride (hBN) are deterministically coupled to high-quality plasmonic nanocavity arrays are demonstrated. The plasmonic nanoparticle arrays offer a high-quality, low-loss cavity in the same spectral range as the quantum emitters in hBN. The coupled emitters exhibit enhanced emission rates and reduced fluorescence lifetimes, consistent with Purcell enhancement in the weak coupling regime. The results provide the foundation for a versatile approach for achieving scalable, integrated hybrid systems based on low-loss plasmonic nanoparticle arrays and 2D materials.
- 42Zhou, W.; Dridi, M.; Suh, J. Y.; Kim, C. H.; Co, D. T.; Wasielewski, M. R.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Lasing Action in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 506– 511, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.99Google Scholar42https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpsV2gt7Y%253D&md5=2b6a44c42b07ccd32c0037488f3e3607Lasing action in strongly coupled plasmonic nanocavity arraysZhou, Wei; Dridi, Montacer; Suh, Jae Yong; Kim, Chul Hoon; Co, Dick T.; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Nature Nanotechnology (2013), 8 (7), 506-511CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Periodic dielec. structures are typically integrated with a planar waveguide to create photonic band-edge modes for feedback in one-dimensional distributed feedback lasers and two-dimensional photonic-crystal lasers. Although photonic band-edge lasers are widely used in optics and biol. applications, drawbacks include low modulation speeds and diffraction-limited mode confinement. In contrast, plasmonic nanolasers can support ultrafast dynamics and ultrasmall mode vols. However, because of the large momentum mismatch between their nanolocalized lasing fields and free-space light, they suffer from large radiative losses and lack beam directionality. Here, we report lasing action from band-edge lattice plasmons in arrays of plasmonic nanocavities in a homogeneous dielec. environment. We find that optically pumped, two-dimensional arrays of plasmonic Au or Ag nanoparticles surrounded by an org. gain medium show directional beam emission (divergence angle <1.5° and linewidth <1.3 nm) characteristic of lasing action in the far-field, and behave as arrays of nanoscale light sources in the near-field. Using a semi-quantum electromagnetic approach to simulate the active optical responses, we show that lasing is achieved through stimulated energy transfer from the gain to the band-edge lattice plasmons in the deep subwavelength vicinity of the individual nanoparticles. Using femtosecond-transient absorption spectroscopy, we verified that lattice plasmons in plasmonic nanoparticle arrays could reach a 200-fold enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of the dye because of their large local d. of optical states.
- 43Väkeväinen, A. I.; Moerland, R. J.; Rekola, H. T.; Eskelinen, A.-P.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Kim, D.-H.; Törmä, P. Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances at the Strong Coupling Regime. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1721– 1727, DOI: 10.1021/nl4035219Google Scholar43https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVGrsr3F&md5=cd2668ce585df4011602c06f91a47a87Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances at the Strong Coupling RegimeVakevainen, A. I.; Moerland, R. J.; Rekola, H. T.; Eskelinen, A.-P.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Kim, D.-H.; Torma, P.Nano Letters (2014), 14 (4), 1721-1727CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)We show strong coupling involving three different types of resonances in plasmonic nanoarrays: surface lattice resonances (SLRs), localized surface plasmon resonances on single nanoparticles, and excitations of org. dye mols. The measured transmission spectra show splittings that depend on the mol. concn. The results are analyzed using finite-difference time-domain simulations, a coupled-dipole approxn., coupled-modes models, and Fano theory. The delocalized nature of the collective SLR modes suggests that in the strong coupling regime mols. near distant nanoparticles are coherently coupled.
- 44Törmä, P.; Barnes, W. L. Strong Coupling between Surface Plasmon Polaritons and Emitters: A Review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2015, 78, 013901 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/013901Google Scholar44https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MzpslGgsw%253D%253D&md5=77e19cc00aabf7f26b21ca9b5fedfb6aStrong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: a reviewTorma P; Barnes W LReports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) (2015), 78 (1), 013901 ISSN:.In this review we look at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots. We explore the phenomenon of strong coupling with reference to a number of examples involving electromagnetic fields and matter. We then provide a concise description of the relevant background physics of surface plasmon polaritons. An extensive overview of the historical background and a detailed discussion of more recent relevant experimental advances concerning strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and quantum emitters is then presented. Three conceptual frameworks are then discussed and compared in depth: classical, semi-classical and fully quantum mechanical; these theoretical frameworks will have relevance to strong coupling beyond that involving surface plasmon polaritons. We conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field, one we are sure will grow to encompass more intriguing physics and will develop in scope to be of relevance to other areas of science.
- 45Hakala, T. K.; Rekola, H. T.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Nečada, M.; Moilanen, A. J.; Törmä, P. Lasing in Dark and Bright Modes of a Finite-Sized Plasmonic Lattice. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 13687, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13687Google Scholar45https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXislGhsQ%253D%253D&md5=513a6c01e762fa60ba5163102a38479aLasing in dark and bright modes of a finite-sized plasmonic latticeHakala, T. K.; Rekola, H. T.; Vakevainen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Necada, M.; Moilanen, A. J.; Torma, P.Nature Communications (2017), 8 (), 13687CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Lasing at the nanometer scale promises strong light-matter interactions and ultrafast operation. Plasmonic resonances supported by metallic nanoparticles have extremely small mode vols. and high field enhancements, making them an ideal platform for studying nanoscale lasing. At visible frequencies, however, the applicability of plasmon resonances is limited due to strong ohmic and radiative losses. Intriguingly, plasmonic nanoparticle arrays support non-radiative dark modes that offer longer life-times but are inaccessible to far-field radiation. Here, we show lasing both in dark and bright modes of an array of silver nanoparticles combined with optically pumped dye mols. Linewidths of 0.2 nm at visible wavelengths and room temp. are obsd. Access to the dark modes is provided by a coherent out-coupling mechanism based on the finite size of the array. The results open a route to utilize all modes of plasmonic lattices, also the high-Q ones, for studies of strong light-matter interactions, condensation and photon fluids.
- 46Ramezani, M.; Halpin, A.; Fernández-Domínguez, A. I.; Feist, J.; Rodriguez, S. R.-K.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Rivas, J. G. Plasmon-Exciton-Polariton Lasing. Optica 2017, 4, 31– 37, DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.4.000031Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1WhtrfI&md5=6e15744b62446a71195fae662a2cb038Plasmon-exciton-polariton lasingRamezani, Mohammad; Halpin, Alexei; Fernandez-Dominguez, Antonio I.; Feist, Johannes; Rodriguez, Rahimzadeh-Kalaleh; Garcia-Vidal, Francisco J.; Rivas, Jaime GomezOptica (2017), 4 (1), 31-37CODEN: OPTIC8; ISSN:2334-2536. (Optical Society of America)Metallic nanostructures provide a toolkit for the generation of coherent light below the diffraction limit. Plasmonic-based lasing relies on the population inversion of emitters (such as org. fluorophores) along with feedback provided by plasmonic resonances. In this regime, known as weak light-matter coupling, the radiative characteristics of the system can be described by the Purcell effect. Strong light-matter coupling between the mol. excitons and electromagnetic field generated by the plasmonic structures leads to the formation of hybrid quasi-particles known as plasmon-exciton-polaritons (PEPs). Due to the bosonic character of these quasi-particles, exciton-polariton condensation can lead to laser-like emission at much lower threshold powers than in conventional photon lasers. Here, we observe PEP lasing through a dark plasmonic mode in an array of metallic nanoparticles with a low threshold in an optically pumped org. system. Interestingly, the threshold power of the lasing is reduced by increasing the degree of light - matter coupling in spite of the degrdn. of the quantum efficiency of the active material, highlighting the ultrafast dynamic responsible for the lasing, i.e., stimulated scattering. These results demonstrate a unique room-temp. platform for exploring the physics of exciton-polaritons in an open-cavity architecture and pave the road toward the integration of this on-chip lasing device with the current photonics and active metamaterial planar technologies.
- 47Hakala, T. K.; Moilanen, A. J.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Guo, R.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Rekola, H. T.; Julku, A.; Törmä, P. Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Plasmonic Lattice. Nat. Phys. 2018, 14, 739, DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0109-9Google Scholar47https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFGksbfP&md5=c56389928baed786e9ad277aaa2ed2f7Bose-Einstein condensation in a plasmonic latticeHakala, Tommi K.; Moilanen, Antti J.; Vakevainen, Aaro I.; Guo, Rui; Martikainen, Jani-Petri; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Rekola, Heikki T.; Julku, Aleksi; Torma, PaiviNature Physics (2018), 14 (7), 739-744CODEN: NPAHAX; ISSN:1745-2473. (Nature Research)Bose-Einstein condensation is a remarkable manifestation of quantum statistics and macroscopic quantum coherence. Supercond. and superfluidity have their origin in Bose-Einstein condensation. Ultracold quantum gases have provided condensates close to the original ideas of Bose and Einstein, while condensation of polaritons and magnons has introduced novel concepts of non-equil. condensation. Here, we demonstrate a Bose-Einstein condensate of surface plasmon polaritons in lattice modes of a metal nanoparticle array. Interaction of the nanoscale-confined surface plasmons with a room-temp. bath of dye mols. enables thermalization and condensation in picoseconds. The ultrafast thermalization and condensation dynamics are revealed by an expt. that exploits thermalization under propagation and the open-cavity character of the system. A crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensate to usual lasing is realized by tailoring the band structure. This new condensate of surface plasmon lattice excitations has promise for future technologies due to its ultrafast, room-temp. and on-chip nature.
- 48Väkeväinen, A. I.; Moilanen, A. J.; Nečada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Törmä, P. Sub-picosecond thermalization dynamics in condensation of strongly coupled lattice plasmons. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3139, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16906-1Google Scholar48https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Cjsr3P&md5=4de297005ee74f8849257832a9f4e442Sub-picosecond thermalization dynamics in condensation of strongly coupled lattice plasmonsVakevainen, Aaro I.; Moilanen, Antti J.; Necada, Marek; Hakala, Tommi K.; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Torma, PaiviNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 3139CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Abstr.: Bosonic condensates offer exciting prospects for studies of non-equil. quantum dynamics. Understanding the dynamics is particularly challenging in the sub-picosecond timescales typical for room temp. luminous driven-dissipative condensates. Here we combine a lattice of plasmonic nanoparticles with dye mol. soln. at the strong coupling regime, and pump the mols. optically. The emitted light reveals three distinct regimes: one-dimensional lasing, incomplete stimulated thermalization, and two-dimensional multimode condensation. The condensate is achieved by matching the thermalization rate with the lattice size and occurs only for pump pulse durations below a crit. value. Our results give access to control and monitoring of thermalization processes and condensate formation at sub-picosecond timescale.
- 49Winkler, J. M.; Ruckriegel, M. J.; Rojo, H.; Keitel, R. C.; De Leo, E.; Rabouw, F. T.; Norris, D. J. Dual-Wavelength Lasing in Quantum-Dot Plasmonic Lattice Lasers. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 5223– 5232, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09698Google Scholar49https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkslWmt7s%253D&md5=4b7c52176403bde879fe9c7edf67dec0Dual-Wavelength Lasing in Quantum-Dot Plasmonic Lattice LasersWinkler, Jan M.; Ruckriegel, Max J.; Rojo, Henar; Keitel, Robert C.; De Leo, Eva; Rabouw, Freddy T.; Norris, David J.ACS Nano (2020), 14 (5), 5223-5232CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Arrays of metallic particles patterned on a substrate have emerged as a promising design for on-chip plasmonic lasers. In past examples of such devices, the periodic particles provided feedback at a single resonance wavelength, and org. dye mols. were used as the gain material. Here, we introduce a flexible template-based fabrication method that allows a broader design space for Ag particle-array lasers. Instead of dye mols., we integrate colloidal quantum dots (QDs), which offer better photostability and wavelength tunability. Our fabrication approach also allows us to easily adjust the refractive index of the substrate and the QD-film thickness. Exploiting these capabilities, we demonstrate not only single-wavelength lasing but dual-wavelength lasing via two distinct strategies. First, by using particle arrays with rectangular lattice symmetries, we obtain feedback from two orthogonal directions. The two output wavelengths from this laser can be selected individually using a linear polarizer. Second, by adjusting the QD-film thickness, we use higher-order transverse waveguide modes in the QD film to obtain dual-wavelength lasing at normal and off-normal angles from a sym. square array. We thus show that our approach offers various design possibilities to tune the laser output.
- 50Taskinen, J. M.; Kliuiev, P.; Moilanen, A. J.; Törmä, P. Polarization and Phase Textures in Lattice Plasmon Condensates. Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 5262– 5268, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01395Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 51Hoang, T. B.; Akselrod, G. M.; Yang, A.; Odom, T. W.; Mikkelsen, M. H. Millimeter-Scale Spatial Coherence from a Plasmon Laser. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 6690– 6695, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02677Google Scholar51https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsFOjurvE&md5=68379fb66fe353d942d8e580d8947cbcMillimeter-Scale Spatial Coherence from a Plasmon LaserHoang, Thang B.; Akselrod, Gleb M.; Yang, Ankun; Odom, Teri W.; Mikkelsen, Maiken H.Nano Letters (2017), 17 (11), 6690-6695CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Coherent light sources were demonstrated based on a wide range of nanostructures, however, little effort was devoted to probing their underlying coherence properties. Here, the authors report long-range spatial coherence of lattice plasmon lasers constructed from a periodic array of Au nanoparticles and a liq. gain medium at room temp. By combining spatial and temporal interferometry, the authors demonstrate millimeter-scale (∼1 mm) spatial coherence and picosecond (∼2 ps) temporal coherence. The long-range spatial coherence occurs even without the presence of strong coupling with the lattice plasmon mode extending over macroscopic distances in the lasing regime. This plasmonic lasing system thus provides a platform for understanding the emergence of long-range coherence from collections of nanoscale resonators and points toward novel types of distributed lasing sources.
- 52Moilanen, A. J.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Taskinen, J. M.; Törmä, P. Spatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose–Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 255301 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.255301Google Scholar52https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtV2ntr0%253D&md5=c022458727759269baadb038add36dbfSpatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose-Einstein CondensatesMoilanen, Antti J.; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Taskinen, Jani M.; Torma, PaiviPhysical Review Letters (2021), 127 (25), 255301CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We report first-order spatial and temporal correlations in strongly coupled plasmonic Bose-Einstein condensates. The condensate is large, more than 20 times the spatial coherence length of the polaritons in the uncondensed system and 100 times the healing length, making plasmonic lattices an attractive platform for studying long-range spatial correlations in two dimensions. We find that both spatial and temporal coherence display nonexponential decay; the results suggest power-law or stretched exponential behavior with different exponents for spatial and temporal correlation decays.
