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Direct/Alternating Current Electrochemical Method for Removing and Recovering Heavy Metal from Water Using Graphene Oxide Electrode

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    Direct/Alternating Current Electrochemical Method for Removing and Recovering Heavy Metal from Water Using Graphene Oxide Electrode
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    • Chong Liu
      Chong Liu
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Chong Liu
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-7888
    • Tong Wu
      Tong Wu
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Tong Wu
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0532-9393
    • Po-Chun Hsu
      Po-Chun Hsu
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Po-Chun Hsu
    • Jin Xie
      Jin Xie
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jin Xie
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-1465
    • Jie Zhao
      Jie Zhao
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jie Zhao
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6446-8313
    • Kai Liu
      Kai Liu
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Kai Liu
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-180X
    • Jie Sun
      Jie Sun
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jie Sun
    • Jinwei Xu
      Jinwei Xu
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jinwei Xu
    • Jing Tang
      Jing Tang
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jing Tang
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6351-993X
    • Ziwen Ye
      Ziwen Ye
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Ziwen Ye
    • Dingchang Lin
      Dingchang Lin
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Dingchang Lin
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-5952
    • Yi Cui*
      Yi Cui
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
      *E-mail: [email protected]
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-6352
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2019, 13, 6, 6431–6437
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09301
    Published May 22, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Treatment of heavy-metal pollution in both point-of-use water and industrial wastewater is critical in protecting human health and the environment. Current methods for heavy-metal treatment in both sources have limitations. For point-of-use water, current methods usually suffer from limited capacity and difficulties in spontaneously removing multiple heavy metals. For industrial wastewater, current methods greatly reduce the value of heavy metal by precipitating them as sludge which requires further treatment. Here we developed an electrochemical method that can treat both low-concentration and high-concentration heavy-metal pollution using either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) electrodeposition with graphene-oxide-modified carbon felt electrode (CF-GO). The graphene oxide provides a high density of surface functional groups to assist the electrodeposition. The electrodeposition method showed 2 orders of magnitude higher capacity (>29 g heavy metal for 1 g of graphene oxide) compared with traditional adsorption methods. For low levels of heavy-metal pollution in point-of-use water, DC electrodeposition with a CF-GO electrode can reduce single heavy-metal ion pollution (Cu, Cd, and Pb) as well as multiple ion mixtures to below safe water drinking levels. This method can tolerate a much wider range of heavy-metal pollution in point-of-use water than traditional adsorption methods. For high-level pollution in industrial wastewater, AC electrodeposition can recover >99.9% heavy-metal ions. By tuning the AC frequency and voltage, the electrodeposition method can further selectively recover Cu, Cd, and Pb separately, which adds values to the heavy-metal removal process.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09301.

    • Wettability and pore distribution of the electrode, FTIR and Raman of pristine graphene oxide, electrodeposited Cu, Cd, and Pb characterization, graphene oxide mass loading, and pH- and temperature-dependent performance (PDF)

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    Cite this: ACS Nano 2019, 13, 6, 6431–6437
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