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    Epidermal Microfluidic Electrochemical Detection System: Enhanced Sweat Sampling and Metabolite Detection
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    † Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
    ‡ Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1308, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    ACS Sensors

    Cite this: ACS Sens. 2017, 2, 12, 1860–1868
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.7b00729
    Published November 20, 2017
    Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Despite tremendous recent efforts, noninvasive sweat monitoring is still far from delivering its early analytical promise. Here, we describe a flexible epidermal microfluidic detection platform fabricated through hybridization of lithographic and screen-printed technologies, for efficient and fast sweat sampling and continuous, real-time electrochemical monitoring of glucose and lactate levels. This soft, skin-mounted device judiciously merges lab-on-a-chip and electrochemical detection technologies, integrated with a miniaturized flexible electronic board for real-time wireless data transmission to a mobile device. Modeling of the device design and sweat flow conditions allowed optimization of the sampling process and the microchannel layout for achieving attractive fluid dynamics and rapid filling of the detection reservoir (within 8 min from starting exercise). The wearable microdevice thus enabled efficient natural sweat pumping to the electrochemical detection chamber containing the enzyme-modified electrode transducers. The fabricated device can be easily mounted on the epidermis without hindrance to the wearer and displays resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected from such epidermal wear. Amperometric biosensing of lactate and glucose from the rapidly generated sweat, using the corresponding immobilized oxidase enzymes, was wirelessly monitored during cycling activity of different healthy subjects. This ability to monitor sweat glucose levels introduces new possibilities for effective diabetes management, while similar lactate monitoring paves the way for new wearable fitness applications. The new epidermal microfluidic electrochemical detection strategy represents an attractive alternative to recently reported colorimetric sweat-monitoring methods, and hence holds considerable promise for practical fitness or health monitoring applications.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00729.

    • Schematic of the device fabrication; detailed theoretical simulation; flow injection setup; mechanical properties of the device; electrochemical characterization (PDF)

    • On-body filling of microfluidic device (AVI)

    • Stimulation of microfluidic device filling (AVI)

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