- 53Liu, W.; Lee, B.; Naylor, C. H.; Ee, H.-S.; Park, J.; Johnson, A. T. C.; Agarwal, R. Strong Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in MoS2 Coupled with Plasmonic Lattice. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1262– 1269, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04588Google Scholar53https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVyqtLg%253D&md5=7b5b53ff5e7c85291525c4175ffa3df0Strong Exciton-Plasmon Coupling in MoS2 Coupled with Plasmonic LatticeLiu, Wenjing; Lee, Bumsu; Naylor, Carl H.; Ee, Ho-Seok; Park, Joohee; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2016), 16 (2), 1262-1269CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)We demonstrate strong exciton-plasmon coupling in silver nanodisk arrays integrated with monolayer MoS2 via angle-resolved reflectance microscopy spectra of the coupled system. Strong exciton-plasmon coupling is obsd. with the exciton-plasmon coupling strength up to 58 meV at 77 K, which also survives at room temp. The strong coupling involves three types of resonances: MoS2 excitons, localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of individual silver nanodisks and plasmonic lattice resonances of the nanodisk array. We show that the exciton-plasmon coupling strength, polariton compn., and dispersion can be effectively engineered by tuning the geometry of the plasmonic lattice, which makes the system promising for realizing novel two-dimensional plasmonic polaritonic devices.
- 54Wang, S.; Le-Van, Q.; Vaianella, F.; Maes, B.; Eizagirre Barker, S.; Godiksen, R. H.; Curto, A. G.; Gomez Rivas, J. Limits to Strong Coupling of Excitons in Multilayer WS2 with Collective Plasmonic Resonances. ACS Photonics 2019, 6, 286– 293, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01459Google Scholar54https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1Cis74%253D&md5=429cf65c99741a80374785d833bf36beLimits to Strong Coupling of Excitons in Multilayer WS2 with Collective Plasmonic ResonancesWang, Shaojun; Le-Van, Quynh; Vaianella, Fabio; Maes, Bjorn; Eizagirre Barker, Simone; Godiksen, Rasmus H.; Curto, Alberto G.; Gomez Rivas, JaimeACS Photonics (2019), 6 (2), 286-293CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)We demonstrate the strong coupling of direct transition excitons in tungsten disulfide (WS2) with collective plasmonic resonances at room temp. We use open plasmonic cavities formed by periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles. We show clear anti-crossings with monolayer, bilayer, and thicker multilayer WS2 on top of the nanoparticle array. The Rabi energy of such hybrid system varies from 50 to 100 meV from monolayers to 16 layers, resp., while it does not scale with the square root of the no. of layers as expected for collective strong coupling. We prove that out-of-plane coupling components can be disregarded because the normal field is screened due to the high refractive index contrast of the dielec. layers. Even though the in-plane dipole moments of the excitons decrease beyond monolayers, the strong in-plane field distributed in the flake can still enhance the coupling strength with multilayers. The achieved coherent coupling of TMD multilayers with open cavities could be exploited for manipulating the dynamics and transport of excitons in 2D semiconductors and developing ultrafast spin-valley tronic devices.
- 55Tabataba-Vakili, F.; Krelle, L.; Husel, L.; Nguyen, H. P. G.; Li, Z.; Bilgin, I.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Högele, A. Metasurface of Strongly Coupled Excitons and Nanoplasmonic Arrays. Nano Lett. 2024, 24, 10090– 10097, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02043Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Zakharko, Y.; Held, M.; Graf, A.; Rödlmeier, T.; Eckstein, R.; Hernandez-Sosa, G.; Hähnlein, B.; Pezoldt, J.; Zaumseil, J. Surface Lattice Resonances for Enhanced and Directional Electroluminescence at High Current Densities. ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 2225– 2230, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00491Google Scholar56https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVWisbfL&md5=a0d85688790c3f75289984829b859c7bSurface Lattice Resonances for Enhanced and Directional Electroluminescence at High Current DensitiesZakharko, Yuriy; Held, Martin; Graf, Arko; Roedlmeier, Tobias; Eckstein, Ralph; Hernandez-Sosa, Gerardo; Haehnlein, Bernd; Pezoldt, Joerg; Zaumseil, JanaACS Photonics (2016), 3 (12), 2225-2230CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Hybrid photonic-plasmonic modes in periodic arrays of metallic nanostructures offer a promising trade-off between high-quality cavities and subdiffraction mode confinement. However, their application in elec. driven light-emitting devices is hindered by their sensitivity to the surrounding environment and to charge injecting metallic electrodes in particular. Here, the planar structure of light-emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET) ensures undisturbed operation of the characteristic modes. The authors incorporate a square array of gold nanodisks into the charge transporting and emissive layer of a polymer LEFET to tailor directionality and emission efficiency via the Purcell effect and variation of the fractional local d. of states in particular. Angle- and polarization-resolved spectra confirm that the enhanced electroluminescence correlates with the dispersion curves of the surface lattice resonances supported by these structures. These LEFETs reach current densities ∼10 kA/cm2, which may pave the way toward practical optoelectronic devices with tailored emission patterns and potentially elec. pumped plasmonic lasers.
- 57Sharma, M.; Michaeli, L.; Haim, D. B.; Ellenbogen, T. Liquid Crystal Switchable Surface Lattice Resonances in Plasmonic Metasurfaces. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 2702– 2712, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00453Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Zomer, P. J.; Guimarães, M. H. D.; Brant, J. C.; Tombros, N.; van Wees, B. J. Fast pick up technique for high quality heterostructures of bilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 013101 DOI: 10.1063/1.4886096Google Scholar58https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFWntL7O&md5=fbe20e6ce0c7689f11808b7a9a8869c7Fast pick up technique for high quality heterostructures of bilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitrideZomer, P. J.; Guimaraes, M. H. D.; Brant, J. C.; Tombros, N.; van Wees, B. J.Applied Physics Letters (2014), 105 (1), 013101/1-013101/4CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)We present a fast method to fabricate high quality heterostructure devices by picking up crystals of arbitrary sizes. Bilayer graphene is encapsulated with hexagonal BN to demonstrate this approach, showing good electronic quality with mobilities ranging from 17,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temp. to 49,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 4.2 K, and entering the quantum Hall regime below 0.5 T. This method provides a strong and useful tool for the fabrication of future high quality layered crystal devices. (c) 2014 American Institute of Physics.
- 59Scuri, G.; Zhou, Y.; High, A. A.; Wild, D. S.; Shu, C.; De Greve, K.; Jauregui, L. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Kim, P.; Lukin, M. D.; Park, H. Large Excitonic Reflectivity of Monolayer MoSe2 Encapsulated in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 120, 037402 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.037402Google Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltVyjsbw%253D&md5=46f92a25bf934aa330d16837ef8d0d29Large Excitonic Reflectivity of Monolayer MoSe2 Encapsulated in Hexagonal Boron NitrideScuri, Giovanni; Zhou, You; High, Alexander A.; Wild, Dominik S.; Shu, Chi; De Greve, Kristiaan; Jauregui, Luis A.; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Kim, Philip; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Park, HongkunPhysical Review Letters (2018), 120 (3), 037402CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We demonstrate that a single layer of MoSe2 encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride can act as an elec. switchable mirror at cryogenic temps., reflecting up to 85% of incident light at the excitonic resonance. This high reflectance is a direct consequence of the excellent coherence properties of excitons in this atomically thin semiconductor. We show that the MoSe2 monolayer exhibits power-and wavelength-dependent nonlinearities that stem from exciton-based lattice heating in the case of continuous-wave excitation and exciton-exciton interactions when fast, pulsed laser excitation is used.
- 60Anger, P.; Bharadwaj, P.; Novotny, L. Enhancement and Quenching of Single-Molecule Fluorescence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 113002 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.113002Google Scholar60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XivV2gs7w%253D&md5=ad849ec1a3e11bd9ff66745fbf2a5b32Enhancement and Quenching of Single-Molecule FluorescenceAnger, Pascal; Bharadwaj, Palash; Novotny, LukasPhysical Review Letters (2006), 96 (11), 113002/1-113002/4CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. (American Physical Society)We present an exptl. and theor. study of the fluorescence rate of a single mol. as a function of its distance to a laser-irradiated gold nanoparticle. The local field enhancement leads to an increased excitation rate whereas nonradiative energy transfer to the particle leads to a decrease of the quantum yield (quenching). Because of these competing effects, previous expts. showed either fluorescence enhancement or fluorescence quenching. By varying the distance between mol. and particle we show the first exptl. measurement demonstrating the continuous transition from fluorescence enhancement to fluorescence quenching. This transition cannot be explained by treating the particle as a polarizable sphere in the dipole approxn.
- 61Grudinin, D. V.; Ermolaev, G. A.; Baranov, D. G.; Toksumakov, A. N.; Voronin, K. V.; Slavich, A. S.; Vyshnevyy, A. A.; Mazitov, A. B.; Kruglov, I. A.; Ghazaryan, D. A.; Arsenin, A. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Volkov, V. S. Hexagonal boron nitride nanophotonics: a record-breaking material for the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges. Materials Horizons 2023, 10, 2427– 2435, DOI: 10.1039/D3MH00215BGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Baranov, D. G.; Wersäll, M.; Cuadra, J.; Antosiewicz, T. J.; Shegai, T. Novel Nanostructures and Materials for Strong Light–Matter Interactions. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 24– 42, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00674Google Scholar62https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1WrsLjK&md5=6a29b7840bf5082d16d05d507949215eNovel Nanostructures and Materials for Strong Light-Matter InteractionsBaranov, Denis G.; Wersaell, Martin; Cuadra, Jorge; Antosiewicz, Tomasz J.; Shegai, TimurACS Photonics (2018), 5 (1), 24-42CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)A review. Quantum mech. interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter underlie a broad spectrum of optical phenomena. Strong light-matter interactions result in the known vacuum Rabi splitting and emergence of new polaritonic eigenmodes of the coupled system. Thanks to recent progress in nanofabrication, observation of strong coupling has become possible in a great variety of optical nanostructures. Here, the authors review recently studied and emerging materials for realization of strong light-matter interactions. The authors present general theor. formalism describing strong coupling and give an overview of various photonic structures and materials allowing for realization of this regime, including plasmonic and dielec. nanoantennas, novel 2-dimensional materials, C nanotubes, and mol. vibrational transitions. Practical applications that can benefit from these effects and give an outlook on unsettled questions that remain open for future research are discussed.
- 63Heilmann, R.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Törmä, P. Strong coupling between organic dye molecules and lattice modes of a dielectric nanoparticle array. Nanophotonics 2020, 9, 267– 276, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-0371Google Scholar63https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjt1yls7c%253D&md5=4c74ea631b0ebe8ce3a1aa33dcd3e01fStrong coupling between organic dye molecules and lattice modes of a dielectric nanoparticle arrayHeilmann, Rebecca; Vaekevaeinen, Aaro I.; Martikainen, Jani-Petri; Toermae, PaeiviNanophotonics (2020), 9 (2), 267-276CODEN: NANOLP; ISSN:2192-8614. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)Plasmonic structures interacting with light provide electromagnetic resonances that result in a high degree of local field confinement, enabling the enhancement of light-matter interaction. Plasmonic structures typically consist of metals, which, however, suffer from very high ohmic losses and heating. High-index dielecs., meanwhile, can serve as an alternative material due to their low-dissipative nature and strong scattering abilities. We studied the optical properties of a system composed of all-dielec. nanoparticle arrays covered with a film of org. dye mols. (IR-792) and compared these dielec. arrays with metallic nanoparticle arrays. We obsd. a Rabi splitting between the surface lattice resonances of the nanoparticle arrays and the absorption line of the dye mols. of up to 253 and 293 meV, for the dielec. and metallic nanoparticles, resp. The Rabi splitting depends linearly on the square root of the dye mol. concn., and we further assessed how the Rabi splitting depends on the film thickness for a low dye mol. concn. However, a Rabi splitting evolved at thicknesses from 540 to 990 nm. We performed finite-difference time-domain simulations to analyze the near-field enhancements for the dielec. and metallic nanoparticle arrays. The elec. fields were enhanced by a factor of 1200 and 400, close to the particles for gold and amorphous silicon, resp., and the modes extended over half a micron around the particles for both materials.
- 64Wang, D.; Bourgeois, M. R.; Lee, W.-K.; Li, R.; Trivedi, D.; Knudson, M. P.; Wang, W.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 4549– 4555, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01774Google Scholar64https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFCjurzL&md5=6002748e1d6bf95d68bfa372605ed354Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole PlasmonsWang, Danqing; Bourgeois, Marc R.; Lee, Won-Kyu; Li, Ran; Trivedi, Dhara; Knudson, Michael P.; Wang, Weijia; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Nano Letters (2018), 18 (7), 4549-4555CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)A robust and stretchable nanolaser platform that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism is reported. Increasing the size of metal nanoparticles in an array can introduce ultrasharp lattice plasmon resonances with out-of-plane charge oscillations that are tolerant to lateral strain. By patterning these nanoparticles onto an elastomeric slab surrounded by liq. gain, the authors realized reversible, tunable nanolasing with high strain sensitivity and no hysteresis. The semiquantum modeling demonstrates that lasing build-up occurs at the hybrid quadrupole electromagnetic hot spots, which provides a route toward mech. modulation of light-matter interactions on the nanoscale.
- 65Kelavuori, J.; Vanyukov, V.; Stolt, T.; Karvinen, P.; Rekola, H.; Hakala, T. K.; Huttunen, M. J. Thermal Control of Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 3879– 3883, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04898Google Scholar65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtFyit7bM&md5=9b5a5e02cb582a891373e9a562eb500bThermal Control of Plasmonic Surface Lattice ResonancesKelavuori, Jussi; Vanyukov, Viatcheslav; Stolt, Timo; Karvinen, Petri; Rekola, Heikki; Hakala, Tommi K.; Huttunen, Mikko J.Nano Letters (2022), 22 (10), 3879-3883CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Plasmonic metasurfaces exhibiting collective responses known as surface lattice resonances (SLRs) show potential for realizing flat photonic components for wavelength-selective processes, including lasing and optical nonlinearities. However, postfabrication tuning of SLRs remains challenging, limiting the applicability of SLR-based components. Here, we demonstrate how the properties of high quality factor SLRs are easily modified by breaking the symmetry of the nanoparticle surroundings. We break the symmetry by changing the refractive index of the overlying immersion oil by controlling the ambient temp. of the device. We show that a modest temp. change of 10 °C can increase the quality factor of the SLR from 400 to 750. Our results demonstrate accurate and reversible modification of the properties of the investigated SLRs, paving the way toward tunable SLR-based photonic devices. More generally, we show how symmetry breaking of the environment can be utilized for efficient and potentially ultrafast modification of the SLR properties.
- 66Neal, A. T.; Liu, H.; Gu, J.; Ye, P.; Metal contacts to MoS2: A two-dimensional semiconductor. In 70th Device Research Conference, 2012; pp 65– 66, ISSN: 1548-3770.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67Yang, L. Excitonic Effects on Optical Absorption Spectra of Doped Graphene. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3844– 3847, DOI: 10.1021/nl201928gGoogle Scholar67https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVyltr%252FO&md5=c3ebc34e2e7a97cc875f911eba902ca4Excitonic Effects on Optical Absorption Spectra of Doped GrapheneYang, LiNano Letters (2011), 11 (9), 3844-3847CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)The 1st-principles calcns. were performed to study optical absorption spectra of doped graphene with many-electron effects included. Both self-energy corrections and electron-hole interactions are reduced due to the enhanced screening in doped graphene. However, self-energy corrections and excitonic effects nearly cancel each other, making the prominent optical absorption peak fixed around 4.5 eV under different doping conditions. However, an unexpected increase of the optical absorbance is obsd. within the IR and visible-light frequency regime (1-3 eV). A combining effect from the band filling and electron-hole interactions results in such an enhanced excitonic effect on the optical absorption. These unique variations of the optical absorption of doped graphene are of importance to understand relevant expts. and design optoelectronic applications.
- 68Yu, H.; Liu, G.-B.; Tang, J.; Xu, X.; Yao, W. Moiré excitons: From programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit–coupled artificial lattices. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701696Google Scholar68https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisVWgsLbF&md5=6bd2991ac189f51d6a948fd06a3131deMoir´e excitons: from programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit - coupled artificial latticesYu, Hongyi; Liu, Gui-Bin; Tang, Jianju; Xu, Xiaodong; Yao, WangScience Advances (2017), 3 (11), e1701696/1-e1701696/7CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Highly uniform and ordered nanodot arrays are crucial for high-performance quantum optoelectronics, including new semiconductor lasers and single-photon emitters, and for synthesizing artificial lattices of interacting quasiparticles toward quantum information processing and simulation of many-body physics. Van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional semiconductors are naturally endowed with an ordered nanoscale landscape, i.e., the moir´e pattern that laterally modulates electronic and topog. structures. We find that these moir´e effects realize superstructures of nanodot confinements for long-lived interlayer excitons, which can be either elec. or strain tuned from perfect arrays of quantum emitters to excitonic superlattices with giant spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Besides the wide-range tuning of emission wavelength, the elec. field can also invert the spin optical selection rule of the emitter arrays. This unprecedented control arises from the gauge structure imprinted on exciton wave functions by the moir´e, which underlies the SOC when hopping couples nanodots into superlattices. We show that the moir´e hosts complex hopping honeycomb superlattices, where exciton bands feature a Dirac node and two Weyl nodes, connected by spin-momentum-locked topol. edge modes.
- 69Wen, X.; Deng, S. Plasmonic Nanostructure Lattices for High-Performance Sensing. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023, 11, 2300401 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202300401Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Rong, R.; Liu, Y.; Nie, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Guo, W. The Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized Light. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2206191 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206191Google Scholar70https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhvFertb8%253D&md5=2f5f2584df5dc22798ef08d69f1f354bThe Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized LightRong, Rong; Liu, Ying; Nie, Xuchen; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Zhuhua; Liu, Yanpeng; Guo, WanlinAdvanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 10 (10), 2206191CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review 2D materials (2DMs), due to spin-valley locking degree of freedom, exhibit strongly bound exciton and chiral optical selection rules and become promising material candidates for optoelectronic and spin/valleytronic devices. Over the last decade, the manifesting of 2D materials by circularly polarized lights expedites tremendous fascinating phenomena, such as valley/exciton Hall effect, Moire exciton, optical Stark effect, CD, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and spintronic property. In this review, recent advance in the interaction of circularly polarized light with 2D materials covering from graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, van der Waals heterostructures as well as small proportion of quasi-2D perovskites and topol. materials, is overviewed. The confronted challenges and theor. and exptl. opportunities are also discussed, attempting to accelerate the prosperity of chiral light-2DMs interactions.
- 71Lin, S.; Chen, Y.; Wong, Z. J. High-performance optical beam steering with nanophotonics. Nanophotonics 2022, 11, 2617– 2638, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0805Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 72Ozawa, T.; Price, H. M.; Amo, A.; Goldman, N.; Hafezi, M.; Lu, L.; Rechtsman, M. C.; Schuster, D.; Simon, J.; Zilberberg, O.; Carusotto, I. Topological photonics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2019, 91, 015006 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015006Google Scholar72https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXosFWrsbg%253D&md5=2829c0da812ac89ac6898862e4817c91Topological photonicsOzawa, Tomoki; Price, Hannah M.; Amo, Alberto; Goldman, Nathan; Hafezi, Mohammad; Lu, Ling; Rechtsman, Mikael C.; Schuster, David; Simon, Jonathan; Zilberberg, Oded; Carusotto, IacopoReviews of Modern Physics (2019), 91 (1), 015006CODEN: RMPHAT; ISSN:1539-0756. (American Physical Society)A review. This article reviews exptl. and theor. developments in topol. photonics across a wide range of exptl. platforms, including photonic crystals, waveguides, metamaterials, cavities, optomechanics, silicon photonics, and circuit QED. A discussion of how changing the dimensionality and symmetries of photonics systems has allowed for the realization of different topol. phases is offered, and progress in understanding the interplay of topol. with non-Hermitian effects, such as dissipation, is reviewed. As an exciting perspective, topol. photonics can be combined with optical nonlinearities, leading toward new collective phenomena and novel strongly correlated states of light, such as an analog of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
- 73Heilmann, R.; Salerno, G.; Cuerda, J.; Hakala, T. K.; Törmä, P. Quasi-BIC Mode Lasing in a Quadrumer Plasmonic Lattice. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 224– 232, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01416Google Scholar73https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xks1WhtQ%253D%253D&md5=e924575a0286abc473625ab0a185330fQuasi-BIC Mode Lasing in a Quadrumer Plasmonic LatticeHeilmann, Rebecca; Salerno, Grazia; Cuerda, Javier; Hakala, Tommi K.; Torma, PaiviACS Photonics (2022), 9 (1), 224-232CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Plasmonic lattices of metal nanoparticles have emerged as an effective platform for strong light-matter coupling, lasing, and Bose-Einstein condensation. However, the full potential of complex unit cell structures has not been exploited. On the other hand, bound states in continuum (BICs) have attracted attention, as they provide topol. protected optical modes with diverging quality factors. Here, we show that quadrumer nanoparticle lattices enable lasing in a quasi-BIC mode with a highly out-of-plane character. By combining theory with polarization-resolved measurements of the emission, we show that the lasing mode has a topol. charge. Our anal. reveals that the mode is primarily polarized out-of-plane as a result of the quadrumer structure. The quality factors of the out-of-plane BIC modes of the quadrumer array can be exceedingly high. Our results unveil the power of complex multiparticle unit cells in creating topol. protected high-Q modes in periodic nanostructures.
- 74Mohamed, S.; Wang, J.; Rekola, H.; Heikkinen, J.; Asamoah, B.; Shi, L.; Hakala, T. K. Controlling Topology and Polarization State of Lasing Photonic Bound States in Continuum. Laser Photon. Rev. 2022, 16, 2100574 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202100574Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 75Arjas, K.; Taskinen, J. M.; Heilmann, R.; Salerno, G.; Törmä, P. High topological charge lasing in quasicrystals. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 9544, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53952-5Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. Dispersion of nanoparticle arrays and monolayer MoS2. (a) Illustration of a nanoparticle array. Here, λ0 and k0 are the free-space wavelength and wave vector of incident light, respectively. Incident angle is denoted as θ, and the in-plane scattered component of the wave vector is k||. Periodic lattice with period p causes a momentum kick G that adds to the in-plane momentum. (b) Scanning electron microscope image of a nanoparticle array. (c) Schematic of Au nanoparticle (NP) array covered with two flakes of hBN on a glass substrate. (d) Schematic of the atomic structure of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). (e) Simulated transmission of a nanoparticle array in the coupled dipole approximation. White-light transmission measurements of (f) a bare array, (g) an array with two hBN flakes on top, and (h) a monolayer MoS2 sandwiched between two hBN flakes on a glass substrate. Yellow dashed lines in (e–g) show the light lines. In (h) XA and XB denote the A and B excitons, respectively. Crosscuts along k = 0 are shown in the bottom row (i–l).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of a monolayer MoS2 coupled to a nanoparticle array. (a) Microscope image of the sample consisting of a nanoparticle array and MoS2 monolayers, which partially overlap with the array and are sandwiched between hBN flakes. (b) Spatial PL map of the sample. (c) Angle-resolved white-light transmission spectrum of the MoS2 on the array and (d) crosscut along k = 0. Yellow dashed lines in (c) show the light lines and cyan dashed curves indicate the upper and lower polariton bands obtained from the coupled modes fitting. Angle-resolved PL spectra of the MoS2 monolayer (e) on array and (g) on glass. Bottom part of (e) is multiplied by 4 for better visibility of the features. Energies of the upper and lower polariton bands are indicated by cyan dashed lines, and the exciton energy by horizontal red dashed line. Figures (f,h) show the crosscuts along the vertical white dashed lines in (e,g) and the corresponding PL enhancement factors.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Gate-controlled photoluminescence (PL) of a monolayer MoS2 coupled to a nanoparticle array. (a) Schematic of the sample. (b) PL spectra from the MoS2 on array at −2.3 V versus +2.3 V applied bias and the corresponding PL enhancement factor. (c) Time trace of PL intensity recorded with APD (i.e., integrated over all collection angles and wavelengths) while sweeping the bias voltage between −2.3 and +2.3 V.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Transmission as a function of applied voltage. (a) Transmission spectrum of the MoS2 on array equipped with Gr electrodes, as a function of applied voltage. (b) Transmission spectra in (a) normalized to the 0 V spectrum.
References
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- 2Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis, A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S. Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 699– 712, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.1932https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xhs1ajtr7P&md5=4e45d586c6ac7b0676a461f61a53db68Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenidesWang, Qing Hua; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kourosh; Kis, Andras; Coleman, Jonathan N.; Strano, Michael S.Nature Nanotechnology (2012), 7 (11), 699-712CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. The remarkable properties of graphene have renewed interest in inorg., two-dimensional materials with unique electronic and optical attributes. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are layered materials with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions enabling exfoliation into two-dimensional layers of single unit cell thickness. Although TMDCs were studied for decades, recent advances in nanoscale materials characterization and device fabrication have opened up new opportunities for two-dimensional layers of thin TMDCs in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. TMDCs such as MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2 have sizable bandgaps that change from indirect to direct in single layers, allowing applications such as transistors, photodetectors and electroluminescent devices. The authors review the historical development of TMDCs, methods for prepg. atomically thin layers, their electronic and optical properties, and prospects for future advances in electronics and optoelectronics.
- 3Mak, K. F.; Shan, J. Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 216– 226, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.2823https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xlt1Gksbg%253D&md5=1421c07cc15a6eeceecfb701bf778b5fPhotonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenidesMak, Kin Fai; Shan, JieNature Photonics (2016), 10 (4), 216-226CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)Recent advances in the development of atomically thin layers of van der Waals bonded solids have opened up new possibilities for the exploration of 2D physics as well as for materials for applications. Among them, semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides, MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se), have bandgaps in the near-IR to the visible region, in contrast to the zero bandgap of graphene. In the monolayer limit, these materials have been shown to possess direct bandgaps, a property well suited for photonics and optoelectronics applications. Here, we review the electronic and optical properties and the recent progress in applications of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides with emphasis on strong excitonic effects, and spin- and valley-dependent properties.
- 4Ponraj, J. S.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Dhanabalan, S. C.; Mu, H.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, J.; Li, P.; Thakur, S.; Ashrafi, M.; Mccoubrey, K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Zhang, H.; Bao, Q. Photonics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. Nanotechnology 2016, 27, 462001, DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/4620014https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht1Wrsbc%253D&md5=aa7ac71c98ae8b198fdfbe614b8721f4Photonics and optoelectronics of twodimensional materials beyond graphenePonraj, Joice Sophia; Xu, Zai-Quan; Dhanabalan, Sathish Chander; Mu, Haoran; Wang, Yusheng; Yuan, Jian; Li, Pengfei; Thakur, Siddharatha; Ashrafi, Mursal; McCoubrey, Kenneth; Zhang, Yupeng; Li, Shaojuan; Zhang, Han; Bao, QiaoliangNanotechnology (2016), 27 (46), 462001/1-462001/33CODEN: NNOTER; ISSN:1361-6528. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)Apart from conventional materials, the study of two-dimensional (2D) materials has emerged as a significant field of study for a variety of applications. Graphene-like 2D materials are important elements of potential optoelectronics applications due to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. The processing of these materials towards the realization of devices has been one of the main motivations for the recent development of photonics and optoelectronics. The recent progress in photonic devices based on graphene-like 2D materials, esp. topol. insulators (TIs) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with the methodol. level discussions from the viewpoint of state-of-the-art designs in device geometry and materials are detailed in this review. We have started the article with an overview of the electronic properties and continued by highlighting their linear and nonlinear optical properties. The prodn. of TIs and TMDs by different methods is detailed. The following main applications focused towards device fabrication are elaborated: (1) photodetectors, (2) photovoltaic devices, (3) light-emitting devices, (4) flexible devices and (5) laser applications. The possibility of employing these 2D materials in different fields is also suggested based on their properties in the prospective part. This review will not only greatly complement the detailed knowledge of the device physics of these materials, but also provide contemporary perception for the researchers who wish to consider these materials for various applications by following the path of graphene.
- 5Wang, G.; Chernikov, A.; Glazov, M. M.; Heinz, T. F.; Marie, X.; Amand, T.; Urbaszek, B. Colloquium: Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2018, 90, 021001 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.90.0210015https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXislelsL8%253D&md5=7325cad24d258334d3031a9fa5a5c8d0Colloquium: Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenidesWang, Gang; Chernikov, Alexey; Glazov, Mikhail M.; Heinz, Tony F.; Marie, Xavier; Amand, Thierry; Urbaszek, BernhardReviews of Modern Physics (2018), 90 (2), 021001CODEN: RMPHAT; ISSN:0034-6861. (American Physical Society)A review. Atomically thin materials such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit remarkable phys. properties resulting from their reduced dimensionality and crystal symmetry. The family of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides is an esp. promising platform for fundamental studies of two-dimensional (2D) systems, with potential applications in optoelectronics and valleytronics due to their direct band gap in the monolayer limit and highly efficient light-matter coupling. A crystal lattice with broken inversion symmetry combined with strong spin-orbit interactions leads to a unique combination of the spin and valley degrees of freedom. In addn., the 2D character of the monolayers and weak dielec. screening from the environment yield a significant enhancement of the Coulomb interaction. The resulting formation of bound electron-hole pairs, or excitons, dominates the optical and spin properties of the material. Here recent progress in understanding of the excitonic properties in monolayer TMDs is reviewed and future challenges are laid out. Discussed are the consequences of the strong direct and exchange Coulomb interaction, exciton light-matter coupling, and influence of finite carrier and electron-hole pair densities on the exciton properties in TMDs. Finally, the impact on valley polarization is described and the tuning of the energies and polarization obsd. in applied elec. and magnetic fields is summarized.
- 6Duan, X.; Wang, C.; Pan, A.; Yu, R.; Duan, X. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as atomically thin semiconductors: opportunities and challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 8859– 8876, DOI: 10.1039/C5CS00507H6https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1Oms77P&md5=d245b322cf87d29ae567b124e7aaa967Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as atomically thin semiconductors: opportunities and challengesDuan, Xidong; Wang, Chen; Pan, Anlian; Yu, Ruqin; Duan, XiangfengChemical Society Reviews (2015), 44 (24), 8859-8876CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)The discovery of graphene has ignited intensive interest in two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs). These 2DLMs represent a new class of nearly ideal 2D material systems for exploring fundamental chem. and physics at the limit of single-atom thickness, and have the potential to open up totally new technol. opportunities beyond the reach of existing materials. In general, there are a wide range of 2DLMs in which the at. layers are weakly bonded together by van der Waals interactions and can be isolated into single or few-layer nanosheets. The van der Waals interactions between neighboring at. layers could allow much more flexible integration of distinct materials to nearly arbitrarily combine and control different properties at the at. scale. The transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (e.g., MoS2, WSe2) represent a large family of layered materials, many of which exhibit tunable band gaps that can undergo a transition from an indirect band gap in bulk crystals to a direct band gap in monolayer nanosheets. These 2D-TMDs have thus emerged as an exciting class of atomically thin semiconductors for a new generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Recent studies have shown exciting potential of these atomically thin semiconductors, including the demonstration of atomically thin transistors, a new design of vertical transistors, as well as new types of optoelectronic devices such as tunable photovoltaic devices and light emitting devices. In parallel, there have also been considerable efforts in developing diverse synthetic approaches for the rational growth of various forms of 2D materials with precisely controlled chem. compn., phys. dimension, and heterostructure interface. Here we review the recent efforts, progress, opportunities and challenges in exploring the layered TMDs as a new class of atomically thin semiconductors.
- 7Kim, K. S.; Kwon, J.; Ryu, H.; Kim, C.; Kim, H.; Lee, E.-K.; Lee, D.; Seo, S.; Han, N. M.; Suh, J. M.; Kim, J.; Song, M.-K.; Lee, S.; Seol, M.; Kim, J. The future of two-dimensional semiconductors beyond Moore’s law. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2024, 19, 895– 906, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01695-1There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Beck, M. E.; Hersam, M. C. Emerging Opportunities for Electrostatic Control in Atomically Thin Devices. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6498– 6518, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c032998https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVaqs7jJ&md5=7145ecc3deccdb9e512045b6f7678213Emerging opportunities for electrostatic control in atomically thin devicesBeck, Megan E.; Hersam, Mark C.ACS Nano (2020), 14 (6), 6498-6518CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)A review. Electrostatic control of charge carrier concn. underlies the field-effect transistor (FET), which is among the most ubiquitous devices in the modern world. As transistors and related electronic devices have been miniaturized to the nanometer scale, electrostatics have become increasingly important, leading to progressively sophisticated device geometries such as the finFET. With the advent of atomically thin materials in which dielec. screening lengths are greater than device phys. dimensions, qual. different opportunities emerge for electrostatic control. In this review, recent demonstrations of unconventional electrostatic modulation in atomically thin materials and devices are discussed. By combining low dielec. screening with the other characteristics of atomically thin materials such as relaxed requirements for lattice matching, quantum confinement of charge carriers, and mech. flexibility, high degrees of electrostatic spatial inhomogeneity can be achieved, which enables a diverse range of gate-tunable properties that are useful in logic, memory, neuromorphic, and optoelectronic technologies.
- 9Lien, D.-H.; Uddin, S. Z.; Yeh, M.; Amani, M.; Kim, H.; Ager, J. W.; Yablonovitch, E.; Javey, A. Electrical suppression of all nonradiative recombination pathways in monolayer semiconductors. Science 2019, 364, 468– 471, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw80539https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXoslyitro%253D&md5=53d54e37e8a75381dfb2be8c1df1b208Electrical suppression of all nonradiative recombination pathways in monolayer semiconductorsLien, Der-Hsien; Uddin, Shiekh Zia; Yeh, Matthew; Amani, Matin; Kim, Hyungjin; Ager, Joel W., III; Yablonovitch, Eli; Javey, AliScience (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 364 (6439), 468-471CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Although monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) should exhibit strong photoluminescence, in practice, defects in these materials can lead to very low quantum yields (less than 1%). Lien et al. show that as-formed MoS2 and WS2 monolayers encapsulated in poly(Me methacrylate) can be electrostatically doped to achieve quantum yields near unity. Under these conditions, instead of charged trion species that recombine nonradiatively, only neutral excitons that recombine emissively form. These results help explain why coating these materials with certain Lewis acids also boosts the quantum yield.
- 10Sidler, M.; Back, P.; Cotlet, O.; Srivastava, A.; Fink, T.; Kroner, M.; Demler, E.; Imamoglu, A. Fermi polaron-polaritons in charge-tunable atomically thin semiconductors. Nat. Phys. 2017, 13, 255– 261, DOI: 10.1038/nphys394910https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhsl2hsbvM&md5=76da1cdc433ed01e47324663a57e4d69Fermi polaron-polaritons in charge-tunable atomically thin semiconductorsSidler, Meinrad; Back, Patrick; Cotlet, Ovidiu; Srivastava, Ajit; Fink, Thomas; Kroner, Martin; Demler, Eugene; Imamoglu, AtacNature Physics (2017), 13 (3), 255-261CODEN: NPAHAX; ISSN:1745-2473. (Nature Publishing Group)The dynamics of a mobile quantum impurity in a degenerate Fermi system is a fundamental problem in many-body physics. The interest in this field has been renewed due to recent ground-breaking expts. with ultracold Fermi gases. Optical creation of an exciton or a polariton in a two-dimensional electron system embedded in a microcavity constitutes a new frontier for this field due to an interplay between cavity coupling favoring ultralow-mass polariton formation and exciton-electron interactions leading to polaron or trion formation. Here, we present cavity spectroscopy of gate-tunable monolayer MoSe2 (ref. ) exhibiting strongly bound trion and polaron resonances, as well as non-perturbative coupling to a single microcavity mode. As the electron d. is increased, the oscillator strength detd. from the polariton splitting is gradually transferred from the higher-energy repulsive exciton-polaron resonance to the lower-energy attractive exciton-polaron state. Simultaneous observation of polariton formation in both attractive and repulsive branches indicates a new regime of polaron physics where the polariton impurity mass can be much smaller than that of the electrons. Our findings shed new light on optical response of semiconductors in the presence of free carriers by identifying the Fermi polaron nature of excitonic resonances and constitute a first step in investigation of a new class of degenerate Bose-Fermi mixts.
- 11Uddin, S. Z.; Higashitarumizu, N.; Kim, H.; Rabani, E.; Javey, A. Engineering Exciton Recombination Pathways in Bilayer WSe2 for Bright Luminescence. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 1339– 1345, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c0925511https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XmvFGlug%253D%253D&md5=95f2a28d92903e6e900c34b31c0898aeEngineering Exciton Recombination Pathways in Bilayer WSe2 for Bright LuminescenceUddin, Shiekh Zia; Higashitarumizu, Naoki; Kim, Hyungjin; Rabani, Eran; Javey, AliACS Nano (2022), 16 (1), 1339-1345CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) in counterdoped monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) can be suppressed by favorably changing the band structure with strain. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) monotonically approaches unity with strain at all generation rates. But here in bilayers (2L) of W diselenide (WSe2) the authors observe a nonmonotonic change in EEA rate at high generation rates accompanied by a drastic enhancement in their PL QY at low generation rates. EEA is suppressed at both 0% and 1% strain, but activated at intermediate strains. The authors explain observation through the indirect to direct transition in 2L WSe2 under uniaxial tensile strain. By strain and electrostatic counterdoping, the authors attain ∼50% PL QY at all generation rates in 2L WSe2, originally an indirect semiconductor. The authors demonstrate transient electroluminescence from 2L WSe2 with ∼1.5% internal quantum efficiency for a broad range of carrier densities by applying strain, which is ∼50 times higher than without strain. The present results elucidate the complete optoelectronic photophysics where indirect and direct excitons are simultaneously present and expedite exciton engineering in a TMDC multilayer beyond indirect-direct bandgap transition.
- 12Seyler, K. L.; Schaibley, J. R.; Gong, P.; Rivera, P.; Jones, A. M.; Wu, S.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Yao, W.; Xu, X. Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 407– 411, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.7312https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXnvFSltbc%253D&md5=2224b2e8e29ea0f29960ba22503bf5d9Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistorSeyler, Kyle L.; Schaibley, John R.; Gong, Pu; Rivera, Pasqual; Jones, Aaron M.; Wu, Sanfeng; Yan, Jiaqiang; Mandrus, David G.; Yao, Wang; Xu, XiaodongNature Nanotechnology (2015), 10 (5), 407-411CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)A mechanism to elec. control 2nd-order optical nonlinearities in monolayer WSe2, an atomically thin semiconductor is reported. The intensity of 2nd-harmonic generation at the A-exciton resonance is tunable by over an order of magnitude at low temp. and nearly a factor of 4 at room temp. through electrostatic doping in a field-effect transistor. Such tunability arises from the strong exciton charging effects in monolayer semiconductors, which allow for exceptional control over the oscillator strengths at the exciton and trion resonances. The exciton-enhanced 2nd-harmonic generation is counter-circularly polarized to the excitation laser due to the combination of the 2-photon and 1-photon valley selection rules, which have opposite helicity in the monolayer. The study paves the way towards a new platform for chip-scale, elec. tunable nonlinear optical devices based on 2-dimensional semiconductors.
- 13Lee, B.; Liu, W.; Naylor, C. H.; Park, J.; Malek, S. C.; Berger, J. S.; Johnson, A. T. C.; Agarwal, R. Electrical Tuning of Exciton–Plasmon Polariton Coupling in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna Lattice. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 4541– 4547, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b0224513https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpslCku7c%253D&md5=d2d206d1b18bf6df38024154000266cdElectrical Tuning of Exciton-Plasmon Polariton Coupling in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna LatticeLee, Bumsu; Liu, Wenjing; Naylor, Carl H.; Park, Joohee; Malek, Stephanie C.; Berger, Jacob S.; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2017), 17 (7), 4541-4547CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Active control of light-matter interactions in semiconductors is crit. for realizing next generation optoelectronic devices with real-time control of the system's optical properties and hence functionalities via external fields. The ability to dynamically manipulate optical interactions by applied fields in active materials coupled to cavities with fixed geometrical parameters opens up possibilities of controlling the lifetimes, oscillator strengths, effective mass, and relaxation properties of a coupled exciton-photon (or plasmon) system. Elec. control of exciton-plasmon coupling strengths between strong and weak coupling limits in a 2-dimensional semiconductor integrated with plasmonic nanoresonators assembled in a field-effect transistor device by electrostatic doping was demonstrated. The energy-momentum dispersions of such an exciton-plasmon coupled system can be altered dynamically with applied elec. field by modulating the excitonic properties of monolayer MoS2 arising from many-body effects. Evidence of enhanced coupling between charged excitons (trions) and plasmons was also obsd. upon increased carrier injection, which can be used for fabricating Fermionic polaritonic and magnetoplasmonic devices. The ability to dynamically control the optical properties of a coupled exciton-plasmonic system with elec. fields demonstrates the versatility of the coupled system and offers a new platform for the design of optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored responses.
- 14Chakraborty, B.; Gu, J.; Sun, Z.; Khatoniar, M.; Bushati, R.; Boehmke, A. L.; Koots, R.; Menon, V. M. Control of Strong Light–Matter Interaction in Monolayer WS2 through Electric Field Gating. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 6455– 6460, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0293214https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhs1entr%252FM&md5=b695891445ad45689915975b96da82a2Control of Strong Light-Matter Interaction in Monolayer WS2 through Electric Field GatingChakraborty, Biswanath; Gu, Jie; Sun, Zheng; Khatoniar, Mandeep; Bushati, Rezlind; Boehmke, Alexandra L.; Koots, Rian; Menon, Vinod M.Nano Letters (2018), 18 (10), 6455-6460CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Strong light-matter coupling results in the formation of half-light half-matter quasiparticles that take on the desirable properties of both systems such as small mass and large interactions. Controlling this coupling strength in real-time is highly desirable due to the large change in optical properties such as reflectivity that can be induced in strongly coupled systems. Here we demonstrate modulation of strong exciton-photon coupling in a monolayer WS2 through elec. field induced gating at room temp. The device consists of a WS2 field effect transistor embedded inside a microcavity structure which transitions from strong to weak coupling when the monolayer WS2 becomes more n-type under gating. This transition occurs due to the redn. in oscillator strength of the excitons arising from decreased Coulomb interaction in the presence of electrostatically induced free carriers. The possibility to elec. modulate a solid state system at room temp. from strong to weak coupling is highly desirable for realizing low energy optoelectronic switches and modulators operating both in quantum and classical regimes.
- 15Dibos, A. M.; Zhou, Y.; Jauregui, L. A.; Scuri, G.; Wild, D. S.; High, A. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Lukin, M. D.; Kim, P.; Park, H. Electrically Tunable Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in a WSe2Monolayer Embedded in a Plasmonic Crystal Cavity. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 3543– 3547, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00484There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 16Luo, Y.; Zhao, J.; Fieramosca, A.; Guo, Q.; Kang, H.; Liu, X.; Liew, T. C. H.; Sanvitto, D.; An, Z.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, Z.; Xu, H.; Xiong, Q. Strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials. Light: Sci. Appl. 2024, 13, 203, DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01523-0There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Ma, X.; Youngblood, N.; Liu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Cunha, P.; Kudtarkar, K.; Wang, X.; Lan, S. Engineering photonic environments for two-dimensional materials. Nanophotonics 2021, 10, 1031– 1058, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0524There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Gao, M.; Yu, L.; Lv, Q.; Kang, F.; Huang, Z.-H.; Lv, R. Photoluminescence manipulation in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Journal of Materiomics 2023, 9, 768– 786, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmat.2023.02.005There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Ardizzone, V.; Marco, L. D.; Giorgi, M. D.; Dominici, L.; Ballarini, D.; Sanvitto, D. Emerging 2D materials for room-temperature polaritonics. Nanophotonics 2019, 8, 1547– 1558, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-011419https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs12ku7nL&md5=bb5531973d4c7242a9515c3c398a6213Emerging 2D materials for room-temperature polaritonicsArdizzone, Vincenzo; De Marco, Luisa; De Giorgi, Milena; Dominici, Lorenzo; Ballarini, Dario; Sanvitto, DanieleNanophotonics (2019), 8 (9), 1547-1558CODEN: NANOLP; ISSN:2192-8614. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)A review. Two-dimensional semiconductors are considered intriguing materials for photonic applications, thanks to their stunning optical properties and the possibility to manipulate them at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on transition metal dichalcogenides and low-dimensional hybrid org.-inorg. perovskites, which possess the same characteristics related to planar confinement of their excitons: large binding energies, wide exciton extension, and high oscillator strength. We describe their optoelectronic properties and their capability to achieve strong coupling with light, with particular attention to polariton-polariton interactions. These aspects make them very attractive for polaritonic devices working at room temp., in view of the realization of all-optical logic circuits in low-cost and easy-to-synthesize innovative materials.
- 20Guo, C.; Yu, J.; Deng, S. Hybrid Metasurfaces of Plasmonic Lattices and 2D Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2302265 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302265There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Dufferwiel, S. Exciton–polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8579, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms957921https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1elu7bM&md5=c22801485efeb79a5c324c8c7d2fcc98Exciton-polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavitiesDufferwiel, S.; Schwarz, S.; Withers, F.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Li, F.; Sich, M.; Del Pozo-Zamudio, O.; Clark, C.; Nalitov, A.; Solnyshkov, D. D.; Malpuech, G.; Novoselov, K. S.; Smith, J. M.; Skolnick, M. S.; Krizhanovskii, D. N.; Tartakovskii, A. I.Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8579CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Layered materials can be assembled vertically to fabricate a new class of van der Waals heterostructures a few at. layers thick, compatible with a wide range of substrates and optoelectronic device geometries, enabling new strategies for control of light-matter coupling. Here, we incorporate molybdenum diselenide/hexagonal boron nitride (MoSe2/hBN) quantum wells in a tunable optical microcavity. Part-light-part-matter polariton eigenstates are obsd. as a result of the strong coupling between MoSe2 excitons and cavity photons, evidenced from a clear anticrossing between the neutral exciton and the cavity modes with a splitting of 20 meV for a single MoSe2 monolayer, enhanced to 29 meV in MoSe2/hBN/MoSe2 double-quantum wells. The splitting at resonance provides an est. of the exciton radiative lifetime of 0.4 ps. Our results pave the way for room-temp. polaritonic devices based on multiple-quantum-well van der Waals heterostructures, where polariton condensation and elec. polariton injection through the incorporation of graphene contacts may be realized.
- 22Liu, X.; Galfsky, T.; Sun, Z.; Xia, F.; Lin, E.-C.; Lee, Y.-H.; Kéna-Cohen, S.; Menon, V. M. Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nat. Photonics 2015, 9, 30– 34, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.30422https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFKltbjF&md5=d7a3691668f4cf585188eee01f7ce356Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystalsLiu, Xiaoze; Galfsky, Tal; Sun, Zheng; Xia, Fengnian; Lin, Erh-chen; Lee, Yi-Hsien; Kena-Cohen, Stephane; Menon, Vinod M.Nature Photonics (2015), 9 (1), 30-34CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)Two-dimensional at. crystals of graphene, as well as transition-metal dichalcogenides, have emerged as a class of materials that demonstrate strong interaction with light. This interaction can be further controlled by embedding such materials into optical microcavities. When the interaction rate is engineered to be faster than dissipation from the light and matter entities, one reaches the 'strong coupling' regime. This results in the formation of half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles called microcavity polaritons. Here, we report evidence of strong light-matter coupling and the formation of microcavity polaritons in a two-dimensional at. crystal of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) embedded inside a dielec. microcavity at room temp. A Rabi splitting of 46 ± 3 meV is obsd. in angle-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence spectra due to coupling between the two-dimensional excitons and the cavity photons. Realizing strong coupling at room temp. in two-dimensional materials that offer a disorder-free potential landscape provides an attractive route for the development of practical polaritonic devices.
- 23Flatten, L. C.; He, Z.; Coles, D. M.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Powell, A. W.; Taylor, R. A.; Warner, J. H.; Smith, J. M. Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 33134 DOI: 10.1038/srep3313423https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFCmtrzN&md5=2b0d02d82db918cd5330f2d364894723Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2Flatten, L. C.; He, Z.; Coles, D. M.; Trichet, A. A. P.; Powell, A. W.; Taylor, R. A.; Warner, J. H.; Smith, J. M.Scientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 33134CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit strong optical transitions with significant potential for optoelectronic devices. In particular, they are suited for cavity quantum electrodynamics in which strong coupling leads to polariton formation as a root to realization of inversionless lasing, polariton condensation and superfluidity. Demonstrations of such strongly correlated phenomena to date have often relied on cryogenic temps., high excitation densities and were frequently impaired by strong material disorder. At room-temp., expts. approaching the strong coupling regime with transition metal dichalcogenides have been reported, but well resolved exciton-polaritons have yet to be achieved. Here, we report a study of monolayer WS2 coupled to an open Fabry-Perot cavity at room-temp., in which polariton eigenstates are unambiguously displayed. In-situ tunability of the cavity length results in a maximal Rabi splitting of hΩRabi = 70 meV, exceeding the exciton linewidth. Our data are well described by a transfer matrix model appropriate for the large linewidth regime. This work provides a platform towards observing strongly correlated polariton phenomena in compact photonic devices for ambient temp. applications.
- 24Zhang, L.; Gogna, R.; Burg, W.; Tutuc, E.; Deng, H. Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductors. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 713, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03188-x24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1Mrjt1CksA%253D%253D&md5=7a12e1891296b184a33b923648c455c6Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductorsZhang Long; Deng Hui; Gogna Rahul; Deng Hui; Burg Will; Tutuc EmanuelNature communications (2018), 9 (1), 713 ISSN:.Semiconductor microcavity polaritons, formed via strong exciton-photon coupling, provide a quantum many-body system on a chip, featuring rich physics phenomena for better photonic technology. However, conventional polariton cavities are bulky, difficult to integrate, and inflexible for mode control, especially for room-temperature materials. Here we demonstrate sub-wavelength-thick, one-dimensional photonic crystals as a designable, compact, and practical platform for strong coupling with atomically thin van der Waals crystals. Polariton dispersions and mode anti-crossings are measured up to room temperature. Non-radiative decay to dark excitons is suppressed due to polariton enhancement of the radiative decay. Unusual features, including highly anisotropic dispersions and adjustable Fano resonances in reflectance, may facilitate high temperature polariton condensation in variable dimensions. Combining slab photonic crystals and van der Waals crystals in the strong coupling regime allows unprecedented engineering flexibility for exploring novel polariton phenomena and device concepts.
- 25Kleemann, M.-E.; Chikkaraddy, R.; Alexeev, E. M.; Kos, D.; Carnegie, C.; Deacon, W.; de Pury, A. C.; Große, C.; de Nijs, B.; Mertens, J.; Tartakovskii, A. I.; Baumberg, J. J. Strong-coupling of WSe2 in ultra-compact plasmonic nanocavities at room temperature. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1296, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01398-325https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7nsFyhsg%253D%253D&md5=5ea7136926605d75a8e046fed683d92cStrong-coupling of WSe2 in ultra-compact plasmonic nanocavities at room temperatureKleemann Marie-Elena; Chikkaraddy Rohit; Kos Dean; Carnegie Cloudy; Deacon Will; de Pury Alex Casalis; Grosse Christoph; de Nijs Bart; Mertens Jan; Baumberg Jeremy J; Alexeev Evgeny M; Tartakovskii Alexander INature communications (2017), 8 (1), 1296 ISSN:.Strong coupling of monolayer metal dichalcogenide semiconductors with light offers encouraging prospects for realistic exciton devices at room temperature. However, the nature of this coupling depends extremely sensitively on the optical confinement and the orientation of electronic dipoles and fields. Here, we show how plasmon strong coupling can be achieved in compact, robust, and easily assembled gold nano-gap resonators at room temperature. We prove that strong-coupling is impossible with monolayers due to the large exciton coherence size, but resolve clear anti-crossings for greater than 7 layer devices with Rabi splittings exceeding 135 meV. We show that such structures improve on prospects for nonlinear exciton functionalities by at least 10(4), while retaining quantum efficiencies above 50%, and demonstrate evidence for superlinear light emission.
- 26Sun, J.; Li, Y.; Hu, H.; Chen, W.; Zheng, D.; Zhang, S.; Xu, H. Strong plasmon–exciton coupling in transition metal dichalcogenides and plasmonic nanostructures. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 4408– 4419, DOI: 10.1039/D0NR08592H26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvFGqtbo%253D&md5=34473e741cb345e3db0a81852c5c3e04Strong plasmon-exciton coupling in transition metal dichalcogenides and plasmonic nanostructuresSun, Jiawei; Li, Yang; Hu, Huatian; Chen, Wen; Zheng, Di; Zhang, Shunping; Xu, HongxingNanoscale (2021), 13 (8), 4408-4419CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. Achieving strong coupling between emitters and cavity photons holds an important position in the light-matter interaction due to its applications such as polariton lasing, all-optical switches, and quantum information processing. However, room-temp. polaritonic devices with subwavelength dimensions based on strong light-matter coupling are difficult to realize using traditional emitter-cavity coupled systems. In recent years, coupled systems constructed from plasmonic nanostructures and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have shown their potential in achieving room-temp. strong coupling and robustness in the nanofabrication processes. This mini presents the recent progress in strong plasmon-exciton coupling in such plasmonic-TMD hybrid structures. Differing from a broader scope of strong coupling, we focus on the plasmon-exciton coupling between excitons in TMDs and plasmons in single nanoparticles, nanoparticle-over-mirrors, and plasmonic arrays. In addn., we discuss the future perspectives on the strong plasmon-exciton coupling at few-excitons level and the nonlinear response of these hybrid structures in the strong coupling regime.
- 27Förg, M.; Colombier, L.; Patel, R. K.; Lindlau, J.; Mohite, A. D.; Yamaguchi, H.; Glazov, M. M.; Hunger, D.; Högele, A. Cavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3697, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11620-z27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MvoslKksA%253D%253D&md5=4114487937ce8e1f824e65197e07847dCavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructuresForg Michael; Colombier Leo; Patel Robin K; Lindlau Jessica; Hogele Alexander; Mohite Aditya D; Yamaguchi Hisato; Glazov Mikhail M; Glazov Mikhail M; Hunger David; Hogele AlexanderNature communications (2019), 10 (1), 3697 ISSN:.Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides integrated in optical microcavities host exciton-polaritons as a hallmark of the strong light-matter coupling regime. Analogous concepts for hybrid light-matter systems employing spatially indirect excitons with a permanent electric dipole moment in heterobilayer crystals promise realizations of exciton-polariton gases and condensates with inherent dipolar interactions. Here, we implement cavity-control of interlayer excitons in vertical MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructures. Our experiments demonstrate the Purcell effect for heterobilayer emission in cavity-modified photonic environments, and quantify the light-matter coupling strength of interlayer excitons. The results will facilitate further developments of dipolar exciton-polariton gases and condensates in hybrid cavity - van der Waals heterostructure systems.
- 28Butun, S.; Tongay, S.; Aydin, K. Enhanced Light Emission from Large-Area Monolayer MoS2 Using Plasmonic Nanodisc Arrays. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 2700– 2704, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0040728https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjs1Gjtb8%253D&md5=ea948f82bc2f69e4aeff31bd417f97a8Enhanced Light Emission from Large-Area Monolayer MoS2 Using Plasmonic Nanodisc ArraysButun, Serkan; Tongay, Sefaattin; Aydin, KorayNano Letters (2015), 15 (4), 2700-2704CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Single-layer direct band gap semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides are quite attractive for a wide range of electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics applications. Their monolayer thickness provides significant advantages in many applications such as field-effect transistors for high-performance electronics, sensor/detector applications, and flexible electronics. For optoelectronics and photonics applications, inherent monolayer thickness poses a significant challenge for the interaction of light with the material, which therefore results in poor light emission and absorption behavior. Enhanced light emission from large-area monolayer MoS2 was demonstrated using plasmonic Ag nanodisk arrays, where enhanced luminescence up to 12-times was measured. Obsd. phenomena stem from the fact that plasmonic resonance couples to both excitation and emission fields and thus boosts the light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. Reported results allow one to engineer light-matter interactions in 2-dimensional materials and could enable highly efficient photodetectors, sensors, and photovoltaic devices, where photon absorption and emission efficiency highly dictate the device performance.
- 29Lee, B.; Park, J.; Han, G. H.; Ee, H.-S.; Naylor, C. H.; Liu, W.; Johnson, A. C.; Agarwal, R. Fano Resonance and Spectrally Modified Photoluminescence Enhancement in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna Array. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3646– 3653, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0156329https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntlCmurw%253D&md5=6acd485d30bfeabbd944107e0ae3da1eFano Resonance and Spectrally Modified Photoluminescence Enhancement in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna ArrayLee, Bumsu; Park, Joohee; Han, Gang Hee; Ee, Ho-Seok; Naylor, Carl H.; Liu, Wenjing; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2015), 15 (5), 3646-3653CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)The manipulation of light-matter interactions in two-dimensional atomically thin crystals is crit. for obtaining new optoelectronic functionalities in these strongly confined materials. Here, by integrating chem. grown monolayers of MoS2 with a silver-bowtie nanoantenna array supporting narrow surface-lattice plasmonic resonances, a unique two-dimensional optical system has been achieved. The enhanced exciton-plasmon coupling enables profound changes in the emission and excitation processes leading to spectrally tunable, large photoluminescence enhancement as well as surface-enhanced Raman scattering at room temp. Furthermore, due to the decreased damping of MoS2 excitons interacting with the plasmonic resonances of the bowtie array at low temps. stronger exciton-plasmon coupling is achieved resulting in a Fano line shape in the reflection spectrum. The Fano line shape, which is due to the interference between the pathways involving the excitation of the exciton and plasmon, can be tuned by altering the coupling strengths between the two systems via changing the design of the bowties lattice. The ability to manipulate the optical properties of two-dimensional systems with tunable plasmonic resonators offers a new platform for the design of novel optical devices with precisely tailored responses.
- 30Wu, S.; Buckley, S.; Schaibley, J. R.; Feng, L.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Hatami, F.; Yao, W.; Vučković, J.; Majumdar, A.; Xu, X. Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholds. Nature 2015, 520, 69– 72, DOI: 10.1038/nature1429030https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXks1yqsLk%253D&md5=8974ac8d2c9bbe8c436ea80b02d54976Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholdsWu, Sanfeng; Buckley, Sonia; Schaibley, John R.; Feng, Liefeng; Yan, Jiaqiang; Mandrus, David G.; Hatami, Fariba; Yao, Wang; Vuckovic, Jelena; Majumdar, Arka; Xu, XiaodongNature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 520 (7545), 69-72CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)Engineering the electromagnetic environment of a nanometer-scale light emitter using a photonic cavity can significantly enhance its spontaneous emission rate, through cavity quantum electrodynamics in the Purcell regime. This effect can greatly reduce the lasing threshold of the emitter, providing a low-threshold laser system with small footprint, low power consumption and ultrafast modulation. An ultralow-threshold nanoscale laser was successfully developed by embedding quantum dots into a photonic crystal cavity (PCC). However, several challenges impede the practical application of this architecture, including the random positions and compositional fluctuations of the dots, extreme difficulty in current injection, and lack of compatibility with electronic circuits. Here the authors report a new lasing strategy: an atomically thin cryst. semiconductor-i.e., a W diselenide monolayer-is nondestructively and deterministically introduced as a gain medium at the surface of a pre-fabricated PCC. A continuous-wave nanolaser operating in the visible regime is thereby achieved with an optical pumping threshold ≥27 nW at 130 K, similar to the value achieved in quantum-dot PCC lasers. The key to the lasing action lies in the monolayer nature of the gain medium, which confines direct-gap excitons to within 1 nm of the PCC surface. The surface-gain geometry gives unprecedented accessibility and hence the ability to tailor gain properties via external controls such as electrostatic gating and current injection, enabling elec. pumped operation. Scheme is scalable and compatible with integrated photonics for on-chip optical communication technologies.
- 31Du, W.; Li, C.; Sun, J.; Xu, H.; Yu, P.; Ren, A.; Wu, J.; Wang, Z. Nanolasers Based on 2D Materials. Laser Photon. Rev. 2020, 14, 2000271 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000271There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Wen, W.; Wu, L.; Yu, T. Excitonic Lasers in Atomically Thin 2D Semiconductors. ACS Materials Letters 2020, 2, 1328– 1342, DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00277There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 33Qian, C.; Troue, M.; Figueiredo, J.; Soubelet, P.; Villafañe, V.; Beierlein, J.; Klembt, S.; Stier, A. V.; Höfling, S.; Holleitner, A. W.; Finley, J. J. Lasing of moiré trapped MoSe2/WSe2 interlayer excitons coupled to a nanocavity. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadk6359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6359There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 34Zhao, J.; Su, R.; Fieramosca, A.; Zhao, W.; Du, W.; Liu, X.; Diederichs, C.; Sanvitto, D.; Liew, T. C. H.; Xiong, Q. Ultralow Threshold Polariton Condensate in a Monolayer Semiconductor Microcavity at Room Temperature. Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 3331– 3339, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c0116234https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXnsl2kt7c%253D&md5=ff05fbe9d65553e84f508e217aca0911Ultralow Threshold Polariton Condensate in a Monolayer Semiconductor Microcavity at Room TemperatureZhao, Jiaxin; Su, Rui; Fieramosca, Antonio; Zhao, Weijie; Du, Wei; Liu, Xue; Diederichs, Carole; Sanvitto, Daniele; Liew, Timothy C. H.; Xiong, QihuaNano Letters (2021), 21 (7), 3331-3339CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Exciton-polaritons, hybrid light-matter bosonic quasiparticles, can condense into a single quantum state, i.e., forming a polariton Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), which represents a crucial step for the development of nanophotonic technol. Recently, atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) emerged as promising candidates for novel polaritonic devices. Although the formation of robust valley-polaritons has been realized up to room temp., the demonstration of polariton lasing remains elusive. Herein, we report for the first time the realization of this important milestone in a TMD microcavity at room temp. Continuous wave pumped polariton lasing is evidenced by the macroscopic occupation of the ground state, which undergoes a nonlinear increase of the emission along with the emergence of temporal coherence, the presence of an exciton fraction-controlled threshold and the buildup of linear polarization. Our work presents a critically important step toward exploiting nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, as well as offering a new platform for thresholdless lasing.
- 35Fan, Y.; Wan, Q.; Yao, Q.; Chen, X.; Guan, Y.; Alnatah, H.; Vaz, D.; Beaumariage, J.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Wu, J.; Sun, Z.; Snoke, D. High Efficiency of Exciton-Polariton Lasing in a 2D Multilayer Structure. ACS Photonics 2024, 11, 2722– 2728, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00549There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Wang, W.; Ramezani, M.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Törmä, P.; Rivas, J. G.; Odom, T. W. The Rich Photonic World of Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays. Mater. Today 2018, 21, 303– 314, DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.09.002There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Wang, D.; Wang, W.; Knudson, M. P.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Structural Engineering in Plasmon Nanolasers. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 2865– 2881, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b0042437https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1KjsLzK&md5=65ad92ac2ce1ebb0296c81e15a7cd144Structural Engineering in Plasmon NanolasersWang, Danqing; Wang, Weijia; Knudson, Michael P.; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2018), 118 (6), 2865-2881CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)A review. This review focuses on structural engineering of lasers from the macroscale to the nanoscale, with an emphasis on plasmon nanolasers. Conventional lasers based on Fabry-P´erot cavities are limited in device size. In contrast, plasmon nanolasers can overcome the diffraction limit of light and incorporate unique structural designs to engineer cavity geometries and optical band structure. Since the spaser concept was introduced in 2003, tremendous progress in nanolasing has been made on architectures that exploit metal films and nanoparticles. Theor. approaches in both frequency and time domains have inspired the development of plasmon nanolasers based on mode anal. and time-dependent lasing buildup. Plasmon nanolasers designed by band-structure engineering open prospects for manipulation of lasing characteristics such as directional emission, real-time tunable wavelengths, and controlled multimode lasing.
- 38Kravets, V. G.; Kabashin, A. V.; Barnes, W. L.; Grigorenko, A. N. Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 5912– 5951, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b0024338https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVGiu7nF&md5=30c7c77a16e981f896f768de62411558Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and ApplicationsKravets, V. G.; Kabashin, A. V.; Barnes, W. L.; Grigorenko, A. N.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2018), 118 (12), 5912-5951CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)When metal nanoparticles are arranged in an ordered array, they may scatter light to produce diffracted waves. If one of the diffracted waves then propagates in the plane of the array, it may couple the localized plasmon resonances assocd. with individual nanoparticles together, leading to an exciting phenomenon, the drastic narrowing of plasmon resonances, down to 1-2 nm in spectral width. This presents a dramatic improvement compared to a typical single particle resonance line width of >80 nm. The very high quality factors of these diffractively coupled plasmon resonances, often referred to as plasmonic surface lattice resonances, and related effects have made this topic a very active and exciting field for fundamental research, and increasingly, these resonances have been investigated for their potential in the development of practical devices for communications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, data storage, biosensing, and other applications. In the present review article, we describe the basic phys. principles and properties of plasmonic surface lattice resonances: the width and quality of the resonances, singularities of the light phase, elec. field enhancement, etc. We pay special attention to the conditions of their excitation in different exptl. architectures by considering the following: in-plane and out-of-plane polarizations of the incident light, sym. and asym. optical (refractive index) environments, the presence of substrate cond., and the presence of an active or magnetic medium. Finally, we review recent progress in applications of plasmonic surface lattice resonances in various fields.
- 39Guo, R.; Nečada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Törmä, P. Lasing at K Points of a Honeycomb Plasmonic Lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019, 122, 013901 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.01390139https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvFSguro%253D&md5=c5f9082ae686aa17bc5445cafb60081cLasing at K Points of a Honeycomb Plasmonic LatticeGuo, R.; Necada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Vakevainen, A. I.; Torma, P.Physical Review Letters (2019), 122 (1), 013901CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We study lasing at the high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone in a honeycomb plasmonic lattice. We use symmetry arguments to define singlet and doublet modes at the K points of the reciprocal space. We exptl. demonstrate lasing at the K points that is based on plasmonic lattice modes and two-dimensional feedback. By comparing polarization properties to T-matrix simulations, we identify the lasing mode as one of the singlets with an energy min. at the K point enabling feedback. Our results offer prospects for studies of topol. lasing in radiatively coupled systems.
- 40Guan, J. Quantum Dot-Plasmon Lasing with Controlled Polarization Patterns. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 3426– 3433, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b0946640https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXislWhsLw%253D&md5=37a108c2aab3823f9b197e7c81b499f8Quantum Dot-Plasmon Lasing with Controlled Polarization PatternsGuan, Jun; Sagar, Laxmi Kishore; Li, Ran; Wang, Danqing; Bappi, Golam; Wang, Weijia; Watkins, Nicolas; Bourgeois, Marc R.; Levina, Larissa; Fan, Fengjia; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; de Pina, Joao Martins; Schaller, Richard D.; Schatz, George C.; Sargent, Edward H.; Odom, Teri W.ACS Nano (2020), 14 (3), 3426-3433CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The tailored spatial polarization of coherent light beams is important for applications ranging from microscopy to biophysics to quantum optics. Miniaturized light sources are needed for integrated, on-chip photonic devices with desired vector beams; however, this issue is unresolved because most lasers rely on bulky optical elements to achieve such polarization control. Here, we report on quantum dot-plasmon lasers with engineered polarization patterns controllable by near-field coupling of colloidal quantum dots to metal nanoparticles. Conformal coating of CdSe-CdS core-shell quantum dot films on Ag nanoparticle lattices enables the formation of hybrid waveguide-surface lattice resonance (W-SLR) modes. The sidebands of these hybrid modes at nonzero wavevectors facilitate directional lasing emission with either radial or azimuthal polarization depending on the thickness of the quantum dot film.
- 41Tran, T. T.; Wang, D.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Yang, A.; Toth, M.; Odom, T. W.; Aharonovich, I. Deterministic Coupling of Quantum Emitters in 2D Materials to Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 2634– 2639, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b0044441https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXksVyrtLc%253D&md5=15532348180484800afd0403e5ce57a4Deterministic Coupling of Quantum Emitters in 2D Materials to Plasmonic Nanocavity ArraysTran, Toan Trong; Wang, Danqing; Xu, Zai-Quan; Yang, Ankun; Toth, Milos; Odom, Teri W.; Aharonovich, IgorNano Letters (2017), 17 (4), 2634-2639CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Quantum emitters in 2-dimensional materials are promising candidates for studies of light-matter interaction and next generation, integrated on-chip quantum nanophotonics. The realization of integrated nanophotonic systems requires the coupling of emitters to optical cavities and resonators. Hybrid systems in which quantum emitters in 2D hexagonal B nitride (hBN) are deterministically coupled to high-quality plasmonic nanocavity arrays are demonstrated. The plasmonic nanoparticle arrays offer a high-quality, low-loss cavity in the same spectral range as the quantum emitters in hBN. The coupled emitters exhibit enhanced emission rates and reduced fluorescence lifetimes, consistent with Purcell enhancement in the weak coupling regime. The results provide the foundation for a versatile approach for achieving scalable, integrated hybrid systems based on low-loss plasmonic nanoparticle arrays and 2D materials.
- 42Zhou, W.; Dridi, M.; Suh, J. Y.; Kim, C. H.; Co, D. T.; Wasielewski, M. R.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Lasing Action in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 506– 511, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.9942https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpsV2gt7Y%253D&md5=2b6a44c42b07ccd32c0037488f3e3607Lasing action in strongly coupled plasmonic nanocavity arraysZhou, Wei; Dridi, Montacer; Suh, Jae Yong; Kim, Chul Hoon; Co, Dick T.; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Nature Nanotechnology (2013), 8 (7), 506-511CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Periodic dielec. structures are typically integrated with a planar waveguide to create photonic band-edge modes for feedback in one-dimensional distributed feedback lasers and two-dimensional photonic-crystal lasers. Although photonic band-edge lasers are widely used in optics and biol. applications, drawbacks include low modulation speeds and diffraction-limited mode confinement. In contrast, plasmonic nanolasers can support ultrafast dynamics and ultrasmall mode vols. However, because of the large momentum mismatch between their nanolocalized lasing fields and free-space light, they suffer from large radiative losses and lack beam directionality. Here, we report lasing action from band-edge lattice plasmons in arrays of plasmonic nanocavities in a homogeneous dielec. environment. We find that optically pumped, two-dimensional arrays of plasmonic Au or Ag nanoparticles surrounded by an org. gain medium show directional beam emission (divergence angle <1.5° and linewidth <1.3 nm) characteristic of lasing action in the far-field, and behave as arrays of nanoscale light sources in the near-field. Using a semi-quantum electromagnetic approach to simulate the active optical responses, we show that lasing is achieved through stimulated energy transfer from the gain to the band-edge lattice plasmons in the deep subwavelength vicinity of the individual nanoparticles. Using femtosecond-transient absorption spectroscopy, we verified that lattice plasmons in plasmonic nanoparticle arrays could reach a 200-fold enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of the dye because of their large local d. of optical states.
- 43Väkeväinen, A. I.; Moerland, R. J.; Rekola, H. T.; Eskelinen, A.-P.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Kim, D.-H.; Törmä, P. Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances at the Strong Coupling Regime. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1721– 1727, DOI: 10.1021/nl403521943https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVGrsr3F&md5=cd2668ce585df4011602c06f91a47a87Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances at the Strong Coupling RegimeVakevainen, A. I.; Moerland, R. J.; Rekola, H. T.; Eskelinen, A.-P.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Kim, D.-H.; Torma, P.Nano Letters (2014), 14 (4), 1721-1727CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)We show strong coupling involving three different types of resonances in plasmonic nanoarrays: surface lattice resonances (SLRs), localized surface plasmon resonances on single nanoparticles, and excitations of org. dye mols. The measured transmission spectra show splittings that depend on the mol. concn. The results are analyzed using finite-difference time-domain simulations, a coupled-dipole approxn., coupled-modes models, and Fano theory. The delocalized nature of the collective SLR modes suggests that in the strong coupling regime mols. near distant nanoparticles are coherently coupled.
- 44Törmä, P.; Barnes, W. L. Strong Coupling between Surface Plasmon Polaritons and Emitters: A Review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2015, 78, 013901 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/01390144https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MzpslGgsw%253D%253D&md5=77e19cc00aabf7f26b21ca9b5fedfb6aStrong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: a reviewTorma P; Barnes W LReports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) (2015), 78 (1), 013901 ISSN:.In this review we look at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots. We explore the phenomenon of strong coupling with reference to a number of examples involving electromagnetic fields and matter. We then provide a concise description of the relevant background physics of surface plasmon polaritons. An extensive overview of the historical background and a detailed discussion of more recent relevant experimental advances concerning strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and quantum emitters is then presented. Three conceptual frameworks are then discussed and compared in depth: classical, semi-classical and fully quantum mechanical; these theoretical frameworks will have relevance to strong coupling beyond that involving surface plasmon polaritons. We conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field, one we are sure will grow to encompass more intriguing physics and will develop in scope to be of relevance to other areas of science.
- 45Hakala, T. K.; Rekola, H. T.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Nečada, M.; Moilanen, A. J.; Törmä, P. Lasing in Dark and Bright Modes of a Finite-Sized Plasmonic Lattice. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 13687, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1368745https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXislGhsQ%253D%253D&md5=513a6c01e762fa60ba5163102a38479aLasing in dark and bright modes of a finite-sized plasmonic latticeHakala, T. K.; Rekola, H. T.; Vakevainen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Necada, M.; Moilanen, A. J.; Torma, P.Nature Communications (2017), 8 (), 13687CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Lasing at the nanometer scale promises strong light-matter interactions and ultrafast operation. Plasmonic resonances supported by metallic nanoparticles have extremely small mode vols. and high field enhancements, making them an ideal platform for studying nanoscale lasing. At visible frequencies, however, the applicability of plasmon resonances is limited due to strong ohmic and radiative losses. Intriguingly, plasmonic nanoparticle arrays support non-radiative dark modes that offer longer life-times but are inaccessible to far-field radiation. Here, we show lasing both in dark and bright modes of an array of silver nanoparticles combined with optically pumped dye mols. Linewidths of 0.2 nm at visible wavelengths and room temp. are obsd. Access to the dark modes is provided by a coherent out-coupling mechanism based on the finite size of the array. The results open a route to utilize all modes of plasmonic lattices, also the high-Q ones, for studies of strong light-matter interactions, condensation and photon fluids.
- 46Ramezani, M.; Halpin, A.; Fernández-Domínguez, A. I.; Feist, J.; Rodriguez, S. R.-K.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Rivas, J. G. Plasmon-Exciton-Polariton Lasing. Optica 2017, 4, 31– 37, DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.4.00003146https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1WhtrfI&md5=6e15744b62446a71195fae662a2cb038Plasmon-exciton-polariton lasingRamezani, Mohammad; Halpin, Alexei; Fernandez-Dominguez, Antonio I.; Feist, Johannes; Rodriguez, Rahimzadeh-Kalaleh; Garcia-Vidal, Francisco J.; Rivas, Jaime GomezOptica (2017), 4 (1), 31-37CODEN: OPTIC8; ISSN:2334-2536. (Optical Society of America)Metallic nanostructures provide a toolkit for the generation of coherent light below the diffraction limit. Plasmonic-based lasing relies on the population inversion of emitters (such as org. fluorophores) along with feedback provided by plasmonic resonances. In this regime, known as weak light-matter coupling, the radiative characteristics of the system can be described by the Purcell effect. Strong light-matter coupling between the mol. excitons and electromagnetic field generated by the plasmonic structures leads to the formation of hybrid quasi-particles known as plasmon-exciton-polaritons (PEPs). Due to the bosonic character of these quasi-particles, exciton-polariton condensation can lead to laser-like emission at much lower threshold powers than in conventional photon lasers. Here, we observe PEP lasing through a dark plasmonic mode in an array of metallic nanoparticles with a low threshold in an optically pumped org. system. Interestingly, the threshold power of the lasing is reduced by increasing the degree of light - matter coupling in spite of the degrdn. of the quantum efficiency of the active material, highlighting the ultrafast dynamic responsible for the lasing, i.e., stimulated scattering. These results demonstrate a unique room-temp. platform for exploring the physics of exciton-polaritons in an open-cavity architecture and pave the road toward the integration of this on-chip lasing device with the current photonics and active metamaterial planar technologies.
- 47Hakala, T. K.; Moilanen, A. J.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Guo, R.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Rekola, H. T.; Julku, A.; Törmä, P. Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Plasmonic Lattice. Nat. Phys. 2018, 14, 739, DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0109-947https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFGksbfP&md5=c56389928baed786e9ad277aaa2ed2f7Bose-Einstein condensation in a plasmonic latticeHakala, Tommi K.; Moilanen, Antti J.; Vakevainen, Aaro I.; Guo, Rui; Martikainen, Jani-Petri; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Rekola, Heikki T.; Julku, Aleksi; Torma, PaiviNature Physics (2018), 14 (7), 739-744CODEN: NPAHAX; ISSN:1745-2473. (Nature Research)Bose-Einstein condensation is a remarkable manifestation of quantum statistics and macroscopic quantum coherence. Supercond. and superfluidity have their origin in Bose-Einstein condensation. Ultracold quantum gases have provided condensates close to the original ideas of Bose and Einstein, while condensation of polaritons and magnons has introduced novel concepts of non-equil. condensation. Here, we demonstrate a Bose-Einstein condensate of surface plasmon polaritons in lattice modes of a metal nanoparticle array. Interaction of the nanoscale-confined surface plasmons with a room-temp. bath of dye mols. enables thermalization and condensation in picoseconds. The ultrafast thermalization and condensation dynamics are revealed by an expt. that exploits thermalization under propagation and the open-cavity character of the system. A crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensate to usual lasing is realized by tailoring the band structure. This new condensate of surface plasmon lattice excitations has promise for future technologies due to its ultrafast, room-temp. and on-chip nature.
- 48Väkeväinen, A. I.; Moilanen, A. J.; Nečada, M.; Hakala, T. K.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Törmä, P. Sub-picosecond thermalization dynamics in condensation of strongly coupled lattice plasmons. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3139, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16906-148https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Cjsr3P&md5=4de297005ee74f8849257832a9f4e442Sub-picosecond thermalization dynamics in condensation of strongly coupled lattice plasmonsVakevainen, Aaro I.; Moilanen, Antti J.; Necada, Marek; Hakala, Tommi K.; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Torma, PaiviNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 3139CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Abstr.: Bosonic condensates offer exciting prospects for studies of non-equil. quantum dynamics. Understanding the dynamics is particularly challenging in the sub-picosecond timescales typical for room temp. luminous driven-dissipative condensates. Here we combine a lattice of plasmonic nanoparticles with dye mol. soln. at the strong coupling regime, and pump the mols. optically. The emitted light reveals three distinct regimes: one-dimensional lasing, incomplete stimulated thermalization, and two-dimensional multimode condensation. The condensate is achieved by matching the thermalization rate with the lattice size and occurs only for pump pulse durations below a crit. value. Our results give access to control and monitoring of thermalization processes and condensate formation at sub-picosecond timescale.
- 49Winkler, J. M.; Ruckriegel, M. J.; Rojo, H.; Keitel, R. C.; De Leo, E.; Rabouw, F. T.; Norris, D. J. Dual-Wavelength Lasing in Quantum-Dot Plasmonic Lattice Lasers. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 5223– 5232, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b0969849https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkslWmt7s%253D&md5=4b7c52176403bde879fe9c7edf67dec0Dual-Wavelength Lasing in Quantum-Dot Plasmonic Lattice LasersWinkler, Jan M.; Ruckriegel, Max J.; Rojo, Henar; Keitel, Robert C.; De Leo, Eva; Rabouw, Freddy T.; Norris, David J.ACS Nano (2020), 14 (5), 5223-5232CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Arrays of metallic particles patterned on a substrate have emerged as a promising design for on-chip plasmonic lasers. In past examples of such devices, the periodic particles provided feedback at a single resonance wavelength, and org. dye mols. were used as the gain material. Here, we introduce a flexible template-based fabrication method that allows a broader design space for Ag particle-array lasers. Instead of dye mols., we integrate colloidal quantum dots (QDs), which offer better photostability and wavelength tunability. Our fabrication approach also allows us to easily adjust the refractive index of the substrate and the QD-film thickness. Exploiting these capabilities, we demonstrate not only single-wavelength lasing but dual-wavelength lasing via two distinct strategies. First, by using particle arrays with rectangular lattice symmetries, we obtain feedback from two orthogonal directions. The two output wavelengths from this laser can be selected individually using a linear polarizer. Second, by adjusting the QD-film thickness, we use higher-order transverse waveguide modes in the QD film to obtain dual-wavelength lasing at normal and off-normal angles from a sym. square array. We thus show that our approach offers various design possibilities to tune the laser output.
- 50Taskinen, J. M.; Kliuiev, P.; Moilanen, A. J.; Törmä, P. Polarization and Phase Textures in Lattice Plasmon Condensates. Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 5262– 5268, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01395There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 51Hoang, T. B.; Akselrod, G. M.; Yang, A.; Odom, T. W.; Mikkelsen, M. H. Millimeter-Scale Spatial Coherence from a Plasmon Laser. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 6690– 6695, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b0267751https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsFOjurvE&md5=68379fb66fe353d942d8e580d8947cbcMillimeter-Scale Spatial Coherence from a Plasmon LaserHoang, Thang B.; Akselrod, Gleb M.; Yang, Ankun; Odom, Teri W.; Mikkelsen, Maiken H.Nano Letters (2017), 17 (11), 6690-6695CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Coherent light sources were demonstrated based on a wide range of nanostructures, however, little effort was devoted to probing their underlying coherence properties. Here, the authors report long-range spatial coherence of lattice plasmon lasers constructed from a periodic array of Au nanoparticles and a liq. gain medium at room temp. By combining spatial and temporal interferometry, the authors demonstrate millimeter-scale (∼1 mm) spatial coherence and picosecond (∼2 ps) temporal coherence. The long-range spatial coherence occurs even without the presence of strong coupling with the lattice plasmon mode extending over macroscopic distances in the lasing regime. This plasmonic lasing system thus provides a platform for understanding the emergence of long-range coherence from collections of nanoscale resonators and points toward novel types of distributed lasing sources.
- 52Moilanen, A. J.; Daskalakis, K. S.; Taskinen, J. M.; Törmä, P. Spatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose–Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 255301 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.25530152https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtV2ntr0%253D&md5=c022458727759269baadb038add36dbfSpatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose-Einstein CondensatesMoilanen, Antti J.; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Taskinen, Jani M.; Torma, PaiviPhysical Review Letters (2021), 127 (25), 255301CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We report first-order spatial and temporal correlations in strongly coupled plasmonic Bose-Einstein condensates. The condensate is large, more than 20 times the spatial coherence length of the polaritons in the uncondensed system and 100 times the healing length, making plasmonic lattices an attractive platform for studying long-range spatial correlations in two dimensions. We find that both spatial and temporal coherence display nonexponential decay; the results suggest power-law or stretched exponential behavior with different exponents for spatial and temporal correlation decays.
- 53Liu, W.; Lee, B.; Naylor, C. H.; Ee, H.-S.; Park, J.; Johnson, A. T. C.; Agarwal, R. Strong Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in MoS2 Coupled with Plasmonic Lattice. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1262– 1269, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0458853https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVyqtLg%253D&md5=7b5b53ff5e7c85291525c4175ffa3df0Strong Exciton-Plasmon Coupling in MoS2 Coupled with Plasmonic LatticeLiu, Wenjing; Lee, Bumsu; Naylor, Carl H.; Ee, Ho-Seok; Park, Joohee; Johnson, A. T. Charlie; Agarwal, RiteshNano Letters (2016), 16 (2), 1262-1269CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)We demonstrate strong exciton-plasmon coupling in silver nanodisk arrays integrated with monolayer MoS2 via angle-resolved reflectance microscopy spectra of the coupled system. Strong exciton-plasmon coupling is obsd. with the exciton-plasmon coupling strength up to 58 meV at 77 K, which also survives at room temp. The strong coupling involves three types of resonances: MoS2 excitons, localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of individual silver nanodisks and plasmonic lattice resonances of the nanodisk array. We show that the exciton-plasmon coupling strength, polariton compn., and dispersion can be effectively engineered by tuning the geometry of the plasmonic lattice, which makes the system promising for realizing novel two-dimensional plasmonic polaritonic devices.
- 54Wang, S.; Le-Van, Q.; Vaianella, F.; Maes, B.; Eizagirre Barker, S.; Godiksen, R. H.; Curto, A. G.; Gomez Rivas, J. Limits to Strong Coupling of Excitons in Multilayer WS2 with Collective Plasmonic Resonances. ACS Photonics 2019, 6, 286– 293, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b0145954https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1Cis74%253D&md5=429cf65c99741a80374785d833bf36beLimits to Strong Coupling of Excitons in Multilayer WS2 with Collective Plasmonic ResonancesWang, Shaojun; Le-Van, Quynh; Vaianella, Fabio; Maes, Bjorn; Eizagirre Barker, Simone; Godiksen, Rasmus H.; Curto, Alberto G.; Gomez Rivas, JaimeACS Photonics (2019), 6 (2), 286-293CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)We demonstrate the strong coupling of direct transition excitons in tungsten disulfide (WS2) with collective plasmonic resonances at room temp. We use open plasmonic cavities formed by periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles. We show clear anti-crossings with monolayer, bilayer, and thicker multilayer WS2 on top of the nanoparticle array. The Rabi energy of such hybrid system varies from 50 to 100 meV from monolayers to 16 layers, resp., while it does not scale with the square root of the no. of layers as expected for collective strong coupling. We prove that out-of-plane coupling components can be disregarded because the normal field is screened due to the high refractive index contrast of the dielec. layers. Even though the in-plane dipole moments of the excitons decrease beyond monolayers, the strong in-plane field distributed in the flake can still enhance the coupling strength with multilayers. The achieved coherent coupling of TMD multilayers with open cavities could be exploited for manipulating the dynamics and transport of excitons in 2D semiconductors and developing ultrafast spin-valley tronic devices.
- 55Tabataba-Vakili, F.; Krelle, L.; Husel, L.; Nguyen, H. P. G.; Li, Z.; Bilgin, I.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Högele, A. Metasurface of Strongly Coupled Excitons and Nanoplasmonic Arrays. Nano Lett. 2024, 24, 10090– 10097, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02043There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Zakharko, Y.; Held, M.; Graf, A.; Rödlmeier, T.; Eckstein, R.; Hernandez-Sosa, G.; Hähnlein, B.; Pezoldt, J.; Zaumseil, J. Surface Lattice Resonances for Enhanced and Directional Electroluminescence at High Current Densities. ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 2225– 2230, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b0049156https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVWisbfL&md5=a0d85688790c3f75289984829b859c7bSurface Lattice Resonances for Enhanced and Directional Electroluminescence at High Current DensitiesZakharko, Yuriy; Held, Martin; Graf, Arko; Roedlmeier, Tobias; Eckstein, Ralph; Hernandez-Sosa, Gerardo; Haehnlein, Bernd; Pezoldt, Joerg; Zaumseil, JanaACS Photonics (2016), 3 (12), 2225-2230CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Hybrid photonic-plasmonic modes in periodic arrays of metallic nanostructures offer a promising trade-off between high-quality cavities and subdiffraction mode confinement. However, their application in elec. driven light-emitting devices is hindered by their sensitivity to the surrounding environment and to charge injecting metallic electrodes in particular. Here, the planar structure of light-emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET) ensures undisturbed operation of the characteristic modes. The authors incorporate a square array of gold nanodisks into the charge transporting and emissive layer of a polymer LEFET to tailor directionality and emission efficiency via the Purcell effect and variation of the fractional local d. of states in particular. Angle- and polarization-resolved spectra confirm that the enhanced electroluminescence correlates with the dispersion curves of the surface lattice resonances supported by these structures. These LEFETs reach current densities ∼10 kA/cm2, which may pave the way toward practical optoelectronic devices with tailored emission patterns and potentially elec. pumped plasmonic lasers.
- 57Sharma, M.; Michaeli, L.; Haim, D. B.; Ellenbogen, T. Liquid Crystal Switchable Surface Lattice Resonances in Plasmonic Metasurfaces. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 2702– 2712, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00453There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Zomer, P. J.; Guimarães, M. H. D.; Brant, J. C.; Tombros, N.; van Wees, B. J. Fast pick up technique for high quality heterostructures of bilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 013101 DOI: 10.1063/1.488609658https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFWntL7O&md5=fbe20e6ce0c7689f11808b7a9a8869c7Fast pick up technique for high quality heterostructures of bilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitrideZomer, P. J.; Guimaraes, M. H. D.; Brant, J. C.; Tombros, N.; van Wees, B. J.Applied Physics Letters (2014), 105 (1), 013101/1-013101/4CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)We present a fast method to fabricate high quality heterostructure devices by picking up crystals of arbitrary sizes. Bilayer graphene is encapsulated with hexagonal BN to demonstrate this approach, showing good electronic quality with mobilities ranging from 17,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temp. to 49,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 4.2 K, and entering the quantum Hall regime below 0.5 T. This method provides a strong and useful tool for the fabrication of future high quality layered crystal devices. (c) 2014 American Institute of Physics.
- 59Scuri, G.; Zhou, Y.; High, A. A.; Wild, D. S.; Shu, C.; De Greve, K.; Jauregui, L. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Kim, P.; Lukin, M. D.; Park, H. Large Excitonic Reflectivity of Monolayer MoSe2 Encapsulated in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 120, 037402 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.03740259https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltVyjsbw%253D&md5=46f92a25bf934aa330d16837ef8d0d29Large Excitonic Reflectivity of Monolayer MoSe2 Encapsulated in Hexagonal Boron NitrideScuri, Giovanni; Zhou, You; High, Alexander A.; Wild, Dominik S.; Shu, Chi; De Greve, Kristiaan; Jauregui, Luis A.; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Kim, Philip; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Park, HongkunPhysical Review Letters (2018), 120 (3), 037402CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)We demonstrate that a single layer of MoSe2 encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride can act as an elec. switchable mirror at cryogenic temps., reflecting up to 85% of incident light at the excitonic resonance. This high reflectance is a direct consequence of the excellent coherence properties of excitons in this atomically thin semiconductor. We show that the MoSe2 monolayer exhibits power-and wavelength-dependent nonlinearities that stem from exciton-based lattice heating in the case of continuous-wave excitation and exciton-exciton interactions when fast, pulsed laser excitation is used.
- 60Anger, P.; Bharadwaj, P.; Novotny, L. Enhancement and Quenching of Single-Molecule Fluorescence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 113002 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.11300260https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XivV2gs7w%253D&md5=ad849ec1a3e11bd9ff66745fbf2a5b32Enhancement and Quenching of Single-Molecule FluorescenceAnger, Pascal; Bharadwaj, Palash; Novotny, LukasPhysical Review Letters (2006), 96 (11), 113002/1-113002/4CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. (American Physical Society)We present an exptl. and theor. study of the fluorescence rate of a single mol. as a function of its distance to a laser-irradiated gold nanoparticle. The local field enhancement leads to an increased excitation rate whereas nonradiative energy transfer to the particle leads to a decrease of the quantum yield (quenching). Because of these competing effects, previous expts. showed either fluorescence enhancement or fluorescence quenching. By varying the distance between mol. and particle we show the first exptl. measurement demonstrating the continuous transition from fluorescence enhancement to fluorescence quenching. This transition cannot be explained by treating the particle as a polarizable sphere in the dipole approxn.
- 61Grudinin, D. V.; Ermolaev, G. A.; Baranov, D. G.; Toksumakov, A. N.; Voronin, K. V.; Slavich, A. S.; Vyshnevyy, A. A.; Mazitov, A. B.; Kruglov, I. A.; Ghazaryan, D. A.; Arsenin, A. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Volkov, V. S. Hexagonal boron nitride nanophotonics: a record-breaking material for the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges. Materials Horizons 2023, 10, 2427– 2435, DOI: 10.1039/D3MH00215BThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Baranov, D. G.; Wersäll, M.; Cuadra, J.; Antosiewicz, T. J.; Shegai, T. Novel Nanostructures and Materials for Strong Light–Matter Interactions. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 24– 42, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b0067462https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1WrsLjK&md5=6a29b7840bf5082d16d05d507949215eNovel Nanostructures and Materials for Strong Light-Matter InteractionsBaranov, Denis G.; Wersaell, Martin; Cuadra, Jorge; Antosiewicz, Tomasz J.; Shegai, TimurACS Photonics (2018), 5 (1), 24-42CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)A review. Quantum mech. interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter underlie a broad spectrum of optical phenomena. Strong light-matter interactions result in the known vacuum Rabi splitting and emergence of new polaritonic eigenmodes of the coupled system. Thanks to recent progress in nanofabrication, observation of strong coupling has become possible in a great variety of optical nanostructures. Here, the authors review recently studied and emerging materials for realization of strong light-matter interactions. The authors present general theor. formalism describing strong coupling and give an overview of various photonic structures and materials allowing for realization of this regime, including plasmonic and dielec. nanoantennas, novel 2-dimensional materials, C nanotubes, and mol. vibrational transitions. Practical applications that can benefit from these effects and give an outlook on unsettled questions that remain open for future research are discussed.
- 63Heilmann, R.; Väkeväinen, A. I.; Martikainen, J.-P.; Törmä, P. Strong coupling between organic dye molecules and lattice modes of a dielectric nanoparticle array. Nanophotonics 2020, 9, 267– 276, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-037163https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjt1yls7c%253D&md5=4c74ea631b0ebe8ce3a1aa33dcd3e01fStrong coupling between organic dye molecules and lattice modes of a dielectric nanoparticle arrayHeilmann, Rebecca; Vaekevaeinen, Aaro I.; Martikainen, Jani-Petri; Toermae, PaeiviNanophotonics (2020), 9 (2), 267-276CODEN: NANOLP; ISSN:2192-8614. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)Plasmonic structures interacting with light provide electromagnetic resonances that result in a high degree of local field confinement, enabling the enhancement of light-matter interaction. Plasmonic structures typically consist of metals, which, however, suffer from very high ohmic losses and heating. High-index dielecs., meanwhile, can serve as an alternative material due to their low-dissipative nature and strong scattering abilities. We studied the optical properties of a system composed of all-dielec. nanoparticle arrays covered with a film of org. dye mols. (IR-792) and compared these dielec. arrays with metallic nanoparticle arrays. We obsd. a Rabi splitting between the surface lattice resonances of the nanoparticle arrays and the absorption line of the dye mols. of up to 253 and 293 meV, for the dielec. and metallic nanoparticles, resp. The Rabi splitting depends linearly on the square root of the dye mol. concn., and we further assessed how the Rabi splitting depends on the film thickness for a low dye mol. concn. However, a Rabi splitting evolved at thicknesses from 540 to 990 nm. We performed finite-difference time-domain simulations to analyze the near-field enhancements for the dielec. and metallic nanoparticle arrays. The elec. fields were enhanced by a factor of 1200 and 400, close to the particles for gold and amorphous silicon, resp., and the modes extended over half a micron around the particles for both materials.
- 64Wang, D.; Bourgeois, M. R.; Lee, W.-K.; Li, R.; Trivedi, D.; Knudson, M. P.; Wang, W.; Schatz, G. C.; Odom, T. W. Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 4549– 4555, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0177464https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFCjurzL&md5=6002748e1d6bf95d68bfa372605ed354Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole PlasmonsWang, Danqing; Bourgeois, Marc R.; Lee, Won-Kyu; Li, Ran; Trivedi, Dhara; Knudson, Michael P.; Wang, Weijia; Schatz, George C.; Odom, Teri W.Nano Letters (2018), 18 (7), 4549-4555CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)A robust and stretchable nanolaser platform that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism is reported. Increasing the size of metal nanoparticles in an array can introduce ultrasharp lattice plasmon resonances with out-of-plane charge oscillations that are tolerant to lateral strain. By patterning these nanoparticles onto an elastomeric slab surrounded by liq. gain, the authors realized reversible, tunable nanolasing with high strain sensitivity and no hysteresis. The semiquantum modeling demonstrates that lasing build-up occurs at the hybrid quadrupole electromagnetic hot spots, which provides a route toward mech. modulation of light-matter interactions on the nanoscale.
- 65Kelavuori, J.; Vanyukov, V.; Stolt, T.; Karvinen, P.; Rekola, H.; Hakala, T. K.; Huttunen, M. J. Thermal Control of Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 3879– 3883, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c0489865https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtFyit7bM&md5=9b5a5e02cb582a891373e9a562eb500bThermal Control of Plasmonic Surface Lattice ResonancesKelavuori, Jussi; Vanyukov, Viatcheslav; Stolt, Timo; Karvinen, Petri; Rekola, Heikki; Hakala, Tommi K.; Huttunen, Mikko J.Nano Letters (2022), 22 (10), 3879-3883CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Plasmonic metasurfaces exhibiting collective responses known as surface lattice resonances (SLRs) show potential for realizing flat photonic components for wavelength-selective processes, including lasing and optical nonlinearities. However, postfabrication tuning of SLRs remains challenging, limiting the applicability of SLR-based components. Here, we demonstrate how the properties of high quality factor SLRs are easily modified by breaking the symmetry of the nanoparticle surroundings. We break the symmetry by changing the refractive index of the overlying immersion oil by controlling the ambient temp. of the device. We show that a modest temp. change of 10 °C can increase the quality factor of the SLR from 400 to 750. Our results demonstrate accurate and reversible modification of the properties of the investigated SLRs, paving the way toward tunable SLR-based photonic devices. More generally, we show how symmetry breaking of the environment can be utilized for efficient and potentially ultrafast modification of the SLR properties.
- 66Neal, A. T.; Liu, H.; Gu, J.; Ye, P.; Metal contacts to MoS2: A two-dimensional semiconductor. In 70th Device Research Conference, 2012; pp 65– 66, ISSN: 1548-3770.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67Yang, L. Excitonic Effects on Optical Absorption Spectra of Doped Graphene. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3844– 3847, DOI: 10.1021/nl201928g67https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVyltr%252FO&md5=c3ebc34e2e7a97cc875f911eba902ca4Excitonic Effects on Optical Absorption Spectra of Doped GrapheneYang, LiNano Letters (2011), 11 (9), 3844-3847CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)The 1st-principles calcns. were performed to study optical absorption spectra of doped graphene with many-electron effects included. Both self-energy corrections and electron-hole interactions are reduced due to the enhanced screening in doped graphene. However, self-energy corrections and excitonic effects nearly cancel each other, making the prominent optical absorption peak fixed around 4.5 eV under different doping conditions. However, an unexpected increase of the optical absorbance is obsd. within the IR and visible-light frequency regime (1-3 eV). A combining effect from the band filling and electron-hole interactions results in such an enhanced excitonic effect on the optical absorption. These unique variations of the optical absorption of doped graphene are of importance to understand relevant expts. and design optoelectronic applications.
- 68Yu, H.; Liu, G.-B.; Tang, J.; Xu, X.; Yao, W. Moiré excitons: From programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit–coupled artificial lattices. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.170169668https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisVWgsLbF&md5=6bd2991ac189f51d6a948fd06a3131deMoir´e excitons: from programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit - coupled artificial latticesYu, Hongyi; Liu, Gui-Bin; Tang, Jianju; Xu, Xiaodong; Yao, WangScience Advances (2017), 3 (11), e1701696/1-e1701696/7CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Highly uniform and ordered nanodot arrays are crucial for high-performance quantum optoelectronics, including new semiconductor lasers and single-photon emitters, and for synthesizing artificial lattices of interacting quasiparticles toward quantum information processing and simulation of many-body physics. Van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional semiconductors are naturally endowed with an ordered nanoscale landscape, i.e., the moir´e pattern that laterally modulates electronic and topog. structures. We find that these moir´e effects realize superstructures of nanodot confinements for long-lived interlayer excitons, which can be either elec. or strain tuned from perfect arrays of quantum emitters to excitonic superlattices with giant spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Besides the wide-range tuning of emission wavelength, the elec. field can also invert the spin optical selection rule of the emitter arrays. This unprecedented control arises from the gauge structure imprinted on exciton wave functions by the moir´e, which underlies the SOC when hopping couples nanodots into superlattices. We show that the moir´e hosts complex hopping honeycomb superlattices, where exciton bands feature a Dirac node and two Weyl nodes, connected by spin-momentum-locked topol. edge modes.
- 69Wen, X.; Deng, S. Plasmonic Nanostructure Lattices for High-Performance Sensing. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023, 11, 2300401 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202300401There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Rong, R.; Liu, Y.; Nie, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Guo, W. The Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized Light. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2206191 DOI: 10.1002/advs.20220619170https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhvFertb8%253D&md5=2f5f2584df5dc22798ef08d69f1f354bThe Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized LightRong, Rong; Liu, Ying; Nie, Xuchen; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Zhuhua; Liu, Yanpeng; Guo, WanlinAdvanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 10 (10), 2206191CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review 2D materials (2DMs), due to spin-valley locking degree of freedom, exhibit strongly bound exciton and chiral optical selection rules and become promising material candidates for optoelectronic and spin/valleytronic devices. Over the last decade, the manifesting of 2D materials by circularly polarized lights expedites tremendous fascinating phenomena, such as valley/exciton Hall effect, Moire exciton, optical Stark effect, CD, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and spintronic property. In this review, recent advance in the interaction of circularly polarized light with 2D materials covering from graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, van der Waals heterostructures as well as small proportion of quasi-2D perovskites and topol. materials, is overviewed. The confronted challenges and theor. and exptl. opportunities are also discussed, attempting to accelerate the prosperity of chiral light-2DMs interactions.
- 71Lin, S.; Chen, Y.; Wong, Z. J. High-performance optical beam steering with nanophotonics. Nanophotonics 2022, 11, 2617– 2638, DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0805There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 72Ozawa, T.; Price, H. M.; Amo, A.; Goldman, N.; Hafezi, M.; Lu, L.; Rechtsman, M. C.; Schuster, D.; Simon, J.; Zilberberg, O.; Carusotto, I. Topological photonics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2019, 91, 015006 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.01500672https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXosFWrsbg%253D&md5=2829c0da812ac89ac6898862e4817c91Topological photonicsOzawa, Tomoki; Price, Hannah M.; Amo, Alberto; Goldman, Nathan; Hafezi, Mohammad; Lu, Ling; Rechtsman, Mikael C.; Schuster, David; Simon, Jonathan; Zilberberg, Oded; Carusotto, IacopoReviews of Modern Physics (2019), 91 (1), 015006CODEN: RMPHAT; ISSN:1539-0756. (American Physical Society)A review. This article reviews exptl. and theor. developments in topol. photonics across a wide range of exptl. platforms, including photonic crystals, waveguides, metamaterials, cavities, optomechanics, silicon photonics, and circuit QED. A discussion of how changing the dimensionality and symmetries of photonics systems has allowed for the realization of different topol. phases is offered, and progress in understanding the interplay of topol. with non-Hermitian effects, such as dissipation, is reviewed. As an exciting perspective, topol. photonics can be combined with optical nonlinearities, leading toward new collective phenomena and novel strongly correlated states of light, such as an analog of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
- 73Heilmann, R.; Salerno, G.; Cuerda, J.; Hakala, T. K.; Törmä, P. Quasi-BIC Mode Lasing in a Quadrumer Plasmonic Lattice. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 224– 232, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c0141673https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xks1WhtQ%253D%253D&md5=e924575a0286abc473625ab0a185330fQuasi-BIC Mode Lasing in a Quadrumer Plasmonic LatticeHeilmann, Rebecca; Salerno, Grazia; Cuerda, Javier; Hakala, Tommi K.; Torma, PaiviACS Photonics (2022), 9 (1), 224-232CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Plasmonic lattices of metal nanoparticles have emerged as an effective platform for strong light-matter coupling, lasing, and Bose-Einstein condensation. However, the full potential of complex unit cell structures has not been exploited. On the other hand, bound states in continuum (BICs) have attracted attention, as they provide topol. protected optical modes with diverging quality factors. Here, we show that quadrumer nanoparticle lattices enable lasing in a quasi-BIC mode with a highly out-of-plane character. By combining theory with polarization-resolved measurements of the emission, we show that the lasing mode has a topol. charge. Our anal. reveals that the mode is primarily polarized out-of-plane as a result of the quadrumer structure. The quality factors of the out-of-plane BIC modes of the quadrumer array can be exceedingly high. Our results unveil the power of complex multiparticle unit cells in creating topol. protected high-Q modes in periodic nanostructures.
- 74Mohamed, S.; Wang, J.; Rekola, H.; Heikkinen, J.; Asamoah, B.; Shi, L.; Hakala, T. K. Controlling Topology and Polarization State of Lasing Photonic Bound States in Continuum. Laser Photon. Rev. 2022, 16, 2100574 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202100574There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 75Arjas, K.; Taskinen, J. M.; Heilmann, R.; Salerno, G.; Törmä, P. High topological charge lasing in quasicrystals. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 9544, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53952-5There is no corresponding record for this reference.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c15459.
Electric field for the surface lattice resonance at k = 0; dispersion relation of transverse magnetic (TM) SLR mode; photoluminescence (PL) spectra using femtosecond-pulsed laser excitation; photoluminescence (PL) enhancement with the SLR band edge tuned to a higher energy; gate-controlled photoluminescence (PL); additional data; schematic of the experimental setup; coupled dipole approximation; numerical simulations of the electric field; coupled oscillator model fits; and pulsed laser excitation (PDF)
